Trò chuyện Triết học (Tập 5): Phần 1

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NIETZSCHE d PHAP............................................................. 7
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+ THAN MINH MOT HOA TRAM .............................................84
+ BUI GIANG VOi "MARTIN HEIDEGGER VA TU TUONG
Hl�N 8�1": CUOC HON PHOI TUNG BUNG .......................92
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+ 200 NAM DARWIN 150 NAM "NGUON GOC CAC LOAl"..151
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+ D!CH THUAT VA HOC THUAT ..........................................192
• cAu CHUY�N D!CH THUAT: BAO GIO
CO NH0NG "D!CH TRUONG"? .......................................... 202
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+ TIENG GOI TU "THdl TRl)C" ............................................209


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GILLES DELEUZE vA VItc TIEP
N� NIETZSCHE O PHAP
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1

Tra l&i khong phai la dua ra mqt
cau tra liti de' xoa diu cau hoi"

Maurice Blanchot< l)

1. Michel Foucault bat dau bai diem sach noi tieng cua minh
ve hai tac pham chinh cua Gilles Deleuze ( 1925-1995)
( 11Di.fference et repetition, 1968 va Logique du sens, 1969)
nhu sau: "Toi n6i ve hai quyen sach duqc toi xem la vI
d�i trong so nhfing quyen sach vi d�i". Sau do it dong la
nh�n dinh rat thuo'ng duQ'c trich dan: "M9t ngay nao d6,
the ky c6 le se mang tinh chat Deleuze"C2).
Maurice Blanchot: L 'entretien infini!Viic lam bdt t4n, Paris,
1969, tr. 69: "Repondre ne consite pas a formuler une reponse, de
maniere a apaiser la question".
2
Michel Foucault: Theatrum Philosophicum, trong: Gilles
1


8 • BUI VAN NAM �ON

Voi cau noi c6 ve "cueing di�u" ay, Foucault dudng
nhu khong chi muon noi den Deleuze nhu m9t tac gia ca
bi�t, ma con muon noi den ban than minh, ciing nhu
den ca m9t the h� nhung triet gia Phap thudng duqc
sach bao gQi la "nhilng triet gia m6'i'' tu khoang 1960 toi
nay: the h� ke tiep J. p.
Sartre, hay dung hdn, the h�
sau Sartre. Day la m¢t the
h� tg.O ra "nhfi'ng gqi mo
sang tg.O hdn bat CU ndi nao
khac" (Habermas) voi VO so

nhung ten tuoi ma chi can
neu m¢t so tieu bieu thoi
ciing da thay choang ngqp
ve slj dong dao, phong phu:
Jacques Attali, Roland
Michel Foucault
Barthes, Jean Baudrillard,
Pierre Bourdieu, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault,
Rene Girard, Andre Glucksmann, George Bataille,
Maurice Blanchot, Andre Gorz, Jacques Lacan, Michel
Leiris, Claude Levi-Strauss, Jean-Francois Lyotard,
Edgar Morin, Michel Serres, Philippe Sollers, Alain
Touraine, Paul Virilio ...
f)�c diem lon nhat cua the h� nay la da chia tay voi
tham v9ng cua Sartre muon "tong hchu nghia hi�n sinh va chu nghia Marx, nhung sau xa
hdn, la chia tay voi m9i hinh thuc ban chat lu�n kieu
Deleuze/Michel Foucault (ban Due): Der Faden ist gerissen/
Duong day da dut, Berlin 1977, tr. 21.


TRO CHUY(N TRJ(T HOC + 9

Platon va nhat la voi "bi�n chung phap" kieu Hegel.
Tat ca nhung gi dttqc ton tr9ng va c6 hi�u h.;ic suot may
tram nam trong tu Wong Tay phttdng deu bi d�t thanh van
de: tu duy toan the h6a - dong d�ng h6a, phep bi�n chung,
sieu hinh h9c, y ngrua, chan ly, tri thuc tuy�t doi, S\J t\i do,
chu the ... Bttoc ngo�t trong tu Wong ding tri�t de va manh
li�t khong khac gi bttoc ngo�t tu Cd h9c Newton sang thuyet

tudng doi Va Cd h9c lttQ'ng tu trong V�t ly h9c hi�n d�!
Trttoc het la S\i chia tay vai phep bi?n chung: voi
Deleuze, phep bi�n chung la "y h� cua S\J phan h�n"
( ideologie du ressentiment); voi Lyotard, n6 la "ton giao
duy nhat kha huu cua nha nttoc hi�n d�i - la chiec tui
du lich cua S\J buon nan"! The cha cho vi tri cua phep
bi�n chung va the gioi triet h9c cua Descartes nhtt la
the gioi v�t ly cua Newton la nhung nh�n thuc moi ve
"the gioi h�-nguyen tu" voi ba d�c diem. Thu nhat: tinh
cuifng d9, do la cai khac cua/voi phep bi�n chung, cai
doi l�p l�i phttdng phap, la m¢t bieu hi�n cua "slj khang
11
djnh phe phan • Roi ngay ca tinh "phe phan" ciing khong
on trttoc mat Lyotard: Lyotard xem S\i phe phan van
con la tan du cua m(>t thai d¢ me tin ("y hf') khong the
chap nh�n dtiQ'c. V�y, chi c6 the n6i den m¢t S\i nh�p
CUdien ngon, dtiQ'c hieu nhtt cai gi khong "tien len" theo
dttong zich-zac bi�n chung, theo m¢t phttdng thuc da
dttqc h� thong h6a, da dttQ'c dinh trttoc ma giong nhtt
m¢t dong song r(>ng t�p hQ'p va bao chua tat ca nhung
gi da dttQ'c n6i ra (le deja dit) n6i nhtt Foucault (tuc
khong phai 1, 2, 3 ma la I+ I+ I) hay chinh la nguyen


