ENGLISHVIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX CLAUSES IN “ANGELS AND DEMONS” (DAN BROWN, 2000) BY VAN THI THANH BINH

ABSTRACT
Translation is considered as a bridge that bring the countries around the world
together. It is used in every aspects of social life, such as education, health, business
and so on. In our industrialization and modernization today, the importance of
translation is increasing more and more. In particuclar, English-Vietnamese
translation accounts for the majority of the translation in Vietnam. This study aims
to provide related theory and enhance English-Vietnamese translation skill.
Specifically, this thesis focuses on the translation complex clauses from English to
Vietnamese in the work “Angels and Demons”. The graduation paper starts with
some background knowledge related to this topic. It includes translation theory,
translation methods, complex clauses, and so on. After that, the process of using that
knowledge to research and analyze the work is performed. From that, I can draw
conclusions and lessons to improve the ability to translate text in general and
translate complex clauses in particular.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
During the process of doing this study, I have received a lot of enthusiastic
supports, useful ideas, and timely encouragement from my supervisor and friends.
This research could not have been finished without their help.
First of all, I would like to express my wholehearted gratitude towards my
supervisor – Mrs. Nguyen Thi Xuan Phuong, the English teacher of the English
faculty of Thuongmai University, who is always dedicated to guiding me in the
process, and correcting my graduation paper very detailed and clear so that I can
accomplish my study on time.
I also wish to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to the
Faculty of English at Thuongmai University, who have given me this opportunity to
carry out this study, learn and gain many priceless knowledge and experiences.
I want to take this opportunity to say thank to all the authors of the books,

newspapers, documents, and the other materials listed in the reference part for their
ideas that have been mentioned and used in the study.
Once again, thank you so much!

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

No

Abbreviations

English meaning

Vietnamese meaning

1

SL

Source language

Ngôn ngữ nguồn

3

2

TL

Target language

Ngơn ngữ đích

3

Etc

Et cetera (Latin)

Vân vân

4

No

Number

Số

5

e.g

Example

Ví dụ

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

No
1

Tables and
Figures
Diagram 2.1

Content
Diagram 2.1. Translation methods by Newmark
(1988:45)

4


2

Table 3.1

Statistics the complex clause sentences in the work
“Angels and Demons”

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

1.1.

Rationale
Nowadays, along with integration and development, especially globalization,
English becomes more and more important in our society. It can be said that no one
can deny the importance of English in our time. English has become an essential
tool for people at work. No matter what job or field, good English ability will make
the current job more favorable and help everyone to be more successful. Therefore,
in recent years, the disciplines related to English have always welcomed a large
number of students to enroll. Translation is one of the jobs that they can choose to
do when graduating. This is an extremely necessary job for the development of the
country as well as the social life. Across all areas of life, language barriers are
obstacles that make it difficult to link and build stronger relationships between
Vietnam and other countries around the world. The responsibility of "diplomacy" is
always expected for the translation industry with the desire to benefit the nations.
The industry is the greatest user and the pioneer of translation services is education.
Literary and philosophical works and so on mostly come from languages other than
Vietnamese. The development and dissemination of literature in the world have
never stopped, on the contrary, literature has been rising to a new height. And for
human literature or knowledge, translation is the major factor contributing to
spreading the world's classical works to everyone. If there is no translation, no
transfer of literary works from one language to another, how can people enrich their
literary resources? The translation itself can bridge the language gaps among
countries, help the literature of nations fly far from territorial borders, and make
people come closer to a world, a different horizon and far away out there. In other
words, translation contributes to enrich the literature of a nation.
However, that language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now
not everyone can easily translate documents, contracts, literary works in English
into Vietnamese or any other language effectively with really satisfactory results.
That is because of the following reasons.

