Tài liệu Assignment on historical of English language_lịch sử ngôn ngữ ppt

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Title
“English slang”
Reasonable
Development
 Definite of slang
 Defining slang
 Extent and origins of slang
 Varieties of slang
 Definitions
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Title
“English slang”
Reasonable
Like other languages all over the world, English has changed greatly, albeit
imperceptibly. People use english more comfortable and easier ways than before
they did. In English speaking countries or others, people especially young people
usally use slang. Because slang is a modern language, very changeable, which is, in
the most cases, made and used by the young generations. During the past years every
generation had its own slang. That was their language, their own mark. People use it
in order not to be different from their society. That characteristic, being a part of the
environment, is in human nature and I’m afraid that it is quite hard to resist it. Slang
easily becomes a part of your life and you just become a person who can not even
remember when the changing of vocabulary started.
But, years will pass and they will bring a new language shape. Maybe some day
“cool” will be completely expelled from modern language, or…it will be replaced
with some new popular word with two “o”s. You never know…
I’m a students of faculty of English, so I’m very keen on exploring English. And I

think that slang is a fascinating field in English. I want to find out how people in
Britain use slang, where they use it, if they change original words in to totally
difference words or not, ect…
This study is to help people understand slang. It applied for the people who wants to
explore about how British use slang and for student who are learning English.
This study concentrates on the differences of usage slang in Britain and USA.
To finish this research, I collect and select information in internet. Because by
internet I just sit at a place and search many useful informations from every wedsite.
Development
Definite of slang
Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered
standard in the speaker's dialect or language.
Defining slang
Few linguists have endeavored to clearly define what constitutes slang.

Attempting
to remedy this, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression
should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria:
• It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing";
in other words, it is likely to be seen in such contexts as a "glaring misuse of
register."
• Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a
group of people who are familiar with it and use the term.
• "It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status
or greater responsibility."
• It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym." This is done primarily to
avoid "the discomfort caused by the conventional item [or by] further
elaboration.
An example would be "getting a pop, meaning getting a haircut, or buying threads as
in buying clothes." Slang should be distinguished from jargon, which is the technical

vocabulary of a particular profession. Jargon, like many examples of slang, may be
used to exclude non–group members from the conversation, but in general has the
function of allowing its users to talk precisely about technical issues in a given field.
Extent and origins of slang
Slang can be regional, in that it is used only in a particular territory, but slang terms
often are particular to a certain subculture, such as music. Nevertheless, slang
expressions can spread outside their original areas to become commonly used, like
"cool" and "jive." While some words eventually lose their status as slang (the word
"mob", for example, began as a slang shortening of Latin mobile vulgus), others
continue to be considered as such by most speakers. When slang spreads beyond the
group or subculture that originally uses it, its original users often replace it with
other, less-recognized terms to maintain group identity. One use of slang is to
circumvent social taboos, as mainstream language tends to shy away from evoking
certain realities. For this reason, slang vocabularies are particularly rich in certain
domains, such as violence, crime, drugs, and sex. Alternatively, slang can grow out
of mere familiarity with the things described. Among Californian wine connoisseurs,
for example, Cabernet Sauvignon is often known as "Cab Sav," Chardonnay as
"Chard" and so on; this means that naming the different wines expends less
superfluous effort.
Even within a single language community, slang tends to vary widely across social,
ethnic, economic, and geographic strata. Slang may fall into disuse over time;
sometimes, however, it grows more and more common until it becomes the
dominant way of saying something, at which time it usually comes to be regarded as
mainstream, acceptable language (e.g. the Spanish word caballo), although in the
case of taboo words there may be no expression that is considered mainstream or
acceptable. Numerous slang terms pass into informal mainstream speech, and
sometimes into formal speech, though this may involve a change in meaning or
usage.
Slang very often involves the creation of novel meanings for existing words. It is
common for such novel meanings to diverge significantly from the standard

meaning. Thus, "cool" and "hot" can both mean "very good," "impressive," or
"good-looking".
Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup. For example, Leet
("Leetspeak" or "1337") originally was popular only among certain Internet
subcultures, such as crackers (malicious "hackers") and online videogamers. During
the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly more
commonplace on the Internet, and it has spread outside Internet-based
communication and into spoken languages. Other types of slang include SMS
language used on mobile phones, and "chatspeak," (e.g., "LOL," an acronym
meaning "laughing out loud" or "laugh out loud" or ROFL, rolling on the floor
laughing), which is widely used in instant messaging on the Internet.
Varieties of slang
 Rhyming slang
Rhyming slang, chiefly associated with Cockney#Cockney speech spoken in the
East End of London, replaces a word with a phrase which rhymes with the word, for
example, plates of meat for "feet", or twist and twirl for "girl". Often only the first
word is used, so plates and twist by themselves become the colloquialisms for "feet"
and "girl".
 Back slang
Back slang is simply the practice of using words spelled in reverse, e.g. yob for
"boy" or ecilop for "police".
 Polari
Polari is a variety of slang used by gay men and lesbians in Britain and the United
Kingdom, which has a history going back at least a hundred years.
Definitions
arse bandit, bender, bent, bum bandit, fairy, marmite miner, pillow biter,
poof/poofter, ring raider, shirtlifter, shit stabber, turd burglar, uphill gardner
homosexual (offensive, derogatory)
barney/in barney
trouble/in trouble (from Barney Rubble, Cockney rhyming slang for trouble)

