Văn phạm tiếng Anh: Phần 1

Tieng A nh
li

A compendium
o f f

lYEN
EU

grammar
r& c o rre c t w r itin g ■


Tron Bo SGK:

V A N P H A M T IE N G A N H
A compendium of
English Grammar
&
Correct Writing

1

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P H A M D IN H LO C

VAN PHAM TIENG ANH

A compendium of

English Grammar

&
Correct Writing

NHA XUAT BAN HdNG Ol>C

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C u n g ta c g ia

A Glimpse of
Vietnamese Oral Literature
ISBN 1-4010-4038-1
Library of Congress Number 2001119757
in USA

ICFMC
Vietnam
ISBN 1-4134-1852-X

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J li) i tao (fid
Toi viet sach nay vai kinh nghiem sau nhung nam day
tieng Anh

a Sai Gon truac day va a My. Hoc sinh thixcmg bi roi

■ tri vi phai doc qua nhieu danh tCr kho hieu, khong can thiet ma
cac tac gia da viet trong phan dan giai, nen hoc sinh cam thay
kho hieu va cham thu nhan duoc cac y chinh can tim hieu qui
iuat van pham tieng Anh. Roi tri hon nua neu hoc sinh doc
nhung sach giao khoa van pham tieng Anh d My, vi danh tu
van pham a nhung sach nay khong dong nhat.
Do do, trong sach nay toi viet thu gon

a viec dan giai, toi

dung thi du de chi dan nguai hoc nhan xet, tim ra nhung quy
luat can ban cua van pham. Toi khong dich sang tieng Viet
nhung danh tir van pham tieng Anh, toi chi chon nhung tu
thong dung de nguai hoc de thu nhan, va can thiet cho nguai
hoc sau nay tham khao them sach van pham tieng Anh.
Thong thuong, nguai hoc ngoai ngu bat dau hoc tu vung
(vocabulary), hoc dan dan ngu phap (grammar), roi doc nhieu
de nhan xet loi viet theo cac qui luat van pham. Ngoai ra, ngon
ngu viet doi khi khac vai ngon ngu noi, vi nhieu khi van pham

duoc hieu ngam khi noi, va moi dja p h uang thuang co mot so
tho ngu (dialects). N g u a i hoc se gap nhiing truang hop nay khi
doc sach, va se tim hieu bang cach tra ciru a tir dien.
Pham Din It Loc
Washington, D.C

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CONTENTS

I. Parts o f S p eech...................................................................11
II. Verbals............................................................................... 63
III. Tenses............................................................................... 71
IV. Parts o f a Sentence.......................................................... 78
V..Clauses................................................................................ 88
VI. Correct W riting................................................................98
VII. Stylistics.........................................................................132
VIII. Speakers o f ESL (English as a second language). 153
IX...The history’ and development o f E nglish...................174

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V a n p h a m la link hon cua ngon ngu. N guai noi va
nguai nghe, nguai viet va nguai doc tim thay"giao cam"
vai nhau qua tieng noi hay cau van. Am thanh tao thanh
tieng noi mang nhung y tuang, y nghi cua nguai noi sang
nguai nghe de hieu nhau. Cau van (nhieu loi viet khac
nhau) chica dung y tuang, y nghi, cam xuc cua nguai viet
de nguai doc san se tam tu, hay thu nhan kien thuc.
Tieng noi hay cau van hop thanh bai mot so tir, duoc
dat theo thu tu truac sau, thi du: Thieu nu chai toe truac
gucmg.
M oi tu mang mot y nghia (meaning), tir no dat truac
tic kia (word order), moi tic co rieng chicc nang (function),
khi noi khi viet thi theo qui luat; Neu khong dung tu theo
chicc nang, khong viet theo qui luat thi tieng noi, cau van
khong co nghia gi ca. Cau van, tieng noi co duac giao
cam la nha qui luat van pham. Do do, van pham la yeu to
thiet yeu cua ngon ngu.