1 o • BUI YAN NAM �ON

tac cua chu VA (ET) thay the cho chu LA (EST) ndi
Deleuze < 1 > , nghfa la, dieu da duqc noi khong ngung
duqc noi l�i m<)t each mo'i me j Va thu ba: Slf mong muon

gifi vi tri ngay cang Ion trong triet h9c Phip: S\i mong
muon nhu la sue m�nh khang dinh, trinh nguyen, tien
khoi, pha VO mQi rao can.
StJ chia tay v6'i Hegel co nghfa: tu b6 tri thuc tuy�t
d6i, tu b6 l6i tu duy toan the hoa. Ndi Derrida la S\i pha
huy thuyet "logic trung tam", ndi Lyotard la S\i "suy doi"
va "chu nghfa hu VO khang dinh", ndi Foucault la S\i pha
huy nhung cai hien nhien va nhung cai pho quat. Do
ciing la khoi diem cho vi�c "tieu bien" cua con nguo'i va
S\i phe phan "chu nghfa nhan ban", hai chu de tieu bieu
cua tu tuong Phip hi�n d�i. Foucault phe phan "chu
nghfa nhan ban" nhu la m(>t ly thuyet da de cao nhung
hinh thuc troi bu9c, ap buc trong hai, ba the ky vua qua.
Lu�n diem gay soc cua ong: "ke tra tan chinh la ly tinh!".
Ngay ca Claude Levi-Strauss, v6n on ton va de d�t, ciing
khang dinh ( trong "Nhi�t d6'i buon")<2> rang the gioi da
bat dau khong c6 con nguoi va roi se ket thuc khong co
con nguoi do loi cua chinh con nguoi.
Levi-Strauss phe phan thai d<) "nhan ban chu nghiaDeleuze: Dialogues, Paris, 1977, tr. 64: "Suy tucrng vai "VA"
thay vi "LA"", qua d6 Deleuze ciing mu6n tri�t pha co so va vuQ1
b6 ca vi�c "huy�n tho�i h6a tuong lai" cua chfr Seyn/T6n l(li thco
ki�u Heidegger!
2
Claude Levi-Strauss: Tristes Tropiques/Nhift dai bu6n, ban
tiSng Vi�t cua Ngo Binh Lam, Nguyen Ngqc hi�u dinh, NXB Tri
thuc, 2009.
1


TRO CHUY(N TRIU HOC + 11

chuyen che" da danh gia qua cao vi tri cua con nguoi dan
den stj kieu ngc.io, vi con nguoi da "bien minh thanh chua
te tuy�t doi cua stj sang tc.io". Ong n6i: "Toi tin rang tat ca
mQi bi ltjch ma chung ta da nem trai, tu chu nghia thtjc
clan den chu nghia phat xit vdi cac trc.ii t�p trung huy di�t
con nguoi khong he doi l�p hay mau thuan vdi chu nghia
ttj g9i la nhan ban trong hinh thuc ma ta da thtjc hi�n
n6 trong may the ky vua qua, trai lc.ii, toi muon n6i rang,
chung hau nhu la nhung h� qua ttj nhien ma thoi"(l). Vi
the, thay cho cho "chu the'', Deleuze va Guattari n6i ve
"hanh vi phat ngon" va "vi�c san xuat tide muon", con
ndi Derrida la h� thong quy tac van h6a va ngu h9c.
Vi�c tu khu&c tu duy toan the h6a kieu Hegel se la stj
ket lieu nhung "dc.ii tlJ'. stj" ("nhung y hf') ndi Lyotard, la
stj lan toa cua nhung "tieu ttj sef', tuc, nhung tro chdi ngon
ngu, nhung l�p lu�n va chien luQ'c tu duy "vi mo". "Hoc.it
d{mg thieu so" nay cua Lyotard tudng ung v&i vi�c "tr<:1
thanh thieu so" cua Deleuze. Roi nhung phong trao xa h9i
hi�n thtjc theo quan ni�m cua Tourraine cung la vi�c hinh
thanh nhung "nh6m thieu so" lien ket thanh m9t mc.ing
luoi hdn la nhung to chuc mang tinh doi l�p, de c6 the
thoat ra khoi nhung "phong trao quan chung quan lieu
h6a". Nhung "nh6m thieu so" c1 day khong duQ'c hieu theo
nghia luan ly ("hay bao v� va ton tr9ng quyen hc.in cua cac
nh6m thieu so!"), trai lc_li, chung la b9 ph�n cua m9t tu
Claude Levi-Strauss' noi chuve
., . n voi Jean-Marie Benoist,
1979, trong '"Le Monde", d�n theo Jiirg Altwegg/Aurel Schmidt:
Franzosiche Denker der Gegenwart/Nhimg nha tu tuirng Philp
hi¢n tlqi. Beckreihe, Miinchen 1987, tr. 22.

1


12 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

duy m6'i, n)ng rai hdn nhieu cua m9t slj"thoat khoi khuon
kho", slj"di l�ch", slj"khacbi�t" (la difference),"chu nghia
du ml)c" (nomadisme). Tat ca n6i len slj sang khoai cua
"m9t loi tu duy tham h9a1 tai bien", n6i nhu Baudrillard,
debao v� con nguoi tru6'c"sljbuon te cua cai da hoan tat"
( ((Melancholie des Fertigen") theo each n6i cua Nietzsche.
Hay n6i nhu Bataille, van de khong phai la "tu duy, tu
tliong" (penser,, la pensee) ma la"tu duy vliqt rao", la" doc
sue", "t�n hien" (depenser,, la depense).
Ta vua nhac den Nietzsche, va vi�c "h� bf' Hegel
cfi.ng dong nghia v6'i vi�c "len ngoi" cua Nietzsche! C6
the n6i d6 la"slj co" dang chu y nhat cua triet h9c Phap
tu sau 1945. Bu6'c chuyen tu Hegel sang Nietzsche bao
hi�u m9t khoi dau m6'i, m9t slj bung no cua tu duy triet
h9c. Khong c6 Nietzsche,
khong the hieu duqc tu tuong
Phap ngay nay! Boi, theo
Foucault, Nietzsche c6 m<)t loi
triet ly khac, m<)t loi "chan
doan" khac. Va Gilles Deleuze,
ngay tu 1962, da bo cong de
d9c lc}.i Nietzsche ( "Nietzsche va
triet h9c" trong ban dich cua Tu
Huy ma chung ta dang d9c).
Trong bai thuyet trinh nhan

cu9c ((H9i tho(:li ve' Nietzsche"
muoi nam sau ( 1972) t�i
Lerizy-la-Salle, Deleuze con n6i m�nh me hdn: doi l�p
v6'i nhung h� thong tu tuong "quan lieu, de quoc" cua