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Firstly, since each work has its own different contexts and cultures, it requires
people with a high level of expertise and a thorough understanding of the language.
Secondly, English translation not only depends on the translator's knowledge but
also requires certain skills.
With a passion for foreign literature, after reading and researching foreign
literary works in English, I have met difficulties in translating complex clauses from
English into Vietnamese. Therefore, I decide to choose the subject "EnglishVietnamese translation of complex clauses in "Angels and Demons" (2000, Dan
Brown) by Van Thi Thanh Binh" for several reasons.
First of all, complex clauses are one of the factors that make it difficult for
translators because there are so many types of clauses in English that, if you do not
fully understand, it will be easy to confuse when analyzing and choosing words to
translate. A clause can be translated in many different ways depending on each case,
so the translator needs to pay attention to the context and relevant factors for the
translation to be as thorough as possible.
Furthermore, in my opinion, "Angels and Demons" is one of the novels
written in English, using many new terms and structures as well as interesting slang
and puns. This is a work worth researching to find the best possible translation.
“Angels and Demons” is a science fiction novel written by the American author
Dan Brown and first published in 2000. The story revolves around the main
character Robert Langdon - the main character in Dan Brown's novels. Like his
other works, Dan Brown has portrayed in "Angels and Demons" a combination of
detective stories, unexpected decoding situations, and religious appeal - especially
in Roman Catholicism and the Illuminati fraternal organization.
Besides, I have been searching for many translations of this novel. I found and
read online the translation by translator Van Thi Thanh Binh for "Angels and
Demons". I think this is a pretty good and smooth translation, the translator chooses

sentences and terms that suit the style of the work. By studying English-Vietnamese
translation of complex clauses in "Angels and Demons", I believe that it will bring a
lot of knowledge and useful experience in text translation in general and literary
translation in particular.

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Finally, there are a lot of studies on literary translation but no research on the
translation of complex clauses in "Angels and Demons" so I decided to choose this
topic for my graduation paper. I hope my paper is useful especially for students
learning English in schools, colleges, or universities as well as people interested in
translating.

1.2.

Previous studies
“Translating Relative Clauses from English into Vietnamese in “The Old Man
and The Sea” by Hemingway: Modes of Translating Relative Clauses in a Work”
Writer: Nguyen Phuong Anh; first public: 2019
The study aims are to introduce knowledge about the relative clause and
English-Vietnamese translation methods, some common ways of translating relative
clauses in “The Old Man and the Sea”. The main method used by the author is desk
research and interview. The linguistic material of this study is the work “The Old
Man and the Sea”. The study showed that in “The Old Man and the Sea”, there are
73 sentences of reduction relative clauses and 30 sentences of relative clauses. The
translation method used by the translator is translated into “mà”, translated
propositions, split, translated into complex sentence, marks employment, kept
stable, and put the end of the sentence.

In my opinion, the study has some

advantages below. The author has provided very detailed knowledge related to the
research. In addition, the examples of the method of translating the relative
proposition in the work “The Old Man and the Sea” are very specific and vivid.
However, because it is a student research paper, errors cannot be avoided. The
downside of the study is that it only outlines the methods and examples, but they
have not been analyzed thoroughly to make readers better understand these
translation methods. Chapter 4 of the paper is a bit lengthy and not very relevant to
the topic and chapter 3 above.
“Translating Proper Names in the Vietnamese Translation of Shakespeare’s
Romeo and Juliet”
Writer: Dr. Nhan V. Luong; first public: 2015
The study aims are to provide knowledge about metaphor and proper names
and how they are translated in “Romeo and Juliet”. This study is carried out with a

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considerable concentration on mixed methodologies, including qualitative method,
quantitative method, descriptive method, and contrastive method. The linguistic
material is the work “Romeo and Juliet”. The study showed that in “Romeo and
Juliet”, the translator used three main strategies to translate proper names. They are
retention of name, replacement of name by another, and omission of the name. The
research paper provides readers with a lot of useful information and comes with a
thorough, in-depth analysis of the topic. Because this study is done by a
professional researcher, I do not currently find any downsides to this research.
“Strategies Applied in the English-Vietnamese Translation of Poems in the
Poetry Collection “Love & Misadventure” by Lang Leav”
Writer: Nguyen Hoang Anh Phuong; first public: 2017

