Tài liệu Assignment on semantics- ngữ nghĩa học doc

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Tile
English slang
Reasonable
Development
1, Definion of Lexicology
2, Definition of Slang
3, Variety of slang
4, Some slang words and its definition and samples
Inconclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Tile
English slang
Reasonable
Slang is a modern kind of language which is, in the most cases, made and
used by the young generations. During the past years every generation had its
own slang. That was their language, their own mark. People use it in order
not to be different from their society. That characteristic, being a part of the
environment, is in human nature and it is quite hard to resist it. Slang easily
becomes a part of your life and you just become a person who can not even
remember when the changing of vocabulary started.
I’m a students of faculty of English, so I’m very keen on exploring English.
And I think that slang is a fascinating field in lexicology. I want to know much
more about slang words so I can use it when talking with my foreign friends.
DEVELOPMENT
1, Definion of Lexicology
Lexicology ( 'lexis' = word+ 'logo' = learning) is a science/study which deals
with words, morphemes and word groups. It's a science which studies and
describes systematically the vocabulary of given language.that part of linguistics

which studies words, their nature and meaning, words' elements, relations
between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon.
Lexicology contain linguistic and phonology
• Linguistic include phonology, gammar and lexis.
• Phonology (phonetics) : the study of a language and their relationship to
one another.
2, Definition of Slang
Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered
standard in the speaker's dialect or language. Slang is often to be found in areas
of the lexicon that refer to things considered taboo. It is also used to identify
with one's peers.
slang can be described as informal, nonstandard words or phrases (lexical
innovations) which tend to originate in subcultures within a society. Slang often
suggests that the person utilizing the words or phrases is familiar with the
hearer's group or subgroup it can be considered a distinguishing factor of in-
group identity
3,Varieties of slang
 Rhyming slang
Rhyming slang, chiefly associated with Cockney#Cockney speech spoken in
the East End of London, replaces a word with a phrase which rhymes with the
word, for example, plates of meat for "feet", or twist and twirl for "girl". Often
only the first word is used, so plates and twist by themselves become the
colloquialisms for "feet" and "girl".
 Back slang
Back slang is simply the practice of using words spelled in reverse, e.g. yob
for "boy" or ecilop for "police".
 Polari
Polari is a variety of slang used by gay men and lesbians in Britain and the
United Kingdom, which has a history going back at least a hundred years.
4, Some slang words and its definition and samples

buck (dollar)
Original Definition: originally "bucca" = a male goat; or, "buc" = a male
deer
Slang Definition: a dollar bill (North American slang).
Origin of "buck" as a meaning for a dollar bill: It comes from "buckskin",
which was a common unit of trade in the "Old West" of North America. While a
buckskin may not have been the same value as a dollar bill, the common ground
was that both were basic units of trade.
bum
Definition:
• a person that does not work, (chiefly US Slang)
• buttocks, (chiefly UK slang)
cool
Original Definition: not too warm, not too cold
Slang Definition: good
Sample sentences: (1) That's cool! I really like that picture!; (2) That's a
cool car!
crap
Origin: From Dutch meaning: that which is torn off and discarded
Slang Definition
1
: miscellaneous junk; unwanted stuff
Slang Definition
2
: feces; dung
Slang Definition
3
: worthless talk; nonsense
die for
Definition: to desire (sth) so much that one would almost be willing to die

for it.
Sample sentences: I'd die for tickets to a Bulls game. I'm dying to see
Michael Jordan in person.
dumb
Original meaning: mute
Slang meaning: ignorant, foolish
Possible origin: animals are dumb (because they cannot speak), and they are
not thought to be very intelligent.
fag
Original meaning: cigarette (still used this way in the UK)
American Slang: a male homosexual (politically incorrect; i.e. NOT a NICE
WORD!)
fag hag
Definition: a woman that hangs around with fags (male homosexuals)
(NOT NICE)
fluke
Origins: unknown
Definition: an accidental stroke of luck or good fortune
Sample sentence: His winning the tournament was a fluke.
go
Definition: short for "go to the potty (toilet)"
Sample sentences: (1) I have to go. (2) Do you have to go (1) or (2)?
　
go (1) & go (2)
Definitions: (1) = urine, pee pee; (2) = feces, manure, poo poo, stools, etc.
Sample sentences: Do you have to go (1)? No, I have to go (2).
See "pee pee" and "poo poo" below.
gusto
Origin: from Spanish/Latin meaning "taste"
Slang Definition: great enthusiasm & vigorous enjoyment (see also zest)

