Giáo trình Cài đặt và quản trị mạng máy tính (Nghề: Kỹ thuật sửa chữa, lắp ráp máy tính) - Trường TCN Kỹ thuật công nghệ Hùng Vương

UY BAN NHAN DAN QU4N 5
TRUONG TRUNG CAP NGHE KY THU4T CONG NGHJt HUNG VUONG

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'

GIAOTRINH

Cai dJt va quin trj
m~ng may tinh
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Nghe:

,

Ky thu~t sfra chira, lap rap may tinh
TRINH DO• TRUNG CAP

TPHCM-2019



LOI GIOI THIÂU
BS dap ung yeu cĐ.u giang d~y chuong trinh dao t~o nghS "Ky thu~t
sua chfra, l~p rap may tinh" cfing nhu vi?c cung c§,p tai li?u giup cho sinh vien h9c
t~p, khoa Di?n tu chung toi da tiSn hanh bien so~ giao trinh "L~p d~t h? th6ng
m~ngmay tinh" .
Giao trinh nay giup cac b~n co them ky nang:
* Chc;m Iva duc;rc cac thiSt bi m~ng may tinh t6i uu.

* ThiSt kS dugc h? th6ng m~g C\lC b9 LAN.
* Thi cong dugc h? th6ng m:;mg

C\lC

b9 LAN.

* Cai d~t dugc h? th6ng m~ng C\lC b9 LAN - Workgroup.

Day la cong trinh dugc viSt bai d9i ngu giao vien da va dang cong tac t~i
trucmg TCN KTCN Hung Vuong cung v6i sv g6p y va phan bi?n cua cac doanh
nghi?p trong linh V\IC lien quan, tuy v~y, cu6n sach ch~c ch~n v~n khong
tranh khoi nhfrng khiSm khuySt. Chung toi mong nh ~n dugc y kiSn dong g6p cua
b~ d9c dS cuf>n sach dugc hoan thi?n hon trong 1§.n tai ban.
Xin tran tr9ng gi6i thi?u cung b~ d9c!

Qu(in 5, ngay

thang

nam20

Bien S,O{l,n
To Huynh· Thien Tririlng



MVC LVC

TRANG

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GIOI TID¥U VE MO DUN ................................................................................. I
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B8.i 1: TONG QUAN M4NG MAY TIN"H.......................................................... 3

1. Cac khai ni~m may tinh.................................................................................... 3
1.1. M~g may tinh la gi? .................................................................................. 3
1.2. Lich sir phat triSn m~g may tinh ................................................................ 3
1.3. Thanh phftn ca ban m~mg may tinh ............................................................. 4
2. Phan. lo~i m~ng may tinh ............................................................ ,..................... 4
2.1. M~g LAN (Local Area Network) .............................................................. 4
2.2. M~g MAN (MetropolitanAreaNetwork) ................................................... 5
2.3. M~g WAN (Wide Area Network) ............................................................. 5
2.4. M~g GAN (Wide Area Network) .............................................................. 6
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B3.i 2: MO
OSI .......................................................................................... 9

1. Ki6n true phan tftng M~ng may tinh ................................................................. 9
1. 1. Yeu cftu v6 h~ th6ng m~ng may tinh ........................................................... 9

1.2. Ki6n true phan tftng ..................................................................................... 9
1.3. Mo hinh m~g OSI chmin ......................................................................... 10
2. Mo hinh M~g OSI ........................................................................................ 11
2.1. L&p v~t ly (Physical) ................................................................................. 11
2.2. L&p lien kSt dfr li~u (data link) .................................................................. 11
2.3. L&p m~ng (Network) ..............................................................-.................. 12
2.4. L&p v~ chuySn ........................................................................................ 12
2.5. L&p phien ................................................................................................. 12
2.6. L&p trinh bay (Presentation) ..................................................................... 13
2.7. L&p ung d-i,mg (Application) ..................................................................... 13
" M~G .·............................................................ ·. 15
B8.i 3: TOPOLOGY - SO DO

1. Mo hinh t6 chuc m~g ................................................................................... 15
1. 1. M~g ngang hang (Peer to Peer) ............................................................... 15
1.2. M~g k:hach chu (Client- Server) ............................................................ 16
2. Ki Sn true h~ th6ng m~ng ................................................................................ 17
2.1. M~g kiSu BUS ......................................................................................... 17


2.2. M~g kiSu START ................................................................................... 17
2.3. M~g kiSu RIN"G ...................................................................................... 18
2.4. M~g h6n hqp .......................................................................................... 18
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B3.i 4: TIDET BJ ~ G MAY T ~ .............................................................. 19
1. Hub & Switch ................................................................................................ 19
1.1. Hub (Concentrator hay HUB) ................................................................... 19
1.2. Switch ..................................... ·................................................................. 19
2. Modem & Router ............................................................................................ 20
2.1. Modem ..................................................................................................... 20
2.2. Router ....................................................................................................... 21
3. Brigdes .......................................................................................................... 21
4. Card m~ng (Network Interface Card) ............................................................. 24
5. Repeater ......................................................................................................... 24
6. Cable M~g ................................................................................................... 25
6.1. Cable d6ngtn..ic (Coaxial Cable) ............................................................... 25
6.2. Cable xo~n d6i (Twisted pair cable) ......................................................... 27
6.4. Cable sqi quang (Fiber optic cable) .......................................................... 29
6.5. BAm Cable RJ45 ....................................................................................... 32
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B3.i 5: GIAO THUC ~ G TCP/IP ................................................................ 34
1. Giao thuc M~ng ............................................................................................. 34
1.1. Giao thuc IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange / Sequenced Packet
Exchange ) ................................................................................................. 34
1.2. Giao thuc NetBeUI ................................................................................... 35
1.3. Giao thuc TCP/IP························••.•·························································· 35
2. Giao thuc TCP/IP .......................................................................................... 38
2.1. Gi&i thi~u giao thuc TCP/IP ..................................................................... 38
2.2. Giao thuc TCP/IP & kiSn true M~ng ........................................................ 38
2.3. Dia chi IP tren h~ th6rtg M~ng .................................................................. 40