This study aims to find out the translation strategies applied to translate the
poems in the poetry collection “Love & Misadventure” written by Lang Leav and
subsequently draw some lessons about English-Vietnamese poetry translation. The
data were obtained from 65 Englishwritten poems and their Vietnamese translated
versions in the bilingual book “Love & Misadventure” – “Yêu là thương hay vận
rủi” by means of document observation. The theoretical model used was seven
strategies for translating poetry devised by André Lefevere (1975). The researcher
chose a qualitative approach, and the data were analysed descriptively. The findings
indicated that the translator applied three out of seven strategies proposed by
Lefevere which were metrical translation, rhymed translation, and blank verse
translation. These results implied the translator’s tendencies to transfer poetic form
and meaning in her translation, as well as revealing certain gaps in Lefevere’s
methodology in the case of translating poetry from English into Vietnamese.
“A study of English-Vietnamese translation of conditional sentences”
Writer: Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hoa; first public: 2011
The study is expected to provide Vietnamese leamers with the approaches of
translating conditional sentences and some ways to help Vietnamese leamers of
English overcome the difficulties in translating English conditional sentences. The
researcher also hopes to provide teachers and students with knowledge of the
translation of English conditional sentences. Descriptive and analytic methods are

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also used to do the study. The description is intended to follow a qualitative
approach. The data are collected, the description of the translation of conditional
sentences is given. This study is confined to some approaches of translating English
conditional sentences with examples taken from English - Vietnamese magazines,
short stories, and novels, not from Vietnamese - English materials. By studying
English conditional sentences and Vietnamese equivalents in bilingual novels, short

stories, books and their public information, researcher have concluded that there are
three approaches to translating English conditional sentences as follows. They
include based on types of conditional sentences, based on pragmatic functions or
writer's intention, and based on situational contexts. In my opinion, this research is
quite useful, providing quite a lot of knowledge about conditional sentences.
Besides, the examples are also clearly analyzed by the author. However, because the
scope of the study is quite small, it is not possible to provide a full range of
conditional sentences in many special cases.
“Equivalence in the Vietnamese Translation of Shakespeare’s Romeo and
Juliet”
Writer: Dr. Van Nhan Luong; first public: 2016
This study aims to make readers understand more about equivalence in the
English-Vietnamese translation of “Romeo and Juliet”. This study is carried out
with a considerable concentration on qualitative method, descriptive method, and
contrastive analysis. The linguistic material of this study is the work “Romeo and
Juliet”. In terms of equivalence, this study has found the following key points of the
Vietnamese translation of Romeo and Juliet. Firstly, dynamic equivalence (Nida,
1964) is partly applied in the translation, which helps the translator deal with the
cultural features. Secondly, formal equivalence can be recognised in the way the
translator chooses Vietnamese poetic forms to translate the iambic pentameter in the
ST. Thirdly, the language used in the Vietnamese translation of Romeo and Juliet
seems to be suitable for and familiar to the Northern audience. As for advantages,
this study has opened up possibilities for further research into equivalence in
Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets from English into Vietnamese because of the detail
and professionalism of the research paper. As for disadvantages, I think the writer

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should add the chapter “Recommendations and suggestions” in order to make this

study better.

1.3.

Aims of the study
Within the framework of a minor thesis, the study is aimed at some following
ideas. They include the theories that are relevant with complex clauses, along with
translation methods and the ways to transfer English complex clauses into
Vietnamese ones. Moreover, it will concentrate on translating complex clauses into
Vietnamese in “Angels and Demons”. The final aim of this study is that providing
some suggestions with the hope to avoid errors or confusion during translating
complex clauses and improve the quality of translation copy, especially in literature.

1.4.

Research Subjects
The research subject of study is the translation of complex clauses founded in
the novel “Angels and Demons” by Dan Brown. I choose this book and the
translation copy of Van Thi Thanh Binh because this translation of the novel ensures
accuracy compared to the original. I chose to study complex clauses because it is
one of the language units that are not easily translated. They can appear in any type
of text, such as newspapers, documents, books, and so on. After searching, I
realized that there are very few research papers on this issue, hence I chose it
although knowing it would be very difficult. The next thing I had to do after that
was to choose an appropriate kind of text translation of the complex clause. With
the guidance of the teacher, I decided to choose a work of English literature. Finally,
after careful consideration, I studied "Angels and Demons" by American writer Dan
Brown for the first reason that I found it suitable for my graduation paper. The work
is not too old and long enough for me to choose the right chapters for my research.
In addition, I chose this work for a slightly personal reason. I love works with

detective elements and am really interested in learning and analyzing more carefully
about its words. Especially is complex clauses which occupy quite a large amount
throughout the work "Angels and Demons". Besides, I used the translation of Van
Thi Thanh Binh for this work to conduct my research since it is a popular and welltuned translation by a professional translator so I can learn a lot of things from it.

