Văn phạm tiếng Anh: Phần 2

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VI. CORRECT WRITING
N guai hoc da di qua tat ca cac phan can ban cua qui
luat van pham, phan ke tiep se gom nhung dieu so dang
(fundamentals) de tach biet cac grammatical elements
trong mot cau va tranh cac loi thong thuang.

Punctuation
Diction

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Punctuation
Cho tai day nguai hoc da thu nhan dupe nhung qui
luat van pham tuang doi du de viet mot cau van, tiep theo
den phan q u a n tr o n g vai vai trd cua Punctuation. Dat
dung vi tri cho cac d a u se chung to nguai viet da hieu ro
qui luat cau true cac chicc nang van pham. Qui luat dung
cac dau trong mot cau se dupe coi la c a n va du ; nghia la,
neu dat dau khong dung cho thi tat ca cau van viet ra
khong co nghia hay khong ro nghia, hay nguai doc khong
hieu nguai viet muon noi gi.
End Marks
The Period
Dung period (dau cham .) sau mot cau xac dinh

(declarative statement) hay mot cau de nghi / ra lenh
(request / command), hay noi mot cach tong quat la khi
cham het mot cau.
The study hall is too noisy. Please stop your whispering,
(declarative)

(request)

J o h n a n s w e r e d th e te le p h o n e , (d e c la ra tiv e )
A n s w e r th e te le p h o n e , ( im p e ra tiv e )

She asked whether John had answered the telephone,
(indirect question)
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Dung period vai nhung tu da quen nhu Mr.. Mrs., Ms.,
Dr. truac mot proper noun (Mr. Smith, Dr. Smith). Jr., Sr.,
Ph.D. sau names. Chu y: khong dung period voi tu Miss
(vi£t tit la Ms.), va nen v ilt chu Ms. chu khong viet Miss
hay M rs. khi chua biet ro tinh trang hon nhan cua mot
nguai (marital status), co gia dinh hay chua.

The Question Mark
Dung ? sau cac cau hoi true tiep (direct question),
thuang bat dau vai cac tu nhu who, when, what, etc.

Note: Subject va verb dao ngugc.
When did you study chemistry?
Do you ever wonder what your future will be?
You want to make a good impression, don’t you?
Dung ? sau nien hieu khong biet chac:
King X was bom in 1661 (?) and died in 1701.
The Exclamation Point
Dung ! sau nhung cau chua dung cam xuc manh
(strong feeling).
What a horrible accident!
Fire! Help!
It was exciting, w asn’t it? Oh, I had a pleasant time.
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Ngucri viet van ngay nay (modem writing) it dung dau
! (cam than), nhung tu oh, goodness, well, yes, no, thuang
dugc theo sau bang dau phay (comma) chu khong dung
dau cam than.
The Comma
Khi dung mot trong nhung coordinating conjunctions
sau day de noi lien (connect) cac main clauses ( and, but,
or, nor, for, so, va yet ) thi luon luon co comma dung
truac. Dau comma hien ra de cho biet mot independent
clause cham dut va bao hieu la clause ke tiep sap den.
The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave

the park.
I placed the typed sheet on his desk, and he picked it
up and read it slowly. His face turned red, but he did not
say a word. I knew he was angry, for he rose and stamped
out o f the room.
Uyen chuyen: Khi nao mot hay ca hai main clauses
dupe noi lien bang mot conjunction neu clause dai hay co
nhiiu ddu thi co the thay c o m m a bang s e m ic o lo n :
The Mounties, dressed in red tunics and riding welltrained horses, were a familar sign on the Canadian
frontier; but few people in the United States saw Mounties
except in the movies.
(Mountie or M ounty : [colloq.] a member o f the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police [canh sat cuai ngua])

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Dung comma de tach nhung doan ngan hay menh de:
I washed the dishes, I dried them, and I put them away.
He walked into my office, took off his hat, and sat down.
The old house was empty, cold, dark, and uninviting.
She rushed into the house, up the stairs, and into her room.
Dung comma vai nhieu adjective cung mo ta tinh chat
mot noun:
Hong Kong grew up around a beautiful, sheltered,
accesible port.