TRO CHUYfN TRlrT HOC • 13

nhung Hegel, Freud la triet h9c cua Nietzsche: "hay de
cho nhung gi khong the duQ'c ma h6a tlj do luu hanh va
hay dao 1¢n tat ca nhung gi da duQ'c ma h6a", bdi vi cac
h¢ thong"quan lieu khong 16" ay cu ra sue ma h6a tat ca!
D6 la "tu duy trong bau khong khi trong lanh, thong
thoang", vang r¢n"tieng cu6'i cua Dyonysos; tieng cuo'i ay
se cang trd nen r¢n ra hdn trong tac pham lon ve sau nay
cua Deleuze, viet chung voi Felix Guattari: Capitalisme et
Schizophrenie I. Lilnti-Oedipe/Chu nghia tu ban va b�nh
tam than phan Mp I. Chong-Oedipe ( 1972). "Chu nghia du
mvc", "Chong-Oedipe", "Rhisome" (ket chuoi), tinh da
the, da trung tam ( multiplicite, polycentrisme) - doi l�p l�i
voi tuyen tinh, tinh nhi nguyen, tinh toan the, V. V • • • d tac
pham h�u ky cua Deleuze khong gi khac hdn la du am va
ket qua cua tu tu&ng Nietzsche. Deleuze thu6'ng n6i dua
rang ((tam vj nhat the' trier h9c" cua ong khac voi tam vi nhat
the cua than h9c d cho trong d6 khong c6 tr�t tlj thu b�c,
khong c6 slj"sieu vi¢t" cua m9t nhan vi, tuc cua Due Chua
Cha so voi Due Chua Con va Due Chua Thanh than."Tam
vi nhat the" cua ong la ba cljc cua m<)t phong each triet h9c
moi: tu'. duy moi, nhin moi/ nghe moi va cam nh�n moi.
N6i nhu Maurice Blanchot, ndi Deleuze luon c6 m<)t

((dam me cai (I hen ngoai" (((passion du dehors")J vi "cai ben
ngoai" luon tru'.Q't khoi tam tay ( 'ce qui echappe") va nhu
la cai gi "bat kha" (l'impossible) J tuc cai gi khong ngung
keu doi ta phai c6 m9t cau tra loi nhung ta khong bao gio
c6 the tra loi tr9n v�n duQ'c: "tra loi khong phai la dua ra
m9t cau tra loi de xoa diu cau hoi". Vi the, Deleuze dan
triet h9c ra khoi "thap nga" cua n6, de di den voi "cai hen


1, • BUI YAN NAM SON

ngoai": h9i h9a, am nh�c, di�n anh... Chu de cua ong cang
phong phu bao nhieu, sach ong cang "pha each", cang kh6
d9c bay nhieu! Qua th�t kh6 ai ngo' rang tren que huo'ng
cua Descartes l�i dien ra nhfing dao l9n mang nhieu tinh
noi lo�n, l�t do m�nh me den nhu the. "Dinh m�nh" cua
triet h9c Phap la luon gan lien voi nhung triet gia Due: het
Kant, Hegel, Marx, thi den Freud, Heidegger, roi bay gi6'
la Nietzsche. Nhung, xung h;tc day tao b�o cua cac triet gia
Phap trong may ch1;1c nam qua da khien cac dong nghi�p
a ben kia b6' song Rhein sung sot va khiep via! Thay vi tiep
sue va khuech am, cac triet gia Due cung th6'i l�i theo doi
bang c�p mat e de va ... canh giac. Lam sao giai thich hi�n
tu'.Q'ng kha bat thu6'ng ay? Jiirg Altwegg va Aurel Schmidt,
tu nuoc Due, thu ly giai bang ly do . . . dia chinh tri: "0
Phap, nha nuoc m�nh, trung uo'ng t�p quyen va ngu6'i clan
Phap c6 the tl;l dong nhat voi nha nuoc ay. D6 la m9t nha
nuoc c6 the lien tvc bi phe phan, nhung khong bao gio' bi
d�t thanh van de ve nguyen tac. Chinh vi the m�nh me
ay cua nha nu6'c cho phep triet h9c phat trien tl;l do hdn,

d¢c l�p ho'n va luon khong ngung no lgc "tu duy cai bat
kha". Con d nuoc Due, tinh hlnh rat khac. Nha nuoc yeu,
bi qua phan cho den thoi Bismarck va hi�n van con bi chia
cat [ tinh hinh nam 1987]. Vi the, triet h9c cang phai ch�t
che ho'n, thuan nhat ho'n de dam nh�n cai quyen uy ma
nha nu'6'c khong c6. Cho nen, luc nao cung la Hegel va cac
h�u du� cua Hegel! Song hanh v6'i quyen uy triet h9c la
m9t yeu sach ve tinh pho quat, dieu khong the hinh dung
duQ'c a Phap. Nguyen uy cua tinh hinh nay c6 le la noi lo
SQ' tru'.o'C h9a phat xit hay IDQt d�ng phat xit moi CO nguon
goc giai thich duQ'c ve m�t ijch SU va c6 the de dang bung


TRO CHUYlN TRln HOC + 15

phat vo'i loi tli duy it nhieu mang tinh chat phi ly tinh"(l).
Ta khong dao sau hdn van de nay va quay tro t�i v6'i
Deleuze, khuon m�t tieu bieu nhat cua vi�c tiep thu
Nietzsche o Phap v6'i tac pham "Nietzsche va triet h9c".

a

2. Viec tiep thu Nietzsche Phap rat phong phu vii phuc
t�p, d6 la chua n6i den o Yva cac nu6'c Anh-My. Rieng
o Phap, nguoi ta thuong chia thanh hai xu hu6'ng ly giai
16'n: ly giai Nietzsche nhu la triet gia cua stj khac bi�t
(difference) va ly giai Nietzsche nhu la nha sieu hinh h9c
hay tam ly hQC. (J XU htto'ng truck, Cong dau thUQC Ve
Gilles Deleuze (Nietzsche nhu la ke sang l�p m9t nen
triet hQC chong-Hegel cua "stj khac bi�t va tai dien"), sau