1.5.

Scope of the study

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With the limitation of time and space, in this paper, I just focus on the main
points of complex clauses and some methods for the translation of complex clauses
from English into Vietnamese in “Angels and Demons” by Dan Brown and
compared with the translation copy Vietnamese “Thiên thần và Ác quỷ” by Van Thi
Thanh Binh. Through reading the entire work, I have chosen ten chapters out of 137
chapters from chapters 31 to 40 to study. As these are the ten chapters that I think
there are quite a few various complex clauses. Because the scope of research is only
in ten short chapters, it is impossible to show all the author's use of complex clauses
and translators' ways of translating them into Vietnamese. Nevertheless, I hope that
my study will partly help us have a general overview of complex clauses and their
effective use in such kinds of works.

1.6.

Research methodology
For the literary object of study, I applied the research methodology below.
In terms of data collection methods, I have chosen for my graduation paper the
method of collecting secondary data. It is one of the important documents in

researching and studying. By nature, secondary data are data collected for a certain
purpose, already available somewhere, and can be used for this research. Therefore,
it is not only easy to collect, but also not time-consuming and money-wasting in the
process of collecting. To obtain the secondary data for the study, I took the
following steps. Firstly, I have conducted to determine the information needed for
the study. Such information includes compilation theory and complex clauses
theory, along with relevant previous studies. The "Angels and Demons" and the
translator's translation are also secondary data when it is the available source text.
The second step is to find the data source. Between them, the main method is desk
research including the press, the Internet, analytical reports, and statistical
publications. I try to reference and select the document from trustworthy sources
such

as

,

,

. Then, this is followed by cross-referencing and the collation of
data. In order to finish my graduation paper, I have made the most effort to search
the necessary documents in reference books, in the library, and from web pages on

12


the internet. After reading those references, I tried to get and collect valuable
information relating to my study. Hence, most examples are from many different
writing materials and grammar books. Besides, I also added a lot of specific
samples to demonstrate and help them understand deeply about translating complex

clauses in each example. Thirdly, it is the process of collecting information.
Through data sources, I proceed to collect the desired information. The collected
information must be arranged scientifically, systematically, and clearly stated the
source, author's name, date of publication, etc. This is extremely important since it
is a guarantee of testability information as well as its authenticity. Finally, based on
searching information, I evaluated and filtered out good information to put in my
study. As with the work, I have read through it in turn and selected the ten most
favorite chapters to include in my article.
Regarding the data analysis method, I have used the qualitative data analysis
method. That is when the data is presented with words and descriptions - the work
"Angels and Demons". Although this data can be observed, it is subjective. Hence,
it is difficult to analyze the data in studies, especially for comparison. I mainly
choose to analyze the content of the work. This is the most widely accepted method
and the most frequently used technique for data analysis in research methodology. I
have read and collected complex clause sentences in the original text and the
translation to analyze their translation method.
The most important job of a researcher is to summarize and present data and
research results. The purpose of the work is to present the results in a way that the
reader can easily understand. The main results of the research objective found or
discovered in the study must be presented in a reasonable sequence. I have chosen
to show my results in tabular form. The data presented in the form of a table must
not only indicate the systematic and structure in a meaningful way but also be clear
and precise. Moreover, the data in tabular form made the readers quickly
understand, see the differences, compare and draw any conclusions about the data
and the relationship between them. I chose this approach because it simplifies the
presentation and represents the results of the research data more significantly than
presenting the results in written form.

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The research applied for document review. Last but not least, in order to
accomplish the graduation paper, a flexible combination of methods is used, which
embraces collection, categorizing, and analyzing of data, and description of the
result.

1.7.