2.4. Gi&i thi~u v~ dia chi IP ............................................................................. 40
2.5. Cac thanh ph!n cua dia chi IP ................................................................... 42
2.6. Cac l&p cua dia chi IP ............................................................................... 43
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Biti 6: THIET KE HE THONG MANG ............................................................. 50
1. Khao sat h~ thf>ng m~ng ................................................................................. 50


2. Phan tich yeu c.lu ......................................................................................... 50
3. Ch9n h;ra kiSn true h~ th6ng m~ng ................................................................ :.. 51
3.1. M~g d~ng BUS ....................................................................................... 51
3.2. M~g d~ng VONG .................................................................................... 51
3.3. M~g hinh SAO ........................................................................................ 52.
4. L~p kS ho~ch thiSt kS m~g ............................................................................ 52
5. ThiSt kS h~ th6ng m~ng - Topology ............................................................... 53
5.1. Cac thanh ph.ln thiSt kS ............................................................................. 53
5.2. ThiSt kS ki€m soat ..................................................................................... 53
5.3. ThiSt kS du li~u ......................................................................................... 57
5.4. ThiSt kS chi tiSt chuc nang- module chuong trinh ................................... 58

5.5. Tu li~u h6a thi@t k@ h~ thf>ng ..................................................................... 61
B3.i 7: MICROSOFT OFFICE VISIO .............................................................. 63

1. ThiSt kS m~ng v&i Microsoft Visio ................................................................ 63
1.1. Gi&i thieu ........................................ ·.......................................................... 63
1.2. Cac c6ng C\l ·······························:······························································ 65
1.3. Cong C\l ve d~ng hinh ............................................................................... 72
1.4. Hi~u chinh va dinh d~ng ......................................................................... 106
1.5. KSt n6i d~g hinh ............................................................ :...................... 152
2. ThiSt kS m~ng v&i Microsoft Visio .............................................................. 158
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B3.i 8: CAU
HINH
WORK.GROUP ................................................................ 167

1. Cai d~t & C§u hlnh W orkgroup .................................................................... 167
1. 1. Cai d~t va du hinh W orkgroup v&i Window XP .................................... 167
1.2. Cai d~t va du hinh W orkgroup v&i Window 2003 Server...................... 177
2. Cac ung d\lng tren W orkgroup ..................................................................... 183
2.1. Share tai nguyen (Share Permisson) ..................................................... 183
2.2.

Anh x~ tai nguyen (MAP NETWORK

DRIVER) ................................. 188

2.3. Ki€m tra M~g, IP .................................................................................. 189
2.4. Local User and Group ............................................................................. 191
2.5. Disk Managerment .................................................................................. 195

Bai 9: CAI B~T VA QUAN TRJ MAY IN QUA M~G .............................. 203

1. Cai d~t va d.u hinh Print Server: .................................................................. 203
1. 1. M\lc dich cua vi~c dung chung may in .................................................... 203


1.2. Cai d~t may in m6i va c~u hinh thanh Printer Server .............................. 203
1.3. Chia se tai nguyen may in tren m~ng ...................................................... 210
2. Quan tri may in ............................................................................................ 211
2.1. Ca ch~ in ~n trong Windows XP ............................................................. 211
2.2. DiSu k:hi6n c6ng in~ ............................................................................. 213
2.3. Quy dinh thoi gian in trong m~ng ........................................................... 214
2.4. DiSu k:hi6n hang dgi ............................................................................... 214
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B8.i 10: H¥ DIEU HANH M~G.................................................................... 216
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1. Gi6i thi~u h~ di Su hanh mc;tng ...................................................................... 216
2 .. H~ diSu hanh Win 2003 Server ................................................................... 216
2.1. Cai Win2003 Server cho may chu .......................................................... 216
2.2. C~u hinh Domain cho Win2k3 Server .................................................... 216
2.3. Cai d~t dich V\l m~g Win2k3 Server ..................................................... 219
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Bili 11: QUAN TRJ USER & GROUP ............................................................ 253

1. Quan tri M~g may tinh ............................................................................... 253
1.1. Khai ni~m vS quan tri m~ng .................................................................... 253
1.2. Yeu c~u khi quan ttj m~ng ...................................................................... 253
2. T6 chuc User va Group trong Window 2003 Server .................................... 254

2.1. Gi6i thi~u vS User va Group trong Win2003 Server ............................... 254
2.2. Quan ly User trong Win2003 Server ....................................................... 258
2.3. Quan ly Group trong Win2003 .Server .................................................... 264
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TAI LI¥U THAM KHAO ............................................................................... 267


1

G161 Tmiu vt MO DUN

Vi tri, tinh ch,t cu.a mo dun
- Vi tri mon h9c: La mo-dun chuyen nganh; dµac b6 tri & h9c ky III, sau mo-dun
CO' SCT.
- Tinh chAt mon h9c: Mon kiSm tra.
M\f C tieu cu.a mo dun
1. Ki~n thuc chuyen mon:
- Trinh bay dugc cac ki@n thuc ca ban m~ng may tinh (Ly Thuy@t M~ng).
- Trinh bay dugc cac thi@t bi m~ng may tinh.
- Trinh bay dugc qui trinh thi€t kS h~ th6ng m~ng may tinh.
- Trinh bay dugc qui trinh quan ttj h~ th6ng m~ng W orkgroup.
2. Ky nang ngh~:
- Ch9n lµa dugc cac thiSt bi m~ng may tinh t6i uu.
- Thi@t kS dugc h~ th6ng m~ng c1,1c b9 LAN.
- Thi cong dugc h~ th6ng m~ng c1,1c b9 LAN.