Dung comma sau Introductory' prepositional phrases:
According to legend, Hercule had enormous strenght.
After his long exile to France, Charles II returned to
England in 1660.
Dung comma sau Introductory verbal phrases:
To succeed as a long-distance runner, a person must
have strong legs.
Exhausted by her effort, the swimmer fell back into
the pool.
Dung comma giua hai tu de tranh doc li|n nhau
(pause):
While we were eating, the table collapsed.
After we had washed, mother prepared breakfast.
Shortly after ten, thirty new recruits appeared.
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W hatever is, is right.
Dung comma de tach appositives (words that
immediately follow a noun or pronoun and stand for the
same thing):
Mr. Galloway, our science teacher, told me about it.
The teacher, a friend o f many years, advised me to stay.
The new boy, the one with red hair, sings beautifully.
Dung comma trong mot direct address (goi ten nhau):
Can you show me, Kathy, how to punctuate this sentence?

Will you speak a little louder, George?
Quan sat nhirng truang hap duai day de thay rang da
dung thira comma va sai (incorrect):
I had studied hard, b u t failed the test.
(incorrect, vi studied va failed la hai joining verb,
cung mot subject)
The man at the far end o f the head table, is my uncle.
(incorrect, vi khong the ngan cach giua subject va verb)
T he Semicolon
Dung semicolon de tach cac independent clause khi
khong noi lien bang mot coordinating conjunction, va khi
clause theo sau co conjunctive adverb (however, therefore,
moreover, consequently, etc.)

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There are only a few o f the urgent problems
concerning our ecology; many more exist, (no connective)
You must fill out the application form; later you will
be interviewed, (adverb with second clause)
“He is sick,” she said; "therefore, he will not come."
Dung semicolon de tach cac independent clauses khi
noi lien bang mot coordinating conjunction ma trong cau
da co nhieu dau:
I invited Sara, Susan, Leon, and John to the party; but

Joe, Robert, and Charles also dropped in.
Dung semicolon trong mot cau dai co nhieu comma:
Jean Smith, the cardiologist; Angelo Martinez, the
dentist; and Alan Wilson, the psychiatrist, meet for lunch
every Tuesday.
The Colon
Dung colon de bao hieu se co giai thich (explain), lam
sang to (clarify), dan chung (illustrate), them chi tiet
(specify detail).
Charm, in the abstract, has something o f the quality of
music: radiance, balance, and harmony.
The poets I likes best are these: Housman, Yeast, and
Eliot.
One characteristic accounted for his success: complete
honesty.
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The recommended treatment for a cold is as follows:
plenty o f fluids, bed rest, and aspirin for fever.
Dung colon sau nhung tir nhu he said truac khi co mot
trich dan :
The speaker rose to his feet and said: "Students and
teachers, I wish to call your attention..."

Dung colon de tach nhieu items (dieu noi tai) trong

mot cau:
For the most part we are an intemperate people: we eat
too much when we can, drink too much, indulge our
senses to much.
The Hyphen
Quan sat nhung truang hap duai day de dung hyphen:
Compound noun
Sister-in-law
M other-in-law
Daughter-in-law
Head-ache
Chinese-American
Long-distance
C o m p o u n d n u m b e rs :

sixty-four sixty-fourth

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eighty-seven

eighty-seventh

thirty-five thirty-fifth
Title

ex-President
ex-Director
The Apostrophe
Xem lai Possessive Noun a phan truac da dung
apostrophe vai nhieu truang hap, quan sat cac truang hap
duai day de dung dau nay:
Units o f time
twenty minutes’ drive (a twenty-minute drive)
one dollar's worth (one-dollar worth)
ten days’ wait

(a ten-day wait)