Organization of the study
The study includes four main chapters:
The first chapter, “Overview of the study”, shows the rationale by which the
author decided to conduct this study as well as the scope of the study. This part also
presents the research subject and methodology, along with the organization of the
study.
The second chapter is “Literature review”. The researcher will present theories
related to the study. It concentrates on the concepts of translation, complex clauses
in English as well as different translation equivalence and translation methods used
by translators.
The third chapter refers to the research findings of the study including the
analysis, assessment of translation methods used in the novel “Angels and
Demons”.
The fourth or last chapter of this study is entitled “Recommendations and
suggestions” being consists of some researcher’s recommendations and suggestions
after having research findings.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1. Overview of translation
2.1.1. Definition of translation
Translation is a mental activity in which the meaning of a text is rendered
from one language to another. Translation is a process that is aimed to have
meaning equivalence in the target text with the original text. The language to be
translated is called the source language (SL), while the language to be translated
into is called the target language (TL). The translator needs to have good knowledge
of both the source and the target language, as well as high linguistic sensitivity as he
should transmit the writer's intention, original thoughts, and ideas in the translated
version as precisely and faithfully as possible. It is necessary to know about the
concept of translation as mentioned by many translation theorists to get an overall
picture of the translation process.
Translation is an act through which the content of a text is transferred from the
source language into the target language (Foster, 1958).
Translation means “the replacement of a text in one language (SL) by an
equivalent in another language (TL)” (Catford, 1965).
Newmark (1981) indicates that translation is “rendering the meaning of a text
into another language in the way that the author intended the text”.
On the other hand, Nida and Taber (1982) state that “translating consists in
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source
language message”.
“Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what
has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic
equivalences” (Marlone, 1988).
Translation is, “a product since it provides us with other different cultures, to
ancient societies and civilization life when the translated texts reach us” (Yowell
and Mutfah, 1999).
Hatim and Munday (2004) considered translation as “the process of
transferring a written text from the source language (SL) to target language (TL)”.
Translation includes the lexis, grammatical structure, communication

situation, and cultural context of the original text. All these are analyzed to
determine their meaning. This same meaning is constructed by using the words and
grammatical structures which are appropriate to the cultural context of target
language.

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Although the differences in these definitions can be seen, there are still
common features which is the notion of movement between languages and the
responsibility to find equivalences that preserve the attributes or characteristic
features of the source language text.
2.1.2. Importance of translation
Translation indeed plays an important role in our lives. Nowadays, our world
has become a globalized one, in which numerous countries and cultures are
connected by commercial or political relations or merely cultural exchanges.
Nevertheless, some barriers that make it difficult to do these things. One of them is
the language barrier since these relations and exchanges are often established
between countries and people that don’t speak the same language, thus complicating
the communication. Translation helps people to communicate and understand each
other’s opinions and cultures, without having to learn a second language among
over 7000 spoken languages in the world. Moreover, although people know more
than one language, we still feel that with our native language, we can understand
and express ourselves better. On the other hand, the importance of translation in
today’s world goes way beyond that.
First of all, according to statistics, English is the most spoken language in the
world. English is also the language with a more prominent presence in our daily
life, whether it is on the media, the Internet, among others. Therefore, we
sometimes forget that, in reality, not everyone can speak or even understand
English. To fully understand the message in a language, that you master it orally and

in written form or know grammatical rules is not enough. It requires understanding
the cultural aspects inherent to that language’s community. Therefore, the translator
has to convert all these linguistic and cultural particularities into the language and
culture of the target ones.
Besides, in the integrated economy, translation plays a more important role.
Most fields such as construction, health, finance, tourism, ... use specialized
materials in both Vietnamese and foreign languages. With the trend of international
economic integration, translation services for business and cultural exchange are
extremely essential. When companies have a desire of expanding or even when they
do not get success in their local market, they usually intend to penetrate foreign