- Cai dijt dugc h~ th6ng m~ng c1,1c b9 LAN - W orkgroup.
3. Thai dq lao dqng:
- C~n th~ trong vi~c thiSt k@& thi cong m~ng tranh anh hu&ng dSn thiSt bi.
- Tac phong lam vi~c ck th~n, chinh xac, chuyen nghi~p.
- C6 y thuc tµ giac, tinh ky lu~t cao, tinh thful trach nhi~m trong h9c t~p.
- ThS hi~n tinh khoa h<;>c, sang t~o trong qua trinh h9c t~p
4. Cac ky nang cin thi~t khac:
- C6 kha nang xem cac tai li~u hu6ng d~n quan tri m~ng.
- C6 kha nang lam vi~c theo nh6m
Nqi dung cu.a mo dun
1. T6ng quan m~ng may tinh
2. Mo hinh OSI
3. Topology- Sa d6 m~ng
4. ThiSt bi m~ng may tinh
5. Giao thuc m~ng TCP/IP
6. ThiSt kS h~ th6ng m~g
7. Microsoft office Visio
8. cAu hinh Workgroup
9. Cai d~t va quan tri may in m~g
10 .H~ di€u hanh m~ng
11. Quan ttj User & Group


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Bai 1: TONG QUAN
MANG

.
. MAY TINH
.

1. Cac khai ni~m may tinh
1.1. M~ng may tinh la gi?

Noi m(>t each CO' ban, m~g may tinh la hai hay nhiSu may tinh dm;rc kSt n6i
v&i nhau theo m(>t each nao do sao cho ch(mg co th€ trao df>i thong tin qua l~i v&i
nhau.

Hinh J,,.1: Mo binh m~ng ca bin

M~g may tinh ra doi xu§.t phat timhu cAu mu6n chia se va dung chung du
li~u. Khong co h~ th6ng m~ng thi du li~u tren cac may tinh d(>c l~p mu6n chia se
v&i nhau phai thong qua vi~c in §.n hay sao chep qua di'a mSm, CD ROM,
. . . diSu nay gay r§.t nhiSu b§.t ti~n cho nguai dung. Cac may tinh duqc kSt n6i
thanh m ~ng cho phep cac kha nang:
ã Su dàng chung cac cong Cl) ti~n ich
• Chia se kho du li~u dung chung
• Tang d(>tin c~y cua h~ th6ng
• Trao d6i thong di~p, hinh anh,
·• Dung chung cac thiSt bi ngo~i vi (may in, may ve, Fax, modem ... )
• Giam thi€u chi phi va thai gian di l~i.
1.2. Ljch sir phat tri~n m~ng may tinh

Vao giua nhung nam 50, nhung h~ th6ng may tinh dAu tien ra dai
SU dµng cac bong den di~n tu nen kich thu&c r§.t c6ng kSnh va tieu t6n nhiSu nang
luqng. Vi~c nh~p du li~u vao may tinh duqc th1,rc hi~n thong qua cac bia dl)c 16 va
kSt qua duqc dua ra may in, diSu nay lam m§.t r§.t nhiSu thai gian va b§.t ti~n cho

nguai su d1;Lng.
DSn giua nhung nam 60, cung v&i Sl,f phat tri€n cua cac ung dl)ng tren may
tinh va nhu cAu trao d6i thong tin v&i nhau, m9t s6 nha san xu§.t may tinh da
nghien cua chS t~o thanh cong cac thiSt bitruy c~p 1ir xa t&i cac may tinh cua h9,va
day chinh la nhung d~g sa khai cua h~ th6ng m~g may tinh.
E>Sn dAu nhung nam 70, h~ th6ng thiSt bi dAu cu6i 3270 cua IBM ra dai
cho phep ma r(>ng kha nang tinh toan cua cac trung tam may tinh dSn cac vung 6


4

xa. DSn gifra hung nam 70, IBM da gi&i thi~u m9t lo~t cac thiSt bi d§u cu6i duqc
thiSt kS chS t~o cho lmh V\IC ngan hang, thuong m~i. Thong qua day cap m~g cac
thiSt bi dAu cu6i c6 thS truy c~p cung m◊t hie dSn m◊t may tinh dung chung. DSn
nam 1977, cong ty Datapoint Corporation da tung ra thi tnrong h~ di Su hanh
m~g cua minh la "Attache Resource Computer Network" (Arcnet) cho phep lien
kSt cac may tinh va cac thiSt bi dAu cu6i l~i bing day cap m~ng, va d6 chinh la h~
diSu hanh m~ng dAu tien.

1.3. Thanh phftn CO' ban m~mg may tinh
-

C6 it nhit 2 may tinh.

- M9t giao tiSp m~ng tren m6i may (NIC: Network interface Card)
- Moi truong truy6n :
- Day cap m~ng
- Moi truong truySn khong day.
- H~ di6u hanh m~ng :
- UNIX, Windows 98, Windows NT, ... , Novell Netware, ...

2. Phan lo~i m~ng may tinh
2.1. M~ng LAN (Local Area Network}
M~ng C\lC b◊ (LAN) la h~ truySn.thong t6c d◊ cao duqc thiSt kS dS kSt n6i
cac may tinh va cac thiSt bi XU ly du li~u khac cung ho~t d9ng v&i nhau trong m9t
khu V\IC dia ly nho nhu a m9t tAng cua toa nha, ho~c trong m9t toa nha .... M9t s6
m~g LAN c6 thS kSt n6i l~i v&i nhau trong m9t khu lam vi~c.

i

;

,

1~•~@l[W@~~[W~E;&]~
Segment E

12PortSwill:h

~I

t_.,.
to100-Mbps
backbone

:D~c di~m cua m~ng Lan
- Bang thong Ian, c6 kha nang ch~y cac ung d1_mg tn,rc tuySn nhu xem phim, h◊i
thao qua m~ng.
- K.ich thu&c m~ng bi gi&i h~ bai cac thiSt bi.
- Chi phi cac thiSt bi m~ng tuong d6i re.

- Quan tri don gian.


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2.2. M~ng MAN (MetropolitanAreaNetwork)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) kSt n6i cac may tinh trong ph~m vi m9t
thanh ph6. KSt n6i nay duqc thvc hi~n thong qua cac moi trucmg truySn thong t6c
d9 cao (50-100 Mbit/s).
Gigabit E.!hemet
Gigabit E.themettecl1110Jogy is appfjed beyond the enterprise LAN to
MAN and WAN-based nehllo!ks.