d6 la Pierre Klossowski (lay cam hung tu J.J. Rousseau,
nhan m�nh den stj tlidng phan bi lqch gifia tinh ttj phat
cua cam nang va tinh thuan ly cua tu duy triiu tliQ'ng)J roi
den Michel Foucault (cai nhln cua Nietzsche ve l.ich SU
nhu la san khau cua b�o ltjc) vaJacques Derrida (cai nhin
cua Nietzsche ve "tro chdi cua "differance" [ctia stj "trien
h�n"/va "khac bi�t"J. Xu hu6'ng sau ly giai Nietzsche nhu
la nha ban the h9c ve stj khac bi�t (Pierre Boudot, Michel
Guerin ... ), ho�c nhu nha tam ly h9c va nha giao d1;1c ve
sg hj do ( Christophe Baroni, Michel Henry ... ), ho�c nhu
nguoi thiet l�p m9t ban the h9c m6'i me (Jean Granier,
AlainJuranville, Eric Blonde! ... ). Trong cac trao luu nay,
Gilles Deleuze la khuon m�t tien phong va noi b�t. M9t
stj "phan ky" lam ba giai do�n trong hanh trlnh tli tliong
Jiirg Altwegg/Aurel Schmidt: Franzosische Denker der
Gegenwart/Cac nha tu tuang Phap duong a(!.i, Sdd, tr. 28-29.

1


16 + BUI YAN NAMSON
cua Deleuze drtQ'c Raymond Bellour va Francois Ewald
de nghi trong m9t CUQC n6i chuy�n voi Deleuze vao nam
1988 (va ong khong phan doi!) hau nhu trldng ung voi
cai "tam vi nhat the triet h9c" n6i d tren. Th6'i ky dau
("tu duy mai") la nhfing cong trinh nghien cuu ve Hume,
Nietzsche (Nietzsche va triet h9c, 1962), Kant, Bergson,
Spinoza voi cac ket qua duQ'c due ket trong hai tac pham
chinh yeu (Difference et repetition, 1968 va Logique du sens,
1969) thanh m9t phac thao c6 h� thong ve "triet h9c cua

svkhac bi�t". Th6'i kythu hai (11nhin mai, nghe mai") duQ'c
danh dau bang slj hQ'p tac voi Felix Guattari, nha phan
tam h9c, voi cac tac pham: L'Anti-Oedipe. Capitalisme
et shizophrenie I, ( 1972), m<)t nghien cuu nh6 ve Kafka
( 197S) va Mille Plateaux. Capitalisme et schizophrenie II,
( 1980), m<)t slj hQ'p tac drtQ'c ong xem la rat c6 chat lrtQ'ng
triet h9c, vi da cung nhau ly giai the nao la triet h9c. Sau
cung, tho'i ky thu ba ('cam nhqn mai") la cac tac pham ve
h<)i h9a cua Francis Bacon ( 1981) va ve di�n anh ( 1983,
1985), drtQ'c ong xem la cac "sach triet h9c" du voi de tai
kha 1<;1 lam. Nhu m<)t slj "tai dien'\ Deleuze viet them ve
Leibniz ( 1988) cung nhu cung voi Guattari viet quyen
Qu'est-ce que la Philosophie? ( 1991).

3. Nietzsche va triet h9c "caia Sll' khac biijt va tai dien"
Nietzsche, qua tay Deleuze, xuat hi�n tren dien dan
triet h9c Phap nhu la hinh anh doi nguQ'c voi Hegel. Th�t
ra, day la phan ung phe phan cua Deleuze va nhieu triet
gia thu<)c the h� ong doi voi lo�t bai giang noi tieng cua
Alexandre Kojeve vao cac th�p nien 30 va 40, the ky XX
d Phap ve Hegel va nhat la ve quyen Hi¢n tu{fng h9c Tinh


TRO CHUYlN TRIH HOC • 17

than. Theo Deleuze, Nietzsche hi�n than cho m9t nen
triet hQC phan doi phep bi�n chung ve cai Tuy�t doi ndi
Hegel, voi danh xung kha khieu khich nhu m¢t man "vtJ,t
lf h,;ic" (physique) ve S\l ton t�i cua Ive (sue m�nh), ve S\l
V�n d9ng Va S\l tro' thanh, tach roi VOi truyen thong sieu

hinh h<;,c Au chau von xem S\l ton t�i cua tinh da t�p, tinh
khac bi�t Va S\l V�n d<�mg nhti nhfing gi xuat phat tu mQt
nguyen tac thong nhat dung cao hdn ton t�i ay. Nguyen tac
sieu hinh h9c co truyen nay noi len slj thong nhat cua m9t
cai tinh t�i, ht quan h� voi chinh minh. Trong khi do, "Vqt
lf h<;,c" cua Nietzsche dung trong truyen thong phe phan
cua Kant, bac b6 mQi thu sieu hinh hQC giao dieu de cao
sv on dinh, tr�t ht, hoan tat. Va b6'i le nhung tinh quy lu�t
cua kinh nghi�m khong con duqc quy ve m9t nguyen tac
sieu Vi?t Cua S\f On dµili, tr�t tlj nao nfia, nen triet hQC cua
Nietzsche, ve ban chat, la c6 tinh kinh nghi�m chu nghia
va ht nhien chu nghia. Triet hQc, duoi mat Nietzsche, da
bien doi tu m9t ho�t d9ng de kien t�o nen tr�t hj, gan
lien voi cac quy tac cua slj thong nhat va slj dong nhat,
thanh mot ngh� thu�t cua vi�c dien giai da d�ng. Do md
ngo tntoc cai da t�p song dong cua nhung y nghia, "ngh�
thu�t'' ay la cai bao dam duy nhat cho slj hj do tinh than:
voi slj "vui huc1ng slj khac bi�t" (jouissance de la difference),
n6 gianh thang lqi truoc cai ton t�i dung dun& tinh t�i va
dong thoi mang l�i chat luqng "tham my-bi ltjch" cua slj
"vo trach nhi�m tuy�t d�p" cho doi song ca nhan.
Neu triet h9c Hegel nhan m�nh den "tinh phu dinh''
va "lao dc)ng cua cai phu dinh" thi Niezsche phat trien
m9t logic h9c hoan toan di lo�i: logic Cua S\l khang