hag
Original meaning: witch
Slang meaning: usually old, but definitely ugly woman
has-been
Definition: a person who has been popular; an ex-celebrity
Sample sentence: This is where all the has-beens hang out.
haves & have-nots
Definitions
haves = people who have a lot of money/assets
have-nots = people who don't have much money/assets
hokey (adj.)
Origin: from the word hokum (a combination of hocus pocus + bunkum);
hocus pocus is used in incantations in magic tricks; bunkum is nonsensical talk.
[source]
Slang Definition: untrue
hot
1
Definition: very sexy; very attractive in a sensual way
Sample sentences: (1) She's hot!; (2) There's a steamy, hot scene in the
movie.
hot
2
Definition: really popular
Sample sentences: (1) That is a hot item on the market. (2) That music
group is hot. (3) That's a hot song.
hot
3
Definition: stolen
Sample sentences: (1) Why is that TV so cheap? It is hot? Is that why you
are selling it so cheaply?

[At a Pawn Shop] "I don't accept any 'hot' goods."
"Jane Doe"
Definition: a woman with no name. It is usually used for a female corpse
with no identification.
jerk
Definition: A "jerk" is a bad person, i.e. a person who has treated another
individual badly.
Origin: There must be a connection between the real meaning of jerk and
the slang meaning of jerk. I think if someone jerks another person (physically)
it would hurt (a little), and if someone jerks another person (emotionally) it
would hurt (a lot). That's why we call such a person a "jerk." [I'm guessing this
is a kind of metonymy.] And/or it comes from the idiom: to jerk sb around,
which means: to treat somebody badly.
jock
Original Definition: jockey (a person who rides a horse in a horse race)
Slang Definition: any athlete
john
Definition: toilet bowl; toilet; WC; restroom; lavatory
Sample sentences: (1) I have to go to the john. I'll back right back. (2)
Who's in the john? I have to go!
Origin: The man who invented the commode (the flush toilet bowl) was
named John Craps. Possible this slang word comes from the man's given name.
"John"
Definition: a prostitute's customer.
"John Doe"
Definition: a man with no name. It is usually used for a male corpse with no
identification.
long johns
Definition: long, thermal underwear.
Sample sentence: It's cold out. Be sure to put your long johns on.

pee pee & poo poo
Definitions: pee pee = toddler slang for urine; poo poo = toddler slang for
p.h.a.t.
Pronunciation: /fæt/
Acronym for: Pretty Hot And Tempting (source)
Origin: Intercity slang, mostly amongst gangs/gangsters (trying to be
"cool"), going out of style these days
pumpkin
Definition: a metaphorical term of endearment to a cute little kid (toddler)
scum
Original Definition: the yucky film on the top of a liquid, such as on top of
bath water after taking a bath.
Slang definition: the lowest level of human, e.g. criminals
Shit
Shit may just be the most powerful word in the English language, BUT
BEWARE THAT "SHIT" IS NOT A NICE WORD. IT IS VULGAR.
WARNING: THE WORD "SHIT" SHOULD NOT BE USED IN MIXED
COMPANY.
"Mixed Company" means a group of people containing both genders (both
sexes).
As you read the following passage, which I've entitled: "Shitty Reading",
came to me in an e-mail message & I do not know the author.
Please keep in mind that "shit" has a literal meaning, and several figurative
meanings.
The literal meaning of shit is solid excrement.
The figurative meaning are too many to list. See if you can figure out the
figurative meanings, then look at the answers below the article "Shitty Reading":
pikey
is a pejorative slang term used, mainly in England to refer to travellers,
gypsies or people of low social class

Billy
amphetamines. (From Billy Whizz, a British comic strip character.)
friendless (Billy No-Mates)
CONCLUSION
To sum up, slang is widespread phenomenon in english, but, despite its
pervasiveness, it has been marginalized or neglected in linguistics. It exhabit the
same word-formation mechannismsas the standard language. In others words, its
the result of well-established grammatical rules and out side regular grammar. In
slang interally organized in the terms of semantic relation anh lexical fields, it is
rather disorganized, complex lexicon made up of vague words and polysemous
expression. In to attemp to describe slang. There is a general tendency to streat it
as a merely social concept reinfocing cohesiveness within a group ,or as a lever
of usage stylistically neutral language.
REFERENCES
1, />2, />3, />4, />5, />6, />id=5KXdKLDym2QC&pg=PA51#PPT1,M1 (An Introduction to English Slang
By Elisa Mattiello)
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