LAN

i.AN

Dij.c di~m cua m~ng MAN :

- Bang thong muc trung binh, du dS ph1,1c Vl,l cac ung d1,1ng d.p thanh ph6 hay
qu6c gia nhu chinh phu di~n tu, thuang m~i di?n tu, cac ung d1,1ng cua cac ngan
hang, ...
- Do MAN n6i kSt nhiSu LAN v&i nhau nen d9 phuc t~p cung tang d6ng thai
cong tac quan tri se kh6 khan han.
- Chi phi cac thi~t bi m~ng MAN tuang d6i dit tiSn.
2.3. M~ng WAN (Wide Area Network)

M~g WAN bao phu vung dia ly r9ng l&n c6 thS la m9t qu6c gia, m9t l1,1c
dia hay toan du. M~ng WAN thucmg la m~ng cua cac cong ty da qu6c gia hay

toan du, diSn hinh la m~ng Internet. Do ph~m vi rc)ng l&n cua m~ng WAN nen
thong thucmg, m~g WAN la t~p hqp cac m~ng LAN, WAN n6i l~i v&i nhau bing
cac phuang ti~n nhu : v? tinh (satellites), song viba (microwave), cap quang, cap
di?n tho~i, ...
Dij.c di~m cua m~ng WAN :

- Bang thong th!p, d~ kSt n6i, thucmg chi phu hqp v&i cac ung d1,1ng offline nhu
e-mail, web, ftp, ..
- Ph~ vi ho~t d9ng r9ng l&n khong gi&i h~n.
- Do kSt n6i cua nhi~u LAN, MAN l~i v&i nhau nen m~ng r!t phuc t~p va c6
tinh toan c~u nen thucmg la c6 tb chuc qu6c tS dung ra quan tri.
- Chi phi cho cac thiSt bi va cac cong ngh~ m~ng WAN r!t dit tiSn.


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Hinh 2.2: :\fo hinh m~ng dit}n rqng (\VAL"\).

2.4. M~ng GAN (Wide Area Network)

Gan kSt n6i cac may tinh tu cac chau h,ic khac v&i nhau. Thong thuong kSt
n6i nay thµc hi~n qua m~g vi~n thong va v~ tinh

Mc;mg Gan c6 quy mo l&n nh§t, bang thong th~p va r~t phuc t~p, chi phi dfiu tu cao


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Cau hoi on t@.p

1. M9t s6 cac may tinh phan b6 tren m9t vung dia ly r9ng va duqc kSt n6i v&i
nhau bing cac cap va cac thiSt bi khong day la m9t ..... .
a. LAN

b. MAN

c. WAN

d. Virtual network.

2. Cac thanh ph§n CO' ban cua kiSn true mi;mg la ......... (ch9n 2)
a. Topology

b. Form of the network

c. Protocols

d. Physical Media

3. Hai mo hinh m<:lng la ............... .
a. Wire

b. Peer to peer

c. Wireless

d. Server Based Network

4. C6 hai lo<:li hinh tr<:lng:

a. Physical topology
b. Simple topology
c. Complex topology
d. Logical topology
5. M{lt trong nhfmg d~c di Sm cua m~g LAN:
a. Khoang each xa nhit giua hai tr<:lm l&n han 100 km
b. Khoang each xa nhit giua hai tr<:lm vao khoang vai chvc km
C.

Ca hai cau tren dSu dung.

6. Lich SU m~ng may tinh cung chinh la ljch SU cua Internet
a. Dung

b. Sai

7. Nhfmg nhuqc diSm cua m~g server-based la: (ch9n 2)
a. Cai d~t phuc t<:lp
b. Bao m~t kem
c. Khong c6 ca chS sao chep du li~u t~p trung
d. Chi phi d~t han so v&i m<:lng peer-to-peer
8. Nhfmg nhuqc diSm cua m~g peer to peer la: (ch9n 2)
a. Cai d~t phuc t<:lP
b. Bao m~t kem
C.

Quan tri phuc t<:lp

d. Khong c6 ca chS sao chep du li~u t~p trung
9. Trong m<:lng peer-to-peer khong t6n t<:li bit ky may server nao.

8

a. Dung

b. Sai

10. Nhung dich V\l thong thuong nhftt tren m~ng la: (ch9n 3 )
a. Dich V\l File
c. Dich V\l thu m1,1c
e. Dich V\l chia xe

b. Dich V\l Email
d. Dich V\l in


9

Bai 2:

Mo HINH 0s1

1. Ki~n true phan ting M~ng may tinh
1.1. Yen eiu v~ h~ th6ng m~ng may tinh
Tren thS gi&i hi~n co m9t s6 ca quan chuyen lo vAn dS dàih chufui, h9 dua ra
hang lo~t chuĐn vS ~ng tuy cac chu§.n do co tinh chAt khuySn nghi chu khong b~t
bu9c nhung chung rAt duqc cac ca quan chu§.n qu6c gia xem tr9ng.
M9t s6 ca quan chu§.n qu6c tS nhu sau:
- ITU (Intemation Telecommunication Union): Hi~p h9i viSn thong qu6c tS.

- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers): Vi~n cac ky su
di~n va di~n tu.
- CCITT (Commite Consultatif International pour le Telegraphe et la
Telephone) la t6 chuc tu vAn qu6c tS vS di~n tin va di~n tho~i lam vi~c du&i sµ bao
trq cua Lien Hi~p Qu6c co tf\1 sa chinh t~i thanh ph6 Geneva - Th1,1y sy. Cac thanh
vien chu ySu la cac ca quan buu chinh viSn thong cac qu6c gia. T6 chuc nay co vai
tro phat triSn cac khuySn nghi trong cac·rn.nh vµc viSn thong.
- ISO (The International Standards Organization) la t6 chuc tieu chu§.n qu6c
tS ho~t d9ng du&i sµ bao trq cua Lien hqp Qu6c v&i thanh vien la cac ca quan
chu§.n qu6c gia v&i s6 luqng khoang han 100 thanh vien v&i m1,1c dich h6 trq sà
phat triSn cac chuĐ.n tren ph~m vi toan thS gi&i. M9t trong nhfmg thanh tµu cua
ISO trong lrnh vµc truySn thong la vao nam 1977, ISO duqc giao trach nhi~m thiSt
kS m9t chufui truySn thong dµa tren ly thuySt vs kiSn true cac h~ th6ng ma lam ca
sa dS thiSt kS m~ng may tinh. Mo hinh nay co ten la OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection -tuang kSt cac h~ th6ng ma).