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Danh tir thirtrng dung
Nhung danh tir dirai day thirang thay a cac sach van
pham tieng Anh, va phucrng phap dan giai a cuon sach

nay giir nguyen danh tir tieng Anh.
Active voice

Chu dong cach

Auxiliary verb

Tro dong tir

Adverb

Trang tir

Adjective

Tinh tir

Article

Quan tir

Clause

Menh de

Conjunction

Lien tir

Complement

Bo ngu

Direct object

Tan ngu true tiep

Expression

Thanh ngir

Fundamental

Can ban, thiet yeu

Grammar

Van pham

Indirect object

Tan ngir gian tiep

Infinitive verb

Dong tir nguyen dang

Interjection

Tan than tir

Irregular verb

Dong tir bat qui tac

Noun

Danh tir

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Parts o f speech

Loai tir ngu

Passive voice

Bi dong cach

Past participle

Qua khu phan tir

Past tense

Thi qua khu

Preposition

Giai tir

Present tense

Thi hien tai

Pronoun

Dai tir

Rules

Qui luat van pham

Sentence

Cau viet theo van pham

Verb

Dong tir

Vocabulary

Tir vung

Word

Tir

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I. PARTS OF SPEECH

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PARTS OF SPEECH
Phan nay dem den vai nguai hoc su hieu biet long
quat ve cac loai ngu, cac chuc nang (function) cua timg
loai, va cach dung (usage) cua tim g loai; tat ca nhuvgySu
to can thiet de co mot can ban can va du ve qui luat van
pham, truac khi sang cac phan ke tiep cu the han ve cach
viet va noi theo "Standard E nglish."
1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Adjectives

4. Verbs
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections

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Speech la so lugng tir hop thanh ngon ngu viet
(written language) hay ngon ngu noi (spoken language),
dien ta cac y tuang (thoughts), cam nhan (feelings), hay
mo ta mot viec lam (act). Khi viet hay noi thi ghep nhieu
tu thanh mot cau (sentence), neu nguai doc hay nguai
nghe hieu duac ro y cau do la nha da theo qui luat van
pham (the rules o f grammar). Moi cau gom nhieu tu
(words) vai chuc nang van pham khac nhau (grammatical
elements). Tieng Anh co khoang mot trieu tu, hai phan ba
so tu nay la danh tu thuoc cac nganh khoa hoc ky thuat
nhu dien tir, vat ly, y khoa, tarn than hoc... va bo mon triet
hoc. Trong mon hoc van pham, ngon ngu thong dung duoc
xep thanh 8 loai tir ngu chinh:
1- Nouns
2- Pronouns
3- Adjectives
4- Verbs

5- Adverbs
6- Prepositions
7- Conjunctions
8- Interjections
Nguai hoc can biet ro chuc nang (function) cua moi
loai tir ngu, dac tinh rieng cua moi loai, dung a dau (vi tri)
trong mot cau. Moi cau (viet hay cau noi) can it nhat 2 loai
tir ngir (subject va verb). Song, tiiy thuoc a loi cau true
(construction) theo van pham, mot cau co the gom nhieu
loai tir ngu.
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1. NOUNS
Noun (danh tir) la mot tir noi ve nguai (person), vi tri
(place), vat (thing) hay y tuang (idea). Loai ngu nay phan
biet theo cac dac tinh duai day:
Proper noun
-

Common noun

-

Collective noun

-

Concrete noun

-

Abstract noun

a)

Proper noun noi ve mot ten rieng, hay dac biet,

cSn v ilt hoa a dau chu (capital), gom nhung loai duai day:
Person :

Conficius, Tran Hung Dao

Place :

Viet Nam, France, England

Animal :

Phoenix, Kangaro

Object :

Viet Nam Airlines

Group :

the Red Cross

Time :

Friday, November

Event :