18 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

dinh thuan tuy. N6 ciing con duqc g9i la logic h9c cua
Dionysos, ''n6i vang" khong h�n che voi CUQC song nhu

la voi S\i thong nhat tham my-bi lqch giua tai bien Va tinh
nang san. Khai ni�m trung tam cua n6 ve sau se la h9c
thuyet ve y chi quye'n ltjc. H9c thuyet nay - trong cac tac
pham thoi ky giua cua Nietzsche - duqc chuan bi dl;ia
theo mo hinh cua sinh the huu cd, vi sinh the chi c6 the
duqc hieu nhu la "sl;i da t�p va phuc t�p cua nhung sue
m�nh khong the quy gian duqc". Cac sinh the t�o nen
m9t quan h� tlidng tac phuc t�p tu nhung sue m�nh
ho4t nang va phan ung. S\i thong nhat cua chung khong
tuan theo cac quy tac cua "S\i dong nhat logic", cua "dang
thuc toan h9c" hay cua m9t "s\i can bang v�t ly'', trai l�i,
tien-gia djnh m9t nang ll;tc lien tt;tc t�o ra S\i khac bi�t.
Nguyen tac huu·cd "tai t�o cai khac nhau" va vi�c "l�p
l4i S\i khac bi�t" - do nguyen tac ay dam bao - CO the
mang mQt ten gQi khac: stj quy ho'i vinh cuu cua cung m9t
cai. N6 bieu thi m9t S\i tong hqp ho�t nang - nhu la "Cd
so cua cai khac nhau va cua vi�c tai t40 cai khac nhau"
- dt;ta tren "m9t nguyen tac ve Cd ban la mem deo"(l).
Nietzsche gQi nguyen tac ay la y chi quyen ll;tc theo nghia
rang: y chi la tac nhan cua m9t slj tong hqp da d4ng gifia
nhfing sue m4nh. Nhung, vi le y chi - trong quan h� voi
cai duQ'c n6 tong hqp - khong phai la m9t d4i luqng
sieu vi�t, bat d9ng, khong phai la "Cd quan tham quyen"
( insl:ance) dung len tren S\i V�ll d9ng, nen )' chi ay la
d9ng ll;ic cua m9t v� d9ng xam han-phe phan, pha huy
Cac trich d�n trong bai nay la tir "Nietzsche va triit h9c" theo ban
dich cua NguySn Thi Tu Huy, trir nhung ch6 c6 chu thich rieng.
1

TRO CHUY(N TRIU HOC • 1 9
m9i hinh thai cua m9t slj ton t4i cung d9ng. N6 t\i bao
ton trong ho4t d9ng nay nhu' la "yeu to khu bi�t [hay di
bi�t h6a J cua nhfing sue m4nh dang o trong quan h� voi
nhau, Va, qua do, la mo hinh Cd ban cua m9t Slj bien the
(metamorphose) lien tvc cua chinh n6".
Triet h9c cua Nietzsche ve y chi quyen lljc, ve Cd ban,
la m9t pha hf h9c (genealogie) cua y chi quyen ll;ic. Pha h�
h9c nam trong khuon kh6 m9t ly thuyet ve sue m4nh hau
hgn. Ly thuyet ay se du'Q'c mo r9ng thanh m9t ly thuyet
van h6a va Iich sti van h6a ( nho vao m9t "lo4i hinh h9c").
Ll;ic hay sue m4nh huu h4n the hi�n trong cac the each
(modus) ho4t nang va phan ung, trong d6 khong m9t the
each nao gifi tj tri cua m9t d4i lu'Q'ng tuy�t doi ca. (j m9t
sue m4nh huu h4n, ho4t nang tat yeu gan lien voi phan
ung va nguQ'c l4i. Boi le: tinh hogt nang thuan tuy la thu9c
tinh cua m9t sue m4nh VO hgn, con Unh phan ung thuan tuy
·at se la slj tieu bien hoan toan cua sue m4nh. Vi the, sue
m4nh cua con nguoi c6 the thtjc hi�n hai hinh thuc khac
nhau cua tinh phan ung. Hinh thuc thu nhat - nhu la "cai
VO thuc phan ung - tlj gioi h4n trong m9t ho4t d<)ng phan
ung-tieu ctjc. Ho4t d9ng nay chuyen h6a toan b9 nhfing
kich tWch tu hen ngoai thanh m9t hinh anh cua bieu
tliQ'ng c6 the gay dau an lau dai len ky UC. Duoi slj thong
trj CUa hinh anh ky UC, Cd the con nguoi khong con phan
ung truoc an tliQ'ng song d<)ng trljc tiep cua kinh nghi�m
ma chi phan ung doi voi dtiu vet du'Q'c kinh nghi�m bao
lu'u O trong ky UC. Khac voi lo4i hinh phan ung thv d9ng
nay la nang ll;ic phan ung tich cljc tru'oc nhfing kich thich
dang dien ra doi voi sinh the huu ed. S\i khac bi¢t tat yeu

20 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

gifia hai lo�i hinh nay cua tinh phan ung ducjc duy tri nho
vao sue m�nh ho�t nang cua nang lgc quen. Vi�c quen
m9t each tich cljc se ngan can slj xuat hi�n cua tinh phan
ung th9 d9ng. day, quen hay nguoi quen khong phai
la bieu hi�n cua m9t tinh tr�ng thieu nang ve tinh than,
trai l�i, quen la "ngh� thu�t'' chuyen trao m<)t "yeu to h6a
h9c co d9ng va nh� nh6m" ( un element chimique mobile et
leger) vao cho Cai }' thuc Von CO XU huong tinh t�i Va on
dinh, cfing nhu vao cho nhung dau vet kinh nghi�m da
ducjc bao luu trong ky UC. Neu vi�c quen ( m9t each tich
cljc) nay bat thanh, dau vet chet ch6c cua nhung slj co
qua khu se tiep tvc chiem cho cua slj kich thich trljc tiep.
Bi cai "vo thuc-phan ung" thong tri, sue m�nh cua con
nguoi roi vao m<)t "slj trien h�n VO t�n", va, qua d6, bi co
dtnh h6a trong m9t kieu phan ung duQ'c Nietzsche gQi la
S¥ phan hq,n (ressentiment).

a

Sg phan h�n hinh thanh theo m9t logic cua vi�c
"chuyen dtch phan ung" duQ'c Deleuze phan tich thanh
ha buoc. Truac he't, n6 "phat minh" ra ph�m tru nhan
qua. Dva vao d6, vi�c bieu l<) cua m<)t sue m�nh duqc
dien giai nhu la ket qua cua m¢t nguyen nhan khac voi
slj bieu l<) ay. Trong buoc tha hai, slj phan ly giua sue
m�nh va ket qua-tac d<)ng duqc tang cuong bang each

du nh�p ph�m tru ban the'. Qua d6, sue m�nh c6 duqc
m<)t co chat ( substrat) de c6 the tlj do tlj bieu 1¢ ra hay
la khong. Trang buoc tha ba va sau cung, chinh ph�m
tru Ve Slj quy dinh qua l�i gifia nguyen nhan Va ket qua
tim each danh gia tien trinh bieu l<) cua sue m�nh theo
kieu luan lj. Chi khi S\i phan h�n da dl;ing len ducjc m9t