1.2. Ki~n true phan ting
DS giam d9 phuc t~p cua vi~c thiSt kS va cai d~t m~ng, h§u hSt cac m~ng
may tinh hi~n co dSu duqc phan tich thiSt kS theo quan diSm phan tftng (layering).
M6i h~ th6ng thanh phfin cua m~ng duqc.xem nhu m9t cAu true da tftng, trong do
m6i tftng duqc xay tren tfing tru&c no. S6 luqng cac tftng cung nhu ten va chuc
nang cua m6i tftng la tuy thu9c vao cac nha thiSt kS. Tuy nhien, trong hftu hSt cac
m~ng, m1,1c dich cua m6i tftng la cung cAp m9t s6 dtch V¥ nhAt dinh cho tfing cao
han. IBnh 2.1 la m9t kiSn true phan tftng t6ng quat, v&i gia thiSt A va B la hai h~
th6ng may tinh thanh phftn cua m~ng duqc n6i v&i nhau.


10

H~th8ngB

H~th6ngA
TangN

Tang i+ 1

Giao thuc tfug N
◄--

Giao thuc tfug i + l

◄ -----------------------+

Tang i

◄----~i~_o_!I:1!~-t__~~-~---+

Tang i- 1

Giao thuc dng i -1
◄ -----------------------+

Tang 1

TangN

-♦

1---.------1

Tang i + 1
Tang i

1---~----1

Tang i - 1

l
l Gia:o di~n i+ 1 / i
Il Gia:o di~n i-1 / i

1--------1 .

Giao thuc tfug 1

◄ -----------------------+

I

Tang 1

I
Duong truy~n ·v~t 1:§'

Hinh 2.1 J\,finh ho~ ki~n tnic phan ting t8ng quit

Nguyen t&c cita !din trite phan tdng la:

- M6i h~ th6ng trong m9t m~ng dSu c6 cung

chuc nang cua m6i tfing la nhu nhau).
-

du tn'.i.c tfing (s6 lm;mg tfing,

Sau khi xac dinh du true tfuig, cong vi~c kS tiSp la dinh nghia m6i quan h~
(giao di~n) giua hai t§.ng kS nhau va m6i quan h? gifra hai tfing d6ng muc &
hai h? th6ng n6i kSt v&i nhau. NSu m(>t h? th6ng m~ng c6 N t§.ng thi t6ng s6
cac quan h? (giao di~n) cfin phai xay dl,fllg la 2 *N -1.

- Trong thµc tS, dfr li?u khong dugc truySn trµc tiSp tu tfing thu i cua h? th6ng
nay sang tfuig thu i cua h? th6ng khac (trir trucmg hgp tfing thfip nhfit trµc
tiSp su d1,mg duong truySn v~t ly dS truySn cac chu6i bit (0,1) tu h~ th6ng
nay sang h~ th6ng khac). Qui u&c dfr li~u & hen h¢ th6ng gui (sender) dugc
truySn tu tfing tren xu6ng tfing du&i va truySn sang h¢ th6ng nh(in (receiver)
b&ng duong truySn v~t ly va cu thS di ngugc len cac tfing tren.
1.3. Mo hinh m~ng OSI chuin

Khi thiSt kS cac nha thiSt kS t\f do lµa ch9n kiSn true m~ng rieng cua minh.
Tu d6 dful dSn tinh tr~ng khong tuong thich gifra cac m~g: phuong phap truy
nh~p duong truySn khac nhau, su d1,mg h9 giao thuc khac nhau, ... Sµ khong tuong
thich d6 lam cho nguai su d1,mg cac m~g khac nhau khong thS trao d6i thong tin
v&i nhau dugc. Sµ thuc bach cua khach hang khiSn cho cac nha san xufit va nhfrng
nha nghien cuu, thong qua tb chuc chufin hoa qu6c tS va qu6c gia dS tim ra m9t
giai phap churig dĐ.n dSn sà h9i tl,l cua cac san phfim m~g. Tren CO' s& d6 nhfrng
nha thiSt kS va cac nghien cuu lfiy d6 lam khung chufin cho san phfim cua minh
Vi ly do d6, nam 1977, T6 chuc tieu chufin hoa qu6c tS (International
Organization for Standardization - ISO) da l~p ra m9t tiSu ban nh&m dua ra m9t
khung chufin nhu thS. KSt qua la vao nam 1984 ISO da xay dl,fllg mo hinh 7 tfuig
gQi la mo hinh tham chiSu cho vi~c n6i kSt cac h~ th6ng m& (Reference Model for

Open Systems Interconnection - OSI Reference Model) gQi tit la mo hinh OSI. Mo


11

hinh nay dugc dung lam CO' SO' dS n6i kSt cac h~ th6ng ma phvc vv cho cac (mg
dvng phan tan fM9i h~ th6ng tuan theo mo hinh tham chiSu OSI dSu c6 thS truySn
thong tin v6i nhau.
Hi; th6ng B

H~ tllfing A
Giao thuc tiing 7

7

---------·---····----

APPLICATION
1

6

PRESENTATION

i-------~.

-►

i
_,_ ____ .,..