bell/bell-end
glans of the penis or fool
berk
idiot, irritating person (from Berkeley Hunt, Cockney rhyming slang for cunt)
Billy
amphetamines. (From Billy Whizz, a British comic strip character.) friendless
(Billy No-Mates)
Bobby, Old Bill, Plod, 5-Oh, Rozzers, Bizzie (Scouse),Dibbles (as in Officer
Dibble from Top Cat), The Scum, The Filth
police, police officer
blagger
Liar or Robber. Also 'Blag' is 'lie to' or 'rob' someone. Also somebody who
boasts a lot.
bloke, chap, geezer
Man (informal)
blooming
euphemism for bloody
bog
toilet
bog off
Go away
bog roll
Toilet paper
bird
girl
brown bread
dead
Bugger
Anal sex, an exclamation of dissatisfaction ("OH BUGGER!"), in a dire
situation ("Well, we're buggered now"), acute surprise

Bum
The Buttocks, The Anus or Both.
chav, ned, bam, scally
A person who dresses in a certain style, typically badly or in sports clothing.
Often used as a form of derogation.
Cheers
Thank you or goodbye
Cock
An idiot
Duff
Doesn't work "these batteries are duff" or beat "let's duff him up"
Fag
Cigarette
Fanny
Female external genitalia
Fit
Sexually Attractive
gaff
house
gash
derogatory term used for females or the female genitalia
gay
bad e.g. "It was 'gay' being mugged"
git, bell-end, knob-end
incompetent, stupid, annoying, or childish person
Gob
Mouth; to spit
Gobsmacked
Flabbergasted, dumbfounded, astounded, speechless
Half-Inch

To Steal
Helmet
'Glans of the Penis' or 'fool'
handbags
a harmless fight
Ickle
Small
I('ll) say
expression of surprise, amazement (quaint)
Jack, Raise
Steal
jammy
lucky. (also 'spawny')
Jizz
Semen
Kip
Sleep, Nap
knackered
exhausted, tired
Knob head
a stupid, irritating person
Knob jockey
homosexual (to ride the penis like a jockey rides a horse)
Fruitbat, Spazmo
idiot
Loo
Lavatory
Manc
someone from Manchester
Manky

Dirty, filthy
Mashed
Drunk
Meat and Two Veg
male external genitalia
Minge
Vagina
Minger
Ugly or filthy-minded person
Minted
Wealthy
Munter
Ugly person
Nick
Steal or Police Station "He's in the 'Nick'"
Nicked
Arrested or Stolen i.e. "He got 'Nicked' after he'd 'Nicked' that Car"
Nonce
Paedophile or idiot
Nutter
Insane person
pig pen
police station
pikey
is a pejorative slang term used, mainly in England to refer to travellers,
gypsies or people of low social class
Pillock
Someone who is stupid
Pinch
Steal

Pissed
Drunk
ponce
pimp; a posh, effeminate man.
Ring, ring piece
Anal Sphincter
Safe
Good, Agreed
See A Man About A Dog
Attend a secret deal or meeting or to go to the toilet.
Scouser
Someone from Liverpool
Scrote
Scrotum or pestilent child or teenager.
Shag
Have sex with
Shiner
Black Eye or Erection
Skint
without money
Skanked
Ripped-off, daylight robbery, expensive
Skanky
vile
Slag, Slapper, Tart, Scrubber
Prostitute, Loose woman
Slash
urinate, urination
snog
French kiss

Sod
idiot, moron, or annoying person (from sodomite)
Sod off
go away, i.e. fuck off.
Steaming
Extremely Drunk
Stuffed
sexual intercourse (e.g. "Get Stuffed") or to have had too much to eat ("I'm
stuffed")
spawny
lucky
spunk
semen, ejaculate
Take the piss (out of)
To mock, "Are you taking the piss?"
Tosser
Literally someone who masturbates (to toss off), but generally means an idiot
or someone whom the speaker doesn't like
twat
Female genitalia or an idiot
wank
masturbation
wanker
Literally someone who masturbates (verb - to wank), but generally means an
idiot or someone whom the speaker doesn't like.
Whizz
Amphetamines. See also 'Billy' or the need to urinate i.e "i'm just off for a
quick whizz"
Conclusion
To sum up, slang is widespread phenomenon in english, but, despite its

pervasiveness, it has been marginalized or neglected in linguistics. It exhabit the
same word-formation mechannismsas the standard language. In others words, its the
result of well-established grammatical rules and out side regular grammar. In slang
interally organized in the terms of semantic relation anh lexical fields, it is rather
disorganized, complex lexicon made up of vague words and polysemous expression.
In to attemp to describe slang. There is a general tendency to streat it as a merely
social concept reinfocing cohesiveness within a group ,or as a lever of usage
stylistically neutral language.
References
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