TRO CHUYlN TRlfT HOC • 21

S\l khac bi�t Ve nguyen tac giua SUC ffi9-nh Va bieu hi�n
cua sue ffi9-nh, thi bay gio m9t sue ffi9-nh co the bi xem
la t9i loi khi n6 hanh d9ng va dtiqc xem la thi�n hao, tot
lanh khi no khtioc tu ffiQt phan ung tfch C\iC dtioi nhung
dieu ki�n nhat dinh. Ngay tu
trong tac pham dau tay (St!
ra dcti cua bi kjch), Nietzsche
da thu ap dvng m9t phtidng
phap kich tinh h6a vao cho
tien trinh chuyen dich cac
sue ffi9-nh dtioi tac d9ng cua
S\i phan h�n. Phtidng phap ay
khac Ve chat VOi S\l quy dinh
theo kieu sieu hinh h9c co
truyen: thay vi d�t cau hoi
Ve ban chat Cua ffiQt S\l V�t,
Nietzsche d�t cau hoi ve "thu ph9-m", ve ke khai sinh Cl)
the ra no. day, la cau hoi: Ai la "ngh� nhan" cua S\i phan
h�n?

a

Nietzsche tra loi cau hoi nay bang m9t thu lo(}i hinh
h9c (typologie) phuc hqp ve nguoi giao si Do thai giao­
Kito giao. Lo9-i hinh h9c nay tuy�t nhien khong mang
mau sac chung tQC hay sinh h9c, ma la Cd SO kien true
lu�n cho m9t ly thuyet ve van h6a, nghia la soi sang logic
cua S\i phan h�n bang kich thtioc nhan h9c-Iich SU. Khi
con la ho9-t d9ng tien-sit, van hoa chinh la S\i l\ia ch9n Va
th\ic hi�n cho bang dtiqc nhung quy ph9-m, qua d6 phan
bi�t doi song con nguoi voi m9i v�t. Ben trong h� thong
quy ph9-m da dtiqc xac l�p ay, 109-i hinh "giao si'' phat


22 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

trien nhung phudng ti�n quyet dinh de ((nQi tam hoa" hay
"n9i hi�n hoa" h� thong ay, b6'i neu khong, tinh quy phq.m
ay khong the c6 tac d�ng lau hen. Nguoi giao sI "phat
minh" ra m9t phlidng phap duQ'c thua nh�n cong khai de
quy ket tQi loi, hinh ph q.t, va, qua do, tq. O nen m9t mau
nguoi chiu trach nhi�m luan lf: nhin lq.i tinh trq.ng "vo­
trach nhi�m tuy�t d�p" truoc day, con nguoi chi con m9t
cam giac duy nhat, d6 la slj xau ho va m�c cam t9i loi.
Nietzsche xem nen van h6a cho toi nay la m9t khong
gian dl.iQ'C tq.O ra m9t each gia tq.01 trong do quy tac Ve tinh
trach nhi�m ca nhan da toan thang trong slj tuan ph�c cai
pho bien mang tinh ton giao, sieu hinh h9c hay chinh tri.
Vi the, van h6a - hay nhu each n6i cua Rousseau: ((etat
de civilisation" (((tinh trt:J,ng van minh") -, ve nguyen tac, la

mQt slj "giai-tlj nhien h6a" sue mq.nh cua con nguoi. Nhin
m9t each nghiem khac, khong the bao Iich SU cua van h6a
la m9t lich SU cua slj tien b<), vi n6 chi vinh vien hoa hanh
vi pha huy, "qua d6 nhung sue mq.nh [ ddn thuan] phan
ung chiem IInh nen van h6a hay bien nen van h6a thanh
cai gi c6 lqi cho chung". Lich SU van h6a hinh thanh m<)t
khong gian khep kin cua tinh quy tac va tinh tr�t hj cung
d6'. Trong thtjc te, chinh quy tac hu vo chu nghia da hoanh
hoanh de huy ho�i sue m�nh: slj huy hoq.i ay da tung quy
dinh so ph�n cua ((con ngui1i luan lf' tu thoi tien SU va dq.t
toi dinh cao trong ((con ngui1i cu6i cung" dang mong cho
mQt thu hq.nh phuc dl.iQ'C Cd gioi hoa trong nen van hoa
hi�n dq.i. Vi the, Iich SU van h6a cung c6 the duQ'c xem nhu
Iich SU ve cai chet cua Thuqng de. ThuQ'ng de, trong thoi
hi�n dq.i, bi tlioc b6 het sinh khi, nhuong ngoi cho "con


TRO CHUY(N TRIIT HOC + 23

nguoi cuoi cung" voi nhung md uoc hq.nh phuc nho nhoi,
yeu duoi. Voi chien thang cua "con nguoi cuoi cung",
nguyen tac hoq.t nang cua vi�c san sinh ra Sl.j khac bi�t da
bien mat khoi lich su, khien cho nhan loq.i bi "luan ly h6a"
hoan toan CO nguy Cd rdi trd lq.i vao trong trq.ng thai chet
cung cua m9t cai ton tq.i bat-phan bi�t.
Tuy nhien, trong dl;t cam cua Nietzsche ciing nhu
trong nh�n dinh cua Deleuze - khac voi ly thuyet phe
phan van h6a nhuom mau bi quan cua Theodor W.
Adorno va Max Horkheimer -, khong gian van h6a cho
toi nay khong chi la mieng dat cua slj VO VQng hay cua