Giao thuc tfulg 6

r------------ ·-

UNGDl)~G

7

TRINHDW

6

Giao thuc tfi.ng 5
·---~--.......-----1:
5
SESSION
-!-------------------------.,..
PHIEN
5
.-------+--------<'
Giao time.' tfulg 4
:------......-----ii
I
_,____
_ ________________ .,._
GIAOV;),N
4
TRANSPORT
4

Giao
tfuig 3
,
r---+----------1!

thuc

3

NET\VORK

2

DATA LINK

.... ·----------· -----------+
Giao thuc tfi.ng 2
I:

,.., ............... ~······ .. "'7LJENKETDU'LIEU

Giao thuc tfulg 1

>---+--------<,

1

PHYSICAL

3

J\'L~G

i

1-----------....... ____ .,;.

~~---.----'-

·
Vl.,.T LY

2

I

------,--~-~·

Duong truyfut v~t ly
Hlnh 1.11. Mo hinh OSI 7 t&ng

2. Mo hinh M;mg OSI
2.1. Lop v@.t ly (Physical)
- TAng v~t ly lien quan dSn truySn dong cac bit giua cac may v6i nhau bing
ducmg truySn v~t ly. TAng nay lien kSt cac giao di~n ham CO', quang va di~n v6i
cap. Ngoai ra n6 cfing chuySn tai nhung tin hi~u truySn du li~u do cac tAng a tren
t~o ra.
- Vi~c thiSt kS phai bao dam nSu hen phat gui bit 1 thi hen thu cfing phai
nh~n bit 1 chCr khong phai bit 0
- TAilg nay phai quy dinh ro muc di~n ap biSu diSn du li~u 1 va O la bao

nhieu von trong vong bao nhieu giay
- ChiSu truySn tin la 1 hay 2 chiSu, each thuc kSt n6i va huy bo kSt n6i

- Dinh nghfa each kSt n6i cap v6i card m~ng: b{> n6i c6 bao nhieu chan, chuc
nang cua m6i chan
Tom l~i: ThiSt kS tAng v~t ly phai giai quySt cac vful dS ghep n6i
t~o ra cac ham, thu tvc dS truy nh~p ducmg truySn, ducmg truySn cac bit

CO',

di~n,

2.2. Lop lien k~t dfr li~u (data link)
- Cung c~p phuang ti~n dS truySn thong tin qua lien kSt v~t ly dam bao tin
c~y: gui cac kh6i du li~u v6i CO' chS d6ng b{> hoa, kiSm soat 16i va kiSm soat lu6ng
du li~u cAn thiSt
- Cac bu6c tAng lien kSt du li~u thgc hi~n:


12

+ Chia nh6 thanh cac kh6i du li~u frame (vai tram bytes), ghi them
vao d§.u va cu6i cua cac frame nhfrng nhom bit d~c bi~t dS lam ranh gi&i
giua cac frame
+ Tren cac duang truy~n v~t ly luon co 16i nen t§.ng nay phai giai
quySt v§n d~ sua 16i (do ban tin bj hong, m§t va truySn l~i) + Giu cho S\f
d6ng b9 t6c d9 giua ben phat va ben thu
Tom l~i: dng lien kSt du li~u chju trach nhi~m chuy@n khung du li~u khong
16i tu may tinh nay sang may tinh khac thong qua t§.ng v~t ly. T§.ng nay cho phep
t§.ng m~ng truySn du li~u g§.n nhu khong ph~m 16i qua lien kSt m~ng

2.3. L6'p m~ng (Network)

- L~p dja chi cac thong di~p, di@n djch dia chi va ten logic thanh dja chi v~t
ly
- Ki@m soat va di~u khiSn duang truy~n: Djnh ro cac bo tin duqc truySn di
theo con duang nao tu ngu6n t&i dich. Cac con duang do co th@ la c6 djnh d6i v&i
nhfrng m~ng it thay d6i, cung co th@ la d9ng nghia la cac con duang chi duqc xac
djnh tru&c khi bit d§.u cu9c noi chuy~n. Cac con duang do co th@ thay d6i tuy theo
tr~ng thai tai rue thai.
- Quan ly luu luqng tren m~ng: chuySn d6i goi, djnh tuySn, ki@m soat sv tic
nghen du li~u (nSu co nhi@u goi tin cung duqc gui di tren duang truy@n thi co th@
xay ra tic nghen )
- KiSm soat lu6ng du li~u va cithqp du li~u (nSu c§.n)
2.4. L6'p vin chuy~n

- Thvc hi~n vi~c truy~n du li~u giua hai d§.u nut (end - to - end).
- Thvc hi~n kiSm soat 16i, ki@m soat lu6ng du li~u tu may f may. Dam bao
goi tin truy@n khong ph~m 16i, theo dung trinh tu, khong bj m§.t mat hay sao chep.
- Thvc hi~n vi~c ghep kenh, phan kenh cit hqp du li~u (nSu c§.n). Dong goi
thong di~p, chia thong di~p dai thanh nhi@u goi tin va g9p cac goi nh6 thanh m9t
b9.
- T§.ng nay t~o ra m9t kSt n6i cho m6i yeu c§.u cua t§.ng tren no. Khi co nhi@u
yeu c§.u tu t§.ng tren v&i thong luqng cao thi no co th@ t~o ra nhiSu kSt n6i va cung
m9t luc co th@ gui di nhiSu bo tin tren duang truy@n.
2.5. L6'p phien

- Cung c§.p phuong ti~n truySn thong gifra cac ung d1,mg: cho phep nguai su
d1,mg tren cac may khac nhau co th@ thiSt l~p, duy tri, huy b6 va d6ng b9 hoa cac
phien truySn thong giua h9 v&i nhau.
- Nhi~m vt;L chinh:

+ Quan ly the bai d6i v&i nhfrng nghi thuc: hai ben kSt n6i dS truy~n
thong tin khong d6ng thai thvc hi~n m9t s6 thao tac. D@ giai quySt v§n d~


13

nay tfuig phien cung d.p 1 the bai, the bai c6 th@ dugc trao df>i va chi ben
nao giu the bai m&i c6 th@ thi;rc hi~n m9t s6 thao tac quan tr9ng