Contraction
I'm (I am)
Y ou're (You are)
There’s (There is)
W ho’s (who is)
Y ou’ ve (you have)
D on't (do not)

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ITALICS
Viet chu nghieng tat ca ten cac tac pham nghe thuat va

nhat bao, tuan bao, va tap chi (khi muon trich dan).
A M idsummer Night's Dream
The Song o f Hiawatha
Christina's World
the Washington Post
the Chicago Tribune
The Economist
Paris Match
ViSt chu nghieng cac ten airplane, ship, train
the Spirit o f St. Luouis (airplane)
U.S.S. Constitution (ship)
the Sunset Lim ited (train)

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CAPITALIZATION

&
Abbreviations
Vi£t chu hoa (capital letter or upper case letter) chu
sentence):
We laughed when he answered.
Why did he say that?
She asked him why he said that.

The building needs repair. How much will it cost?
Proper nouns & related adjectives.
Kate Webb, woman - Robert Baker, man - France,
country - Tuesday, day - October, month - Christmas
Eve, holiday - Frederick High School - Hood College Mauretania, ship - Fifth Avenue, boulevard - White
House, residence
Religions
Bible - Old Testament - Jewish, Catholic
Sermon on the Mount, Koran.
Titles of persons
I spoke briefly to Professor Jones. He is a professor of
history.
(chi viet hoa khi co ten theo sau)
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We visited the late President X ’s house in Hanoi.
Tonight the President will appear on national television.
(vi co tir the dung truac)
Fam ily relationship
At the moment M other, Father, and Aunt Lucy entered
the room.
My mother, father, and aunt are...
(khong viet hoa vi co possessive My dung truac)
Points of compass
Before we moved to the W est, we lived in the South

for a time.
We drive three miles east and then turn north on the
Pacific Highway.
(chi viet hoa khi chi ten mien dat, khong viet hoa khi
chi phuang huang)
Academic subjects
I intend to register for History 322 and Sociology 500.
Last year I took courses in history, sociology,
German, and Latin.
(Vi£t hoa ten mon hoc thuoc Cuon Danh Muc cac mon
hoc cua truang [catalogue listings] nhu a cau tren, khong
vi£t hoa khi noi cac mon hoc nhu a cau duai; viet hoa khi
noi ten ngon ngir [language]).
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Title of books
V ilt hoa chu dau va tat ca cac chu tiep theo, khong viet
hoa nhung a, an, the va cac prepositions / conjunctions.
“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”
“A Portrait o f the Artist as a Young M an”
Titles before proper nouns
Chi viet tat title cua mot nguai khi nao viet ca ten hp
(surname)
Dr. Amy Jones
Prof. James Boston

Chi viet tat nhung chu
Hon. (Honorable)
Rev. (Reverend)
Prof. (Professor)
Sen. (Senator)
khi co surname (family name) va given name (first name)
Examples:
The Hon. W.C. Jones (but not Hon. Jones)
Nghi thuc hon (more formal) thi vilt h it title va co tu the:
The Reverend W.C. Jones
Titles after proper names
Examples:
Amy Jones, MD
Nguyen D. Pham, Ph.D

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DICTION
N gu ari h o c vua di qua nhung phan ghi nhan dugc

nhirng qui luat c a n va d u (essentials / fundamentals) de
viet va noi dung theo van pham. Trong nhirng phan tiep
theo, nguai hoc se gap cac cach viet cua mot so cau tuomg
trung do sinh vien dai hoc (a nude My) viet va giao su sua
kem theo lai khuyen nen chon dung tir (choice o f words)