slj "buon chan" trlioc kha the da trd nen khong the thljc
hi�n duQ'c. Trong khong gian van h6a ay, hau nhu m9t
loq.i "hoa qua chin muoi nhat" cua n6, tuc "cai ca �han c6
chit quye'n, cai ca nhan tlj trj... chi ngang bang voi chinh
minh", da tlj giai ph6ng kh6i nen dq.o due thong tl;tc, da
khac pht;1c duQ'c can b�nh cua chu nghia hu VO de mang
hinh thai cua ((sieu nhan", khac bi�t ve chat voi con nguoi
yeu duoi cua nen van h6a truoc nay. Ca nhan chu quyen,
tlj tri, mang tinh "sieu nhan" nay se kh6'i dong tro l<).i "cai
Cd che khu bi�t hay khac bi�t" da bj logic CUa Slj phan h�n
don nen. Ca nhan ay tuy�t nhien kh6ng de xuong m9t
thuyet da nguyen ve gia tri theo nghfa hoai nghi, chi biet
pht;1c tung nguyen tac tham my tuy ti�n va slj bat tat cua
hoan canh, trai ltrong C9ng hoa (Politeia): "Y ni�m ve m9t quyen ll;tc chQn
l9c cua slj dao luy�n/van h6a" (paideia): quyen l1;tc nay,
khac voi thoi ky tien-su ban dau cua lich SU giong loai,
bay gio duQ'c SU dt;1 ng de danh uu tien cho sue ffiq.nh


24 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

ho4t nang-phan ung. Trong tinh ho4t nang cua minh, sue
m4nh cua ca nhan "sieu nhan" chi phgc tung quy tac thtjc
hanh cua y chi, quan h� voi chinh minh m9t each khang
dinh, do la quy tac cua S\l quy hoi vinh CUU: dieu nglidi
muon thi hay muon sao cho qua d6 ngudi dong thoi cung
muon S\l quy hoi vinh cuu cuay chi ngudi. Trong dien giai
cua Deleuze, S\l quy hoi vinh cuu khong mangy nghfa vu
trg h9c cho bang m9t nguyen tac kjch tinh, co nang Ive

lam choy chi tro thanh sue m4nh sang t40 day chu quyen.
Ngay ca tu duy - nhtt la hinh thuc Cd ban cua cai muon
thuan tuy phan ung - cung dtt<;>'c "sieu nhan", nhan danh
S\l quy hoi vinh CUU, dtta tro l4i vao trong doi song nhtt la
hinh thuc Cd ban cua cai muon phan ung-ho(:lt niing. Theo
Deleuze, S\l tang ct.tong ho tttdng giua tu duy va doi song,
ben C4nh )' nghfa th\ic hanh ay, Cung con CO IDQt )' nghfa
ban the h9c. N6 d�t sue m4nh huu h4n cua con nguoi vao
tinh tr4ng cua m<)t tinh ho4t nang, mang pham chat cua
cai ton t4i kieu Dionysos dttQ'c khoi phgc, sau khi da bi
lo4i tru ra khoi khong gian van h6a bi giai-tv nhien h6a va
quy ph�m h6a trttdc day. "Sieu nhan" nh�n thuc va hanh
xu nhu lake ganh vac m<)t each d9c l�p-t\t chu m<)t nang
luqng "v�t ly'' lam thang hoa ca nhan tinh cua minh, dong
thoi mang l�i m<)t tinh chat "than thanh" cua m<)t sue
m�nh Dionysos, khong chi cho minh ma cho toan be) ton
t4i. Deleuze - trong vien ttiQ'ng ay cua Nietzsche - khong
chu trtidng m<)t ban the hQc khong can m9t tien-gia djnh
nao. Trai l4i, ban the hQC ay chi c6 y nghfa tu vien ttt<;>'ng
cua vi�c thvc hi�n sue m�nh khac bi�t, doi l�p voi tu duy
dong nhat h6a, toan the h6a cua sieu hinh h9c co truyen.


TRO CHUY(N TRlfT HOC • 25
4. Deleuze va Hegel:
clia slJ khac bijt"

tu "phan-bien Chung" den "bien Chung
·

Trong Nietzsche va triet h9c ( 1962), Deleuze doi l�p
tri�t de Nietzsche va Hegel: theo Deleuze, ta se khong
the hieu tu tu6'ng Nietzsche neu khong biet n6 thtjc slj
muon "chong ai". "Thuyet da the" cua Nietzsche la "tu
thu", la "ke thu sau sac duy nhat" cua phep bi�n chung,
vi the, "khong the c6 m9t slj khoan nhu'Q'ng nao giua
Hegel va Nietzsche": "Phep bi�n chung lay h� tlj nhien
cua SZJ phan h�nva m�c cam t9i loi. N6 du'Q'C suy tu'6'ng
trongvien tu'Q'ng cua chu nghia hu VO va tu the dung cua
nhung sue m�nh phan ung. Ve can ban, n6 la loi tu duy
Kita giao, tu thai cljc nay den thai cljc khac, va bat Ive
trong vi�c sang t�o nen nhung phu'dng thuc tu' duy va
cam nh�n moi me".
Tuy nhien, trong Difference et Repetion/Khac bi¢t va
tai dien ( 1968) - tac pham chinh cua Deleuze -, ong
dieu chinh l�i each nhin nay, th�m chi con d�t tu' tliong
cua minhvao hen trong Heh SU cua tu tuong bi�n chung,
ke ca cua Hegel. Van de khong con la doi l�p voi phep
bi�n chung ma la no lljc cai bien n6 thanh m{>t tu' duy
aich thtJc ve slj khac bi�t, m{>t tu duy ma chinh Deleuze
ciing g9i la "bi�n chung", hay dung hdn, la tu' duy bi�n
chung ve slj khac bi�t xet nhu' stf da the' (multiplicite). yeu
to nay da tiem an trong Nietzsche va triet h9c, nhung con
bi che phu b6'i loi tu tu "phan-bi�n chung" qua m�nh me,
vi the se b9c 1¢ ro hdn trong Khac bi�t va tai dien. Co the
n6i ca Deleuze Ian Derrida (giong voi Merleau-Pontyva
Adorno) deu quan tam den vi�c suy tu6'ng lq,i ve phep