+ V~n dS d6ng b9: khi dn truySn di nhung t~p tin dai t§.ng nay chen
them cac diSm kiSm tra ( check point) vao lu6ng du li~u. NSu phat hi~n th~y
16i thi chi c6 du li~u sau diSm kiSm tra cu6i cung m&i phai truySn l~i
2.6. L&p trinh bay (Presentation)

- QuySt dinh d~g thuc trao d6i du li~u giua cac may tinh m~ng. Nguoi ta co
thS g9i day la b9 dich m~g. d ben gui, t§.ng nay chuy@n df>i cu phap du li~u tu
d~ng thuc do tfuig ung dvng gui xu6ng sang d~ng thuc trung gian ma ung dvng
nao cfing co thS nh~ bi@t. d ben nh~, tfuig nay chuySn cac d~ng thuc trung gian
thanh d~g thuc thich hqp cho t§.ng ung.dvng cua may nh~n.
- Ting trinh diSn chiu trach nhi~m chuySn d6i giao thuc, bien dich du li~u,
ma hoa du li~u, thay df>i hay chuySn df>i ky ti;r va ma r9ng l~nh d6 ho~.
- Nen du li~u nhfun lam giam bat s6 bit cin truySn

-d

ting nay co b9 d6i huong ho~t dong dS df>i huong ·cac ho~t d9ng
nh~p/xu~t dS gui d@n cac tai nguyen tren m~y phvc V\l
2.7. L&p U'llg d1_mg (Application)

- Cung c~p cac phuong ti~n dS nguoi su dvng co thS truy nh~p dugc vao moi
truang OSI, d6ng thoi cung c~p cac djch V\l thong tin phan tan.
- Ting nay dong vai tro nhu cua sf> danh cho ho~t d9ng xu ly cac trinh ung
d\lfig nhfun truy nh~p cac djch V\l m~ng. No biSu diSn nhung djch V\l h6 trg trgc
ti@p cac ung dvng nguoi dung, chilng h~n nhu phin mSm chuySn tin, truy nh~p ca
S()' du li~u va email.
- Xu ly truy nh~p m~ng chung, kiSm soat 16i va phvc h6i 16i.


14
❖

Cau hoi on tip
1. M1,1c tieu cua vi~c phan tich thi@t k@ cac m~g may tinh theo quan diSm phan
ting la: (chc;m 1)
a. D~ dS dang cho vi~c quan ttj m~ng
b. BS giam d◊ phuc t~p cua vi~c thi@t k@ va cai d~t m~ng
c. BS nang cftp h~ th6ng m~ng dS dang hon
d. Khong phai cac ly do tren
2. NSu m◊t h~ thbng m~g c6 8 tfing thi t6ng sb cac quan h~ (giao di~n) cfin phai
xaydgng la ...... .
a. 16
b. 24
c. 15
d. 22
3. Tfing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cua mo hinh OSI c6 thS giao tiSp tn,rc tiSp v&i tAug d6i di~n
cua h~ th6ng may tinh khac.
a. Application
b. Data link
c. Network

d. Physical.
e. Transport
4. Nhung tAug nao cua mo hinh OSI cung cftp vi~c kiSm soat luf>ng du li~u?( chc.m
3)
b. Transport
a. Data-Link
C.
Application
d. Presentation
e. Network
5. M<)t g6i (packet) m~ng bao gf>m: (ch9n 1)
a. M<)t header, m◊t body va m◊t trailer
b. M<)t dia chi cua may gui va m◊t thong bao
c. M()t chu6i van ban v&i thong tin dinh d~g
d. M<)t URL tuong ung v&i m◊t dia chi www.
6. Don vi du li~u do ting Lien kSt DU li~u quan ly la ......... .
a. Bit
b. Packet
c. Frame
d. Segment
7. M◊t Router lam vi~c & ting nao trong mo hinh OSI?
a. Data-Link
b. Transport
c. Application
d. Presentation
e. Network
8. Nhfrng vk dS lien quan dSn ki~m soat truy xuftt m~g, ma hoa, xac nh~ va
bao m~t m~ng thu<)c chufin nao trong cac chufin do IEEE 802.X xay dl,mg?
a. 802.2
b. 802.3

c. 802.4
d. 802.5
e. 802.10
£ 802.11
9. Ting nao cua mo hinh OSI lien quan dSn cac dich Vl,l h6 trq tn,rc ti Sp phfin mSm
truySn file, truy xuftt ca s& du li~u va e-mail.
a. Application
b. Data link
c. Network
d. Physical.
e. Transport
1o. M<)t each t6ng quat, du li~u c6 thS truySn tn,rc ti Sp tu m◊t ting cua h~ th6ng
gui sang thing tfing d6i di~n (df>ng muc) cua h~ th6ng nh~ trong mo hinh
OSI.
a. Dung
b. Sai


15

Bai 3: TOPOLOGY - SO BO M~G
1. Mo hinh t6 chrrc m~ng
1.1. M~ng ngang hang (Peer to Peer)
M~mg peer-to-peer la m()t vi d1,1 dt don gian cua cac m~ng LAN. Chung cho
phep m9i nut m~g vi:ra dong vai tro la thµc thS yeu c~u cac dich vµ m~ng (client),
vi:ra la cac thàc thS cung cĐ.p cac dich và m~ng (server). Trang moi tnrong nay,
nguai dung tren tung may tinh chiu trach nhi~m diSu hanh va chia se tai nguyen
cua may tinh rninh. Mo hinh nay chi phu.hqp v&i cac t6 chuc nho va khong quan
tam dSn v§.n dS bao m~t. Ph~ mSm m~ng peer-to-peer duqc thiSt kS sao cho cac
thµc thS ngang hang thµc hi~n cung cac chuc nang tuong tµ nhau.