khi viet, nen dien y trong moi cau nhu the nao de nguai
doc de hieu; nghia la, tranh loi viet ruam ra (wordiness);
xa hem nita la dim g de nguai doc cam thay cau van te nhat
(triteness), khong bi roi vao tinh trang noi m a ho
(vagueness) hay vay muon nhung tir dung di dung lai
nhieu roi ([sao ngu] euphemism, idiom).
Han nua, neu English la ESL doi vai nhirng ai dang
tim hieu cach dung ngon ngu nay thi lai la mot dieu k h o
k h a n horn; do do, s u kien nhan trong viec tu hoc la dieu
cdn t h i i t : chiu kho doc nhieu va nhan xet cac cach viet.
W ordiness
D uai day la nhung cau dien hinh cua cac sinh vien
vi£t, va nhung huong dan cua giao su. Chu y quan sat, va
vai vdn lieng van pham da co thi nguai hoc se tim thay
sinh vien da dung nhieu tir khong can thiet; nghia la thira,
khi dien ta y muon noi, va vi ruam ra nen cau van thieu ro
rang.
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wordy
There is a man in our neighborhood, and he has
written three novels.
better
A man in our neighborhod has written three novels.
A neighbor o f ours has written three novels.

Thu gon nhu 2 cau tren da bat ruam ra, nhung cung
con co the lam cau van nhe han a cau duai day:
Our neighbor has written three novels.
Cau van ruam ra, va y muon noi khong ro rang vi
nguai viet dung nhieu tir but hay and nhu nhung cau duai
day:
wordy
The test was hard, and the students were resented, and
their instructor was irritated.
better
Because the students resented the hard test, their
instructor was irritated.
awkward
Mollie enjoys her work as a marketing manager
during the day and going to the theatre in the evening.
parallel
Mollie enjoys working as a marketing manager during
the day and going to the theatre in the evening.
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N ote: Can chu y khi dung coordinating conjunction
(and) nhu or truang harp tren thi nhirng tu truac va sau
phdi cung mot fo rm (parallel): enjoys working and
(enjoys) going.
faulty

Ellen not only has been outstanding in her studies but
also in athletics,
parallel
Ellen has been outstanding not only in her studies but
also in athletics.
ambiguous
Maria wants to write stories that describe the South
and study the habits o f the Creoles, (stories that study the
habits o f the Creoles),
clear
Maria wants to write stories that describe the South
and to study the habits o f the Creoles.
Trucrng hop ruam ra khac thucmg thay a cach viet
khoe chu, nguai viet muon to ra biet nhieu khi dung
nhung tir c^u ky nhu "blessed event", "passing away" thay
vi vi<§t birth, death. D uai day la cac truang hap tuang tu:
Our horse X has gone to the big round-up in the sky.
Nen v i e t : Our horse X has died
Due to the fact that he was enamored of Angela, Thomas
comported himself in such a way as to appear ridiculous.
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Nen viet: Because he was in love with Angela,
Thomas behaved foolishly
I regret extremely the necessity o f your departure.

Nen v ie t : I am sorry you must go
Vi coi thuang (carelessness) hay khong biet (ignorance)
nghia cua tu, nguai viet da mac vao loi diep ngir (noi nhieu
lan [unnecessary repitition]).
Day cung la loai wordiness nua thuang xay ra, goi la
redundancy a nhung cau dien hinh duai day:
Repeat that again, please.
(why again?)
Vi tir repeat da co nghia la "lap lai"
His solution was equally as good as hers.
(why equally?)
Vi cum tir as good as da co nghia la "bang n h W
The consensus o f opinion o f the group was that Mrs.
Jacobs will make a good mayor.
Chi can dung: consensus o f the group hoac la the
opinion o f the group (Vi tir consensus va tir opinion a cau
nay co nghia giong nhau, hai tir of lien nhau da lam cho
cau van ruam ra)
wordy
This location is more preferable than that one.
(preferable co nghia la "more desirable"; do do. more
a day thira.)
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better