16


markets. Translation services are required in order to solve problems encountered
when communicating with international friends, as well as documents or partner’s
contracts and so on. Translation is an important factor that helps the two sides better
understand each other, so businesses must cooperate with a translation service to
support them. It also elevates the brand of the business in the eyes of its partners.
Furthermore, translation is considered as one of the tourism promotion factors.
Translation is a worthy and essential asset in the tourism sector, as it makes tourists
feel welcome. It also contributes to the popularity and boosting of revenue by
making a country a destination of choice, tourist-friendly. Whether it is through
tourist guides or articles encouraging everyone to visit the country, such as
brochures, web pages, promotional videos, or others. It is no doubt that each
country has incredible cultural assets. Translation contributes to explain,
disseminate, and create an easier way for us to approach and improve our
understanding of other countries.
Last but not least, when it comes to spreading information, translation is also
crucial. Thanks to translation, we can access news and events happening every day

across the world in our language through several means. Without translation, we
would live in a dome that closed on our own little world. It seems like a frog living
under a well and not knowing how large the outside world is. We would live like
ignorant people, with no clue of distinguishing the good and the bad about the
world we live in. It such a disaster. It is also critical for us to understand the history
and evolution of humanity. As a result of translation, we can revisit the past, live in
the present, and dream about the future.
2.1.3. Translation equivalence
2.1.3.1. Definition
Equivalence in translation is an issue that has been discussed since the
inception of translation. In the past, when the concept of translation between
languages was still simple and depended a lot on the structure and comparative
linguistics, the translation equivalence was just the similarity or difference between
two certain language units of two linguistic systems. Nowadays, with the rapid
development of linguistics and the related sciences, the equivalent problem in
translation has become much more complex but at the same time clearer and more
useful for research and translation practice.

17


After researching and finding, I realized that at present, translation theorists
have three different views on translation equivalence as follows:
1) Equivalence is the necessary condition for the translation to work and
equivalence is the goal of translation, which is attainable (Catford, Nida, Toury,
Koller).
2) Equivalent translation is not possible and is a hindrance to translation
studies (Snell - Hornby, Gentzler)
3) Equivalent is a useful taxonomy to describe and study translation (Bake), is
a concept leveraged to translation research and practice, not necessarily by any unit

of the concept in translation theory.
The reason that translation equivalence has become a thorny issue in
translation theory and the opinions of researchers are very different, even
conflicting is the completely different view on the nature of translation.
The first group of researchers sees translation as a communication process
whose focus is on translating messages from the source language into the target
language. Therefore, when translating messages from one language to another, the
translator actually has to deal with problems of two cultures, not just language
problems, and the translator plays an intermediate role in the intercultural
communication process. The translation equivalence is established due to factors
such as texts, cultures and circumstances involved in the translation process.
The second group has a much narrower view of translation than the first and
this has led to a pessimistic view of translation as well as the existence of
translation equivalence. They believed that translation between two languages is a
matter of purely linguistic matter on the language material of the system. Hence,
translation equivalence is difficult to achieve, if not impossible.
The third group is neutral when it comes to the fact that translation between
languages has been and will be carried out successfully anyway. Maybe a radical
equivalence is not possible, nonetheless, equivalence at any rate between two
languages is still established by the translators and therefore translation is carried
out as a communication tool between people of different languages. It can be said
that this is the view of translation equivalence which combines both linguistic and
communicative aspects when considering the translation process.
2.1.3.2. Classification

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There are many different types of translation equivalence based on different
grounds. There are 4 common equivalence classifications as follows:

1) Form-based equivalence: word, sentence and text level equivalence (Bake).
2) Meaning-based equivalence: denotative, connotative, pragmatic and formal
equivalence (Koller).
3) Function-based equivalence: dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence
(Nida).
4) Quantity-based equivalence equals one with one, one with more than one,
one with part less than one, the inequality.
The following kinds are some of the most talked-about and commonly used
for researching, evaluating, and discussing translation.
1. Equivalence is based on the number of equivalent parts (Quantity-based
equivalence)
a- One to one equivalence: An equivalent type in which an expression in the
original language has only one equivalent expression in the translated language.
This kind of equivalence usually occurs in a system of terms.
b- One to many equivalences: An expression in the original language that has
many equivalent expressions in the translated language.
c- One to part of one equivalence: An expression in the original language has
many meanings that an expression in the translated language is equivalent to only
one of those features.
d- Nil-equivalence: An expression found in the original language but not in the
translated language caused by language or cultural incompatibility.
2. Meaning-based equivalence of Koller:
a- Denotative equivalence: An equivalence in that the expression in the
original language and the translated language both refer to the same concept or the
object in reality. This is the non-linguistic content equivalence of the text (two texts
have the same meaning). An element of content that is out of language is denotative
equivalence. This is also the purpose of any translation process. It is to obtain a
reference to the equivalent thing and phenomenon of the original language and
translation units.
b- Connotative equivalence: is an equivalence based on the expressive

meaning of the language. In addition to the denotation meaning, the words of both
the original language and the translated language need to create equivalent
communication values when adopted by native readers of the two languages. The