World War II, the Vietnam War

Idea :

Judaism, Buddhism, Confucianism

b)

Common noun noi ve tat ca ten chung:

girl, boy, teacher, student, mother, father, house, car,
bird, chicken, property, honesty, idea, table, chair, school,
market, store, shop, country, world, etc.
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c) Collective noun noi ve ten mot nhom nguai, vat,

vj tri, vai chuc nang la mot dan vj:
Flock, team, the public, committee, club, the poor, the
rich, the army, etc.
d) Concrete noun noi ve nhung gi biet duoc bang 5
giac quan (senses):
(sight [see], touch [feel], smell, hearing [hear], and
taste)
door, tree, dress, snow, city, museum, sorrow, joy,
odor, sound, salt, etc.
e) Abstract noun noi ve quality (pham
condition (tinh trang / hoan canh), idea (y tuang):

chat),

beauty, fear, truth, hatred, kindness, honesty, courtesy,
love, loneliness, dismissal, etc.
Nominative & Objective: Can biet nhung dac tinh
duai day de phan tich van pham khi viet mot cau. Tinh
chat cua mot noun tuy thuoc cho dung a dau trong cau.
La nominative neu noun la su b ject:
I live
The train stopped.
The car runs
Subject la mot noun, hay personal pronoun, hay mot
noun phrase (nhom tu), hay mot noun equivalent/
substitute (tuang duang / thay the) ma se dugc mo ta
(describe) hay noi den (tell more about) bai nhung loai
ngu' theo sau de biet (subject) la gi, la ai, lam gi.
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(I live: I la subject, live la verb)
La objective neu noun la o b je c t:
I saw the train.
He saw the parade.
He is a teacher.
Object la mot noun or any word or group o f words
(mot tir hay nhom tir) co chuc nang nhu mot noun de noi
subject la gi, hay verb lam gi (teacher la object)
Possessive & Com pound: Se thuong gap nhung loi
viet duai day khi doc sach, quan sat de biet loi viet
possessive noun khi muon noi ve ownership, possession
(scr hiru), hay sir lien quan (relationship) giua 2 noun. Loi
viet nay se ngan hon vi bo di dugc chu of, hay to, hay that
trong mot nhom tir, tranh dugc cau van ruom ra.
Examples:
The beauty o f the flower > the flower’s beauty
A house that belongs to Mr. Smith > Mr. Smith's house
The job that my sister has > my sister’s job
Com pare:
At dawn the crowing o f a rooster could be heard,
(passive voice)
Co the viet ngan hon theo loi possessive, nhu duai
day:
The cock’s crow came at dawn.
(possessive form)

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Rules:
Nhung noun khong tan ciing bang s
thi se them apostrophe ( ’ ) va s.
Examples: The dog’s tail (tail o f the dog)
H elen’s hat (the hat o f Helen)
(mu cua Helen)
Nhirng noun co mot syllable tan ciing bang s, se th em ’s.
Examples: The kiss’s affection
Scott’s shirt
Note: Khi noi tir (word) nay co 4 dm tiet (syllables),
nghia la khi doc se ngat (tach xa) tir nay thanh 4 phan vai
dm (sound) nang nhe khac nhau, nhu tir edM.ca.tion
Nhirng noun nhieu hem mot am tiet (syllable) tan ciing
bang s, chi them apostrophe ( ’ ):
the w itness’ story
the hardiness’ condition
Nhung noun so nhieu khong tan ciing bang s,
th e m ’s :
the w om en’s group
the children’s toys
Nhung noun so nhieu tan ciing bang s, chi them
( ’ ) apostrophe:
the girls’ garments