26 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

bi�n chung Hegel: giai thoat no ra khoi slj tat yeu mang
tinh
.. khai ni�m va slj chung quyet mang tinh sieu hinh
h9c, de mo duong cho no di vao slj bat dinh, slj ca bi�t
va slj da the. Trang de an nay, tu tuong cua Nietzsche la
m¢t trQ' thu tich cljc hay dung hdn, m¢t ke dan d�o !
day chi xin ltiQ'C qua m9t SO net chinh yeu:

a

- Phan bac chu yeu cua Deleuze doi vai phep bi¢n
chung Hegel: bi?n chung Hegel {(de nen" sf! khac bi?tva
s"lj da the, vi the, khong thf!c sf! suy tuang duc;tc ve' vi¢c
ca ththoaJ Vi?C tro thanh VCl di den "cai moi";
- Nhu da tha y 6' tren (mt;tc 3), d\ia vao Nietzsche,
Deleuze de nghi m¢t ban the' h9c da the' ve nhang
Cd the' nhti la S"lj the hi�n nhung quan h� khac bi�t
ctia sue m�nh (hay l\ic). Theo Deleuze, bat ky "cd
the" nao ( du la Cd the sinh h9c, hoa h9c, xa h9i hay
chinh tri) cfing bao gom m¢t tinh da the cua nhung
quan h� giua "cac sue m�nh thong tri va bi thong
tr(. M9i hi¢n ttic;tng dtiQ'C ly giai nhti la nhung bieu
hi�n ctia cac moi quan h� khac bi�t ctia sue m<}.nh,
trong khi do, m9i Cd the' dtiQ'C hieu ma khong can
quy chieu vao y thuc va tinh chti the nhu trong nen
triet h9c ve bieu tu'Q'ng tru'o'c day.
Cac sue m<}.nh, theo Nietzsche, du'Q'c xac dinh bang
moi quan h� giua sue m<}.nh v6'i sue m�nh. Chung duqc
quy thanh hai pham tfnh: trong Cd the, cac l"ljc u'U the

hay thong tri la c6 tfnh hoc;it niing, nguQ'c l�i, la cac lljc
phan ung. Cac l\ic phan ung lam cong vi�c bao ton va
thich nghi, trong khi cac lljc ho�t nang la c6 tinh sang
t�o, banh trtiong: chung thoat khoi y thuc, "di den


TRO CHUY(N TRlrT HOC • 27

ranh gioi cua nhung gi chung c6 the lam" ( Spinoza: "ta
khong he biet mQt Cd the CO the' lam nhfing gi") Va do
la sue m�h cua vi�c cai bien. Nhu the, theo Deleuze, y
thuc the hi�n cac lljc phan ung cua slj tWch nghi, va bi
cac lljc ho<;lt nang vo-thuc cua Cd the thong ttj. Va cfing
cWnh vi the, triet h9c ve y thuc chi thao tac ben trong
h� hinh cua tinh chu the ( tit chu nghia duy tam cua
Kant, Hegel cho den hi�n ttiQ'ng h9c), hoan toan khep
minh ben trong unh vljc CUa nhfing SUC m<;lnh phan
ung, va, do d6, khong c6 nanglljc suy Wong nhung sue
m<;lnh ho<;lt nang CUa ban than doi song.
Theo Deleuze, bi�n chung Hegel la m¢t hinh thuc
phe phan giai hl;ln nham bao ton nhfing gia tri da
dtiQ'c xac l�p: vtiQ't b6 cai khac bi�t bang each phu
dinh va bao luu, qua d6, the hi�n "cac lljc phan ung"
cua vi�c bao ton va bao luu. NguQ'c l<;li, "pha h� h9c"
cua Nietzsche tien hanh m<)t S\i phe phan toan dif,n
bang each truy nguyen nguo'n goc cua ban than nhfing
gia tri, truy nguyen cai moi truang (element) tu d6
chung dtiQ'C rut ra. Theo Deleuze, dieu nay c6 nghia:
ta phai d�t toi cai ma Nietzsche gQi la "y chi quyen
Ive" voi cac pham tinh can nguyen cua n6: s\i khang

dinh va S\i phu dinh. N6i each khac, phai tim ra "tieu
chuan khu bi�t" cho phep ta phan bi�t nguon g6c
san sinh ra cac SUC ID<;lnh phan ung Va}' chi phu dinh
cua vi�c "lam no" voi nguon goc san sinh ra cac sue
m<;lnh ho<;lt nang va y chi khang dinh cua vi�c "lam
chu" ("lam chu" va "lam no" la de tai tr9ng yeu trong
triet hQc Hegel va duQ'c triet hQC Phap d�c bi�t yeu


28 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

thich trong nhung nam 30, 40 the ky XX).
Tuy nhien, "nguo'n goc" la cap d9 sieu hinh h9c, ndi
d6 cac sue m�nh ho�t nang va phan ung cung ton t�i
trong cac moi quan h� cang thang. Con trong thtjc
t�i xa h<)i va lich sli, Nietzsche cho thay rang cac sue
m�nh phan ung va yeu duoi dang thong tri: lich sli,
luan ly Va phap lu�t bieu hi�n S\i thong tri de jacto
( trong thljc te) CUa nhfing ll;ic phan ung bat chap S\i
u'.u vi�t de jure (trong danh nghia) cua cac sue m�nh
ho�t nang. T�i sao? Theo Deleuze, so dI cac sue m�nh
phan ung thang lQ'i vi n6 da 'phan h6a" cac sue m�nh
ho�t nang: chung "tach ri:Ji sue m�nh ho�t nang ra
khoi nhung gi n6 c6 the lam". D6 la bang each t�o nen
nhfing gia tu'.ong mang tinh )Th�, t�o nen "S\i huyen
ho�C hay Jua m( nham h�n che S\i banh tru'.ong cua
cac sue m�nh ho�t nang, bien chung tro thanh nhu
nhu'.Q'c va chiu khuat phvc ( chang h�n, cac gia tri
mang tinh phan ung cua nen luan ly Kita giao).
Theo Deleuze, Nietzsche da dao nguQ'c dien trinh

mo ta hi?n tuh9c Tinh than"), bang each phac h9a S\i phat trien
Iich SU ctia tinh chti the t\i giac nhu la S\i the hi�n cac
sue m�nh phan ung, Ve.ii cao diem la chu nghfa hu VO
hi�n dq.i ( tuc tinh hinh trong d6 nhfing gia tri toi cao
tlj huy gia tri cua minh). Khac vdi dien trinh "hi�n
tu'.Q'ng h9c Tinh than" cua Hegel, Nietzsche cho thay
thang lQ'i Itch sli cua cac sue mq.nh phan ung ay dien
ra theo cac giai doq.n noi tiep nhau: tu chu nghia hu
VO phu afnh (Kita giao, h� gia doi song nhan danh