19


connotations are expressed through the choice of words. This factor results in the
connotative equivalence type. This equivalence is established on the basis of
different levels of functional style (registers), social dimensions, geography, and
frequency of use reflected in the language, etc. This is also known as a stylistic
equivalence. This is the equivalence created by choosing specific words from
synonyms in many different ways such as style, usage, society, locality, frequency
of use, and so on.
3. Pragmatic equivalence: An element of the recipient (reader) to which the
translation refers to a translation equivalence called pragmatic equivalence or
communicatively equivalence. This is the preferred equivalence set by the translator
when it comes to serving a readership. Translators may not comply with the
requirements of the standard of using languages on the original and translated text,
even denotative and connotative equivalence to help the understanding of a certain
class of readers. This type of equivalence is also used when it is necessary to have
an effect on the reader such as expressing the author's attitude towards the object in
question in the source text.
4. Text-normative equivalence: Text type and language usage norms leading to
the translation equivalence type is called text-normative equivalence. It requires to
establish when translating documents that have standards for selecting and using
highly conventionalized grammar and vocabulary units such as legal documents,
business correspondence, as well as science and technology. Translators need to
have a firm grasp of textual standards in two languages in order to make the
necessary translations to achieve this formal equivalence. This kind of equivalence

is created when both the expressions of the source language and the target language
have the same or similar criteria.
2.1.4. Translation methods
Basing on dynamic equivalence theory of Nida, Peter Newmark proposed 8
translation methods which can be illustrated in the diagram as follows:
SL emphasis
TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation
Adaptation
Literal translation
Free translation Faithful
translation
Idiomatic translation
Semantic translation
Communicative translation
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Diagram 2.1. Translation methods by Newmark (1988:45)
The main problem of translating has always been whether to translate text
literally. Newmark, P. (1995) points outs that differences in the emphasis (SL or TL)
have resulted in a variety of translation methods and procedures, which shall be
discussed hereafter.
Word-for-word translation
According to Newmark (1995), this is often demonstrated as interlinear
translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word order is
preserved and the words translated are out of context. It also non-grammatical and
cultural words that are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word

translation is either to understand the information in the SL or to construe a difficult
text as a pre-translation process.
Literal translation
The SL grammars are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical
words are again translated singly, out of context. Literal translation is used for the
pre-translation process to identify problems and poetry translation basically for
poets who do not understand SL.
Faithful translation
As Newmark (1995) sees it, a faithful translation attempts to reproduce the
precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL
grammatical structures. Cultural words are transferred and the degree of
grammatical and lexical “abnormality” is preserved in the translation. Moreover,
words are translated in context but uncompromising to TL. The main use of faithful
translation is to translate literary, authoritative texts along with drafts.
Semantic translation
Semantic translation is different from faithful translation only in as far as it
must take into account the aesthetic value of the SL text. Besides, compared to
faithful translation, it emphasizes naturalness more. It converted less important
cultural words into neutral equivalence in TL. Therefore, semantic translation is
used for texts that have a high status such as religious texts, legal texts, politicians'
speeches, etc, as well as expressive texts.
Communicative translation
It attempts to reproduce the exact message of SL text content-wise and
context-wise. This form emphasis on naturalness and acceptability to TL readership.

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Hence, the contextual meaning of SL text is displayed exactly to make it easily
comprehensible to TL readers.