the zebras’ stripes
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Compound nouns - Nhung noun hop thanh bcri hai
hay nhieu noun, co khi tach biet nhu high school, co khi
ghep chung nhu hairdresser, co khi noi lien bang hyphen
(-) nhu sister-in-law
Or:
Conference room, steam boiler
Headmaster, headphone
Ice-cream, great-grandfather
Qui tac:
•>
f
Boi singular noun (danh tir so it ) thanh plural noun
(danh tir so nhieu).
Phan Ion tat ca noun khi doi thanh so nhieu thi chi
them s, nhu:
girl / girls, month / months, house / houses
car / cars , boy / boys, year / years, friend / friends
D uai day la nhung tnrcmg hop dac biet:
a) Noun tan ciing bang s, x, z, sh, ch, se them es:
bus / buses, box / boxes, waltz / waltzes, wish /
w is h e s , lunch / lunches, brush / brushes, bush / bushes
b) Noun tan ciing bang y, truac la mot phu am

(consonant), thi thay y bang i roi them es:
colony / colonies, country / countries
b a b y / b a b ie s , penny / pennies

c) Noun tan cung bang y, truac la mot nguyen am
(v o w e l) , thi th e m s:

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monkey / monkeys, boy / boys
d) Noun tan cung bang f hay fe, thi them s:
roof / roofs, safe / safes
Mot so trirong hop thay f hay fe bang v, roi them es:
leaf / leaves, life / lives
e) Noun tan ciing bang o, truac la mot phu am
(consonant), thi them es:
tomato / tomatoes, veto / vetoes
0
Noun tan ciing bang o, truac la mot nguyen am
(vowel), thi chi them s:
radio / radios
g) Nhung truong hap bat qui tac:
child / children, tooth / teeth, woman / w om en...
h) Common noun co hyphen (-), hay viet tach biet, thi
them s vao nhirng tir chinh:

mother-in-law / mothers-in-law, ice-cream / ice­
creams
college student / college students, girl school / girl
schools
2. PRONOUNS
Pronoun la mot tir dung thay cho mot noun de noi ve
nguai hay vat (person or thing), chuc nang giong nhu
common noun hay proper noun trong mot cau. Tieng Anh
co han 70 pronouns, chia thanh 5 nhom:
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a) Personal pronouns (+ possessive form va reflexive
form)
b) Demonstrative pronouns
c) Interrogative pronouns
d) Relative pronouns
e) Indefinite pronouns
a) Personal pronouns (dai tir nhan xirng)
Personal pronoun la dai tir nhan xirng chi ro rang
nguai hay vat (specific persons and things); I, we la ngucri
noi, noi vai nguai true tiep doi thoai la you; nguai hay vat
dugc noi toi la he, she, it va they. Chuc nang cua cac
pronouns nay trong mot cau co the la chii ngu (subject), co
the la bo ngu (object), va khi viet hay noi thi can hap vai
nhau theo nhung dac tinh duai day:

Gender: {masculine or fem inine (giong due hay giong
cai)
neuter (giong trung)
singular or plural (so it hay so nhieu)
fir s t person : chinh minh (nguai noi).
second person : mot nguai hay nhieu nguai (doi dien
khi noi).
third person : mot nguai hay nhieu nguai, vat hay
nhieu vat (dugc noi toi).

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Nominative case

Nominative case

singular

plural

I

we

you

you

he, she, it

they

Objective case

Objective case

singular

plural

first person

me

us

second person

you

you

him, her, it

them

first person
second person
third person

third person

Quan sat cac thi du (example) duai day de phan biet:
"nominative case", personal pronoun la subject trong
mot cau; "objective case", personal pronoun la object
cua mot dong tir (verb) hay cua mot giai tu (preposition)
trong mot cau.
Examples:
- Nominative case (subjective case)
She sang the song.
He played the guitar.
She played the piano.
- Objective case
The audience applauded her.
The audience sang with them .
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The audience crowded around her
Va duai day la truang hap co 2 chu ngu hay 2 bo ngu
trong mot cau:

Lucy and she sang a duet.
(Lucy la noun, she la pronoun : a compound subject)
The music thrilled Robert and me.
(Robert la noun, me la pronoun : a compound object)
Note: sau verb "to be" nen dung subjective form :
Nguai ta thuang quen noi It is me. Nhung khi viet thi
nen It is I.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Antecedent (tien ngu) la mot noun ma pronoun thay
the; nghia la noun do da dugc noi truac trong ciing cau,
hay cau truac nua. Dung pronoun thay cho antecedent
phai tuang duang, nghia la cung so it (singular) hay so
nhieu (plural), giong due (masculine) hay giong cai
(feminine).
Examples:
Each o f the boys must buy his own uniform.
Each o f the girls must buy her own uniform.
All o f the band members must buy their own
uniforms.
Possessive Forms (dang sa htru)
Used as determiners (tinh tir sa huu)

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Singular

Plural

my

our

your

your

his, her, its

their

first person
second person
third person
Example:
It is my hat.
(Do la mu cua toi)
This is our house.
It is her car.

Used alone (dai tir scr huu / dung mot minh)
Singular

Plural

first person

mine

ours

second person

yours

yours

his, hers, its

theirs

third person
Example:
It is m ine.
(Cai do cua toi)
This is yours.
That is hers.

Nhan xet: Sau tinh tic sa hieu (determiner) luon luon la
noun (my hat),
va sau dai tic sa hieu (dicng mot minh / used alone)
khong co noun, liieu ngam la noun da biet truac roi (loi
noi van tat).
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Reflexive Forms (dang phan than)
Singular

Plural

first person

m yself

ourselves

second person

yourself

yourselves

third person

him self

themselves

herself
itself
Reflexive pronouns (dai tir phan than) co tinh chat "nhan

manh" (emphasis) mot viec lam do chinh cac pronouns:
Examples:
The prime minister him self drove (his car) to work.
We ourselves built the house.
She made herself a sandwich.
(She made a sandwich by herself)
b) Demonstrative Pronouns (dai tir chi dinh)
Singular

Plural

Near

this

these

Far

that

those

This va that dung truac danh tu so it (single noun).
These va those dung truac danh tir so nhieu (plural noun).
This va these chi nhung thu a gan, that va those o \a
Before a noun:
This picture is beautiful.
These pictures are beautiful.
Do you remember that man?

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Used alone
This is my cousin.
Those are the beautiful lights from the sun.
That is the full moon.
c) Interrogative Pronouns (dai tir nghi van)
People only

nonpeople

People & nonpeople

who?

what?

which?

whom?
whose?
Compounds: whoever, whomever, whatever
Interrogative pronouns khong phan
(singular) va so nhieu ( plural).

biet so__U

W ho, what, which dung lam cau hoi khi la subject.
Whom lam cau hoi khi la object.
Whose lam cau hoi khi noi ve possession.
Examples:
Who is the tallest in the class?
What is her name?
Which car did you buy?
Whom do you trust?
Whose ideas are these?
d) Relative Pronouns (dai tir quan he)
People only

nonpeople

nonpeople in formal usage:
people in informal

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who

which

that

whom
which
whose
NOTE: who dung a truang hap khi subject la ngucri
(person) de noi lien menh de phu (subordinate clause) vai
menh de chinh (main clause) (dan giai a duai); whom
dung a truang hap neu la object cua mot verb hay cua mot
preposition; which va that chi dung vai do vat, vat
(things). Co truang hap dung "that" vai chuc nang nhu
"who", nhung tot nhat nen dung who de giu qui luat van
pham.
Examples:
The artist who painted this painting won a first-place
award.
(who in place o f artist / thay cho subject artist)
The woman whom you saw is the principal.
(whom is the object o f the verb saw / la. object cua
verb saw)
The woman with whom you spoke is the principal.
(whom is the object o f the preposition with / la object
cua preposition with)
My car, which I bought last month, is very small.
The car that I liked has been sold, (emphasis)

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