This location is preferable to that one.
(verb prefer luon luon co preposition to di theo)
wordy
The union continues to remain at odds with factory
management
(continue va remain co cung mot nghia)
better
The union continues at odds with factory management.
The union remains at odds with factory management,
wordy
It was a dog large in size and brown in color,
better
It was a large brown dog.
wordy
Mrs. Frost rarely ever wears her fur coat,
better
Mrs. Frost rarely wears her fur coat.
Vagueness
Khong nen dung tu nao neu chua hieu ro nghia. hoac
chua auen cach dung; neu khong thi se roi vao tinh trang y
m a ho. Trong Anh ngu co nhieu tir rat triu tuang thuang
thSy nhu asset, factor, phase, case, nature, character, line,
field. CSn than khi dung nhung tir nay cho dung cho, hay
t6t hem het la khong dung de cau van dugc nhe nhang, de
hilu. Nhung cau duai day cho thi du nen tranh:
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In cases where a person receives a ticket for speeding,
he must pay a fine o f fifty dollars.
(a ticket for speeding la giay phat vi lai xe qua toe <1q
luat djnh)
In cases where co the thay bang tir i f
Industry and intelligence are important assets in
business success.
Bo di tir a s s e ts thi cau nay van khong thay doi nghia
The course is o f a very difficult nature.
Nen viet: The course is very difficult.
Jerry was aware o f the fact that he was risking his
savings.
Nen viet: Jerry was aware that he was risking his
savings.
T riteness
Trong nhieu sach van pham, giao su or My khuyen
sinh vien tranh dung nhung thanh ngu (expression / idiom)
da nghe qua nhieu tir lau. Nhung tir do se lam cho cau van
te nhat (trite), kho khan (dull), hay dap khuon, (cliche’).
Va cac cach viet a may the ky truac khong con dugc ua
thich, nhu thai cua giai Victoria (cuoi the ky 19 d nuoc
Anh) dat ra nhung tir ong a, nghe em tai (euphemism) nhu
"limbs" thay cho tir legs. Cach viet khac ntra cung khong
con dugc ua thich la trich dan cac cau ngan ngu
(proverbs), cac cau van hay ldi dep a cac sach van chucmg
thdi xua (literature).
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Faulty
D u ai day la mot so tir sinh vien thuang hieu Ian Ion
nghia hoac dung khong dung cho (faulty):
Above, nghia la higher place, overhead, up khong viet: the above reference, the above names.
Accept, Except, am thanh gan giong nhau to accept is to receive; to except is to make an
exception of, to omit. Except (as a preposition) means
with the exception o f
A.D. chu viet tat cua Anno Domini (in the year o f our
Lord), chi dung khi co nien hieu : A.D. 1400
AH ready, Already. Tir truac nghia la all are ready
(da san sang) {The players were all ready); tir sau nghia la
before now (She has already gone) (da di roi).
All together, Altogether. Tir truac nghia la cong tat
ca (all o f a number) (She invited them all together); tir sau
nghia la entirely, completely (He was altogether wrong)
Alright, sai spelling, dung: all right
Anyone, Any one. Tir truac la indefinite pronoun,
mot tir viet lien; tir sau nghia la bat cu mot nguai nao, mot
vat gi luon luon hai tir (Any one o f your friends will be
glad to help you)
Likely, nghia la credible, probable, probably (He had
a likely excuse).
As far as. dung la mot subordinating conjunction,
nghia la theo sau co ca subject va verb, (faulty: As far as
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her ability she is perfectly able to do the work. Correct: As
far as her ability is concerned, she is perfectly able to do
the work.)
Awful, Awfully. Ca hai tir deu la colloquial, co nghia
tuong tir very
Awhile, A W hile. Tir truac dung la adverb (for a
short time) (They stayed awhile at their friends ’house); tir
a while (hai tir) neu dimg sau preposition fo r thi while la
noun (/ thought fo r a while that you were going to miss the
plane.)
Beside, Besides. Tir truoc la preposition : by the side
of (Along came a spider and sat down beside her.): tir sau
neu la preposition thi nghia la except (He had nothing
besides his good name), neu la adverb thi nghia la in
addition, moreover (He received a medal and fifty dollars
besides.)
Blam e O n. verb nay luon luon di voi fo r (not on)
(They blamed the driver fo r the accident but not They
blamed the accident on the driver.)
Couple, luon luon theo sau voi o f co nghia nhu two
hay a fe w (couple, khong chinh thuc)
Due to. khong dung due to de thay cho because of nhu:
(Due to a lenghty illness, he left college); chi dung sau mot
noun hay sau linking verb (His failure, due to laziness, was