Cac d~c diSm cua m~ng peer-to-peer:
- M~ng peer-to-peer con duqc biSt dSn nhu m~ng workgroup (nh6m lam
vi~c) va duqc su d1,1ng cho cac m~ng co:::; 10 nguai su dl,lllg (user) lam vi~c tren
m~ngd6.
- M~ng peer-to-peer khong doi hoi phai c6 nguai quan tri m~ng
(administrtor). Trang m~ng peer-to-peer m6i user lam vi~c nhu nguai quan tri cho
tr~m lam vi~c rieng cua h9 va ch9n tai nguyen ho~c du li~u nao ma h9 se cho phep
chia se tren m~ng cfing nhu quySt dinh ai c6 thS truy xu§.t dSn tai nguyen va du li~u
d6
Cac uu diSm cu.a m~ng peer-to-peer:
- Don gian cho vi~c cai d~t.
- Chi phi tuong d6i re.
Nhung nhuqc diSm cu.a m~g peer-topeer:
- Khong quan tri t~p trung, d~c bi~t
trong tnrong hqp co nhiSu tai khoan cho
m9t nguai su d1,1ng (user) truy xu§.t vao
cac tr~m lam vi~c khac nhau.
- Vi~c bao m~t m~ng c6 thS bi vi
ph~m v&i cac user c6 chung usemame,
password truy xu§.t t&i cung tai nguyen.
- Khong thS sao chep dµ phong
(backup) du li~u t~p trung. Du li~u duqc
luu tru rai rac tren tung tr~m.

Hinh 1. J2: Mo Jiinh nuvrg ,1gang hang


16

1.2. M~ng khach chii (Client - Server)

M~ng khach chu lien quan dSn vi~c xac djnh vai tro cua cac thgc thS truySn
thong trong m~ng. M~ng nay xac djnh thgc thS nao c6 thS t~o ra cac yeu cftu djch
vµ va thgc th@ nao c6 th@ ph1,1c vµ cac yeu cftu d6. Cac may tinh duqc g9i la cac file
server thgc hi~n vi~c xu ly du li~u va giao tiSp giua cac may tinh khac trong m~ng.
Cac may tinh khac d6 duqc g9i la cac workstation (may tinh tr~m). Cac may
tr~ duqc n6i v&i cac may chu, nh~ quySn truy nh~p m~ng va tai nguyen m~ng
tu cac may chu. D6i v&i Windows NT cac may duqc t6 chuc thanh cac miSn
(domain). An ninh tren cac domain duqc quan ly b&i m9t s6 may chu d~c bi~t g<;>i
la domain controller. Tren domain c6 m9t master domain controller duqc gQi la
PDC (Primary Domain Controller) va m9t BDC (Backup Domain Controller) dS
d@ phong truong hqp PDC g~p sg c6.
Cac m~g khach chu thuong dm;rc su d1,1ng cho cac m~ng c6 2: 10 ngucri su
d1,1ng va thµc hi~n cac cong vi~c chuyen bi~t sau:
- File va Print Servers: quan ly truy xu§t cua user t&i cac file va cac may in.
- Application Servers: may chu c6 nhi~m vµ cung cftp cac ung dl,lllg, .cac
phk mSm cho cac may tr~m trong moi truong client/server.
- Database Server: may chu c6 cai d~t cac h~ th6ng Ca s& du li~u (DBMS)
nhu SQL Server, Oracle, DB2 ph1,1c vµ cho cac nhu c~u ung d1,1ng truy xuftt du li~u
tren m~ng.
- Communication Server: may chu ph1,1c vµ cho cong tac truy@n thong, giao
ti€p tren m~ng nhu Web (Web Server), Mail (Mail Server), truySn nh~n file (FTP
Server), ...
- Mail Servers: ho~t d()ng nhu m9t server ung d1,1ng, trong d6 c6 cac ung
d1,1ng server va ung d1,1ng client, v&i du li~u duqc tai xu6ng tu server t&i client.
D~c di@m cua m(;lng khach chu:
- Kh6 khan trong vi~c cai d~t, cftu hinh va quan trj han so v&i m(;lng peer-topeer
- Cung cftp sµ bao m~t t6t han cho
cac tai nguyen m(;lng.
- DS dang han trong vi~c quan tri
sao chep dµ phong du li~u (backup).

Th~m chi c6 th@ l~p ljch cho cong vi~c
nay thµc hi~n tµ d9ng.
Trong thµc t€, phftn l&n cac mo
hinh m(;lng may tinh duqc thi€t k€ theo mo
hinh m(;lng lai (hybrid) la sµ k€t hqp giua
mo hinh m(;lng khach chu va mo hinh
1Ji11h l .1 J: J.f& Jtinh mqng khach chit
m~g ngang hang.


17

2. Ki~n true h~ th6ng m~ng
2.1. M~ng ki~u BUS
Trong m~ng trµc tit ca cac tr~m phan chia m9t duong truySn chung (bus).
Duong truySn chinh duqc gi&i h~n hai d~u bAng hai d~u nf>i d~c bi~t gQi
la terminator. M6i tr~ duqc n6i v&i trµc chinh qua m9t d~u n6i chfr T
(Tconnector) ho~c m9t thiSt bi thu phat (transceiver).
- Khi m9t tr~m truySn du li~u thi tin hi~u duqc quang ba tren 2 chiSu cu.a
Bus (tit ca cac tr~ khac dSu c6 thS nh~ tin hi~u)

I! II

t

\

MayB

Terminator

May A
ffinh 4-1. Sa d6 kiiu k€t n6i dfng tuy€n tinh(hus)

2.2. M~ng ki~u START
M~ng hinh sao: M~ng hinh sao c6 tit ca cac tr~m duqc kSt n6i v&i m9t thiSt
bi trung tam c6 nhi~m vµ nh~ tin hi~u tu cac tr~m va chuySn dSn tr~m dich D9
dai duong truySn n6i m9t tr~m v&i thiSt bi trung tam bi h~n chS (trong vong 100m,
v&i c6ng ngh~ hi~n nay).
- ThiSt bi trung tam c6 thS la Hub, Switch, router
Vai tro cu.a thiSt bi trung tam la thvc hi~n vi~c "b~t tay'' gifra cac tr~m c~n
trao d6i thong tin v&i nhau, thiSt l~p cac lien kSt diSm - diSm gifra chung.
Mayl

IOI

May2

May3

May3
May5

Mav6
.,