Idiomatic translation
This makes use of colloquialisms and idioms that do not exist in the original
text. The message of SL text is translated, but nuances of meaning are tended to
distort by using idioms and colloquialisms.
Free translation
In Newmark’s view, free translation focuses on the content of the target text
rather than the form. The same content is expressed in the translated text but with
very different grammatical structures if need be. Usually, it is a paraphrase much
longer than the original, a so-called “intralingual translation”, often prolix and
pretentious, and not a translation at all.
Adaptation translation
This is the freest form of translation which is mainly used for plays and
poetry; the text is rewritten while themes, characters, plots are usually preserved.
The SL culture converted to the TL culture.
2.2. Overview of complex clause
After searching and reviewing references related to the complex clauses,
according to page , along with my own knowledge, I
draw some ideas about clause and complex clause.
2.2.1. Clause
In the traditional approach, people discuss as written language, but not
speaking in a sentence. Instead, we speak in messages which are realized
grammatically in the clause and complex clause.
Clause is the highest rank which is the largest grammatical unit. A clause is a
group of related words containing both a subject and a verb. On the other hand, if a
group of related words does not contain a subject with an attached verb, it is simply
a phrase.
There are two types of clauses: minor clause and major clause. The minor
clause has no predictor. In English, minor clauses include address, greeting, and
exclamation. On the contrary, the major clause has predictor which is the indicator
of them in English. Major clause consists of the dependent clause and independent

clause.

2.2.1.1. Independent clause

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An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a
sentence, it means that it has a subject, a verb, and is a complete thought. An
independent proposition is a cluster containing both the subject and the predicate,
which can stand separately as a simple sentence or be part of a multi-proposition
sentence. It can either stand as a sentence by itself or be combined with one or more
dependent or independent clauses to form a sentence. Even when an independent
clause is joined with other clauses, it is capable of standing on its own as a sentence.
e.g. I walk. (Notice that while this sentence only contains two words, it is still
a complete sentence since it contains a one-word subject and a one-word predicate
that is also a complete thought)

2.2.1.2. Dependent clause
A dependent clause is a group of words which either lacks a subject or a verb
or has both a subject and a verb that does not has a complete thought and can not
stand alone. Because it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause cannot on its
own as a sentence; it has to be attached to an independent clause to form a sentence.
e.g. When I woke up…
a, Coordinating conjunction:
Structurally, the dependent clause is linked to the main clause (independent
clause) by:
- Related pronouns: who, whom, which, whose, that, ...
e.g. The boy who works at the cafe is John's brother.
- Contact adverbs why, when, where.

e.g. This is the reason why she was late for school.
- The dependent conjunctions: when, while, as, as soon as, because, though,
although, till, until, if, unless, wherever, whenever….

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e.g. Although Jim was tired yesterday, he still went to school.
For example: She had a good mark because she has studied hard during one
month.
In this sentence, there are two clauses connected by the conjunction "because".
(1) she had a good mark (main clause)
(2) because she has studied hard during one month (dependent clause)
b, Types of dependent clause
- Noun clause: is a clause used as a noun. Noun clauses usually begin with
that, if, whether or a question word like what, when, where, how.
Proposition noun as subject:
e.g. That you ask me this question does not make sense.
Proposition noun as object:
e.g. We know that nothing has changed.
Proposition noun as a compliment:
e.g. The advantage of the internet is that it helps you communicate with people
in virtually any part of the world.
- Adverb clause: As the function of an adverb, an adverb has the following
types:
+ The adverb clause indicates the purpose
- So that: She brings her umbrella so that she won’t get wet.

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- In order that: Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in
order that they may eat.
- For fear that: He does not tell this for fear that she should be shocked.
- In case: Tom had better go to the doctor in case it should get worse.
+ The adverb clause indicates the cause
- Because: They could not go home because the pandemic is not over.
- As: As he was tired, he did not go to work.
- Since: Since the weather is not good, we cannot go fishing.
- Seeing that: Seeing that you will not buy for me, I must buy it myself.
+ The adverb clause indicates the place
- Where: I will go where she goes.
- Wherever: Sit wherever you want.
+ The adverb clause indicates the time
- When: When I have free time, I usually play chess with my friends.
- While: I learned Korean while I was in Seoul.
- Before: She knew everything before I tell her.
- After: They came after night had fallen.
- Since: I have learned English since I was 6.
- As: I saw Anna as she was leaving home.
- Till/until: I will wait until you answer me.

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