not surprising. The accident was due to carelessness.)
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Equally As. khong dung hai tir di ciing nhau, hoac
equally hoac as, khong viet: Water is equally as necessary
as air. Nen viet : Water is as necessary as air. Hoac nen
viet: Water and air are equally necessary.
Farther, Further. Tir truoc co nghia a more distant
point, tir sau : a greater extent, in addition. It is farther to
Minneapolis from Chicago than from here. We will talk
further about this tomorrow.
Few, Less. Tir truoc noi ve mot so (a number), tir sau
noi ve so luong (amount). Where there are few er persons,
there is less noise.
Hardly, khong dimg voi negative. Sai: I can 7 hardly
see it. Dung: I can hardily see it.
If, W hether, phan biet nghTa timg tir: I f : Let me know
if you are coming, (chi cho biet neu se toi) Whether : Let
me know whether you are coming, (ngudi noi chd doi cau
tra ldi co den hay khong)
It’s me. formal English (nghi thuc) : It is I. (It is me :
informal English). Tuy nhien, cho phep dung trong khi noi
nhung khong dung khi viet.
Like, As. preposition like can theo sau voi mot object
(He ran like a horse), conjunction as can theo sau voi mot

clause (He did as he wished)
Quan sat: Many species o f oaks, as the red oak, the
white oak, the water oak, are found in the Southeast. Phdi
dung like, khong dung as.
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Nice, chi dung de noi mot cach chung chung, tong
quat, khong ro rang. Neu muon khen, ca tung ai/ cai gi thi
nen tim nhirng adjective ro rang (specific).
Too. co nghia in addition, excessively. Se sai nghia
neu djnh noi very, very much. Too co nghia la qua nhieu.
W ait for, W ait on nghia tir truoc la to look forward to
(chd doi): For two hours I have waited fo r you. Tir sau co
nghia to serve (tiep dai): The butler and two servers
waited on the guests at dinner.

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Spelling W ords
Vi sir cau true tir ngir cho nen de nhcr dugc tieng Anh

thi nguai hoc gap kha nhieu kho khan va nhieu nguai
thuang viet sai - thieu chu hoac khong dung thu tu truac
sau, nhieu nguai doc dugc nhung khong biet viet the nao.
Co nhieu cach de viet dung nhu chia van (syllable) cua tir
theo loi phat dm (pronunciation); dung quy luat spelling
rules; hay gian dan nhat la hoc "thuoc long" (memorize)
hay tra ciru a tir dien. D uai day la nhung tir thuang dung
ma ciing thuang viet sai (mispelled).
* Nen doc va viet nhieu lan de nho.

absence

apparent

canister

accidentally

appearance

capital

accommodate

approach

capitol

accompany

appreciate

cellophane

accomplish

arctic

cemetery

accumulate

acknowledge

cafeteria

accuracy

argument

changeable

accustomed

arrangement

characteristic

ache

ascend

chief
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achieve

assassinate

civilization

acquaint

assistance

colonel

acquired

athletic

column

across

attendance

comfortable

actually

attitude

commissioner

address

authority

committee

adolescent

autumn

compel

advertise

awkward

competent
competition

affectionate

afraid

bachelor

conceive

again

ballon

condemn

bankruptcy

barbarous

aggravated

basically

confidential

aggressive

basis

conscience

aisle

battalion

conscious

all right

beggar

consistent

almost

beginning

constitution

alphabet

behavior

cooperate

already

believe

corporation

altogether

benefited

corps

aluminum

boulevard

correspond

always

boundary

cough

amateur

bruise

could

ambassador

budget

counterfeit

122

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