(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) an appraisal analysis of attitude resourses in opinion texts in CNN

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
QUY NHON UNIVERSITY

NGUYỄN THỊ MỘNG VÂN

AN APPRAISAL ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDINAL
RESOURCES IN OPINION TEXTS IN CNN

Field: English Linguistics
Code: 8220201

Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền

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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN

NGUYỄN THỊ MỘNG VÂN

NGUỒN NGÔN NGỮ DIỄN TẢ THÁI ĐỘ TRONG
CÁC DIỄN NGƠN BÌNH LUẬN TRÊN KÊNH CNN
THEO LÝ THUYẾT ĐÁNH GIÁ

Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh
Mã số: 8220201

Người hướng dẫn: PGS. TS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền

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STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby ceritfy that this thesis entitled “An Appraisal analysis of
Attitudinal Resources in opinion texts in CNN” contains no material
published elsewhere or extracted in the whole, or in part from a paper by
which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma.
Moreover, no one‟s work has been used without acknowledgement in the
paper.
This paper has not been submitted to award any degree or diploma in
any other territory institution.

Binh Dinh, 2021

Nguyễn Thị Mộng Vân

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In order to complete this thesis, it is not only my efforts but also other
assistance of individuals to whom I really want to offer my deepest gratitude.
First of all, I‟d like to express my special thanks to many people who
gave me great help when I completed this thesis. I am deeply thankful to my
supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền, who has given me much

invaluable advice and encouragement since the very beginning and has been
my frequent source of many invaluable insights. I am also grateful to her for
reading my manuscript and helping me make the necessary changes.
Secondly, I am also grateful to lecturers who have given the foundation
for this thesis and all the staff of the Post-graduate Department at Quy Nhon
University for their encouragement, kindness and administrative assistance.
Thirdly, I also want to thank my colleagues for their encouragement
and support. I am grateful to my family and my husband, who have helped me
overcome many difficulties throughout the course and the study of this thesis.
Without them, I could not have overcome the trouble during this journey.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis presents the analysis of Attitudinal Resources in opinion
texts in CNN based on the framework of Appraisal Theory by Martin and
White, which is considered as a new approach to evaluating languages. The
study aims at discovering the linguistic expressions expressing the attitude of
Journalists and interpreting linguistic features of these expressions regarding
Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation. The combination of quantitative and
qualitative methods was applied for the data analysis. The study shows that
three sub-categories of Attitude are disproportionately used in the text.
Specifically, Judgment occupied the largest proportion, the second highest
was Appreciation and Affect was found to occur at the lowest rate. Besides,
the research outcomes indicated that the more common employment of
Positive and Explicit than Negative and Implicit ones. Finally, as for the

lexical features of these resources, the findings show a difference in using
noun, adjective, adverb or verb to express the attitude.

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TABLE CONTENT
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. ii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... iii
TABLE CONTENT ........................................................................................ iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
1.1. Rationale .................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Aims and objectives .................................................................................. 2
1.2.1. Aims ................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2. Objectives ........................................................................................ 3
1.3. Research Questions ................................................................................... 3
1.4. Scope of the study ..................................................................................... 3
1.5. Significance of the study ........................................................................... 3
1.6. Organization of the study .......................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................... 6
2.1. An overview of Appraisal ......................................................................... 6
2.1.1. Engagement ...................................................................................... 8
2.1.2. Graduation ........................................................................................ 8
2.1.3. Attitude ............................................................................................ 9

2.2. Previous Studies ...................................................................................... 22
2.3. Summary ................................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER 3 . RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................... 27
3.1. Research method ..................................................................................... 27

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3.2. Description of data ................................................................................... 27
3.3. Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 28
3.4. Research procedures ................................................................................ 29
3.5. Reliability and validity in the research ................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4 . FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .......................................... 30
4.1. General findings of the use of Attitudinal resources in opinion texts .... 30
4.2. Affect in opinion texts in CNN ............................................................... 33
4.2.1. Frequency of Affect and its subcategories in opinion texts in
CNN ......................................................................................................... 33
4.2.2. Linguistic features of Affect values in opinion texts in CNN ....... 38
4.3. Judgment in opinion texts in CNN.......................................................... 43
4.3.1. Sub-categories with Social Esteem and Social Sanction 43
4.3.2. Linguistic features of Judgment values in opinion texts in
CNN ......................................................................................................... 48
4.4. Appreciation in Opinion texts in CNN ................................................... 53
4.4.1. Sub-categories with Appreciation in Opinion texts in CNN ......... 54
4.4.2. Linguistic features of Appreciation values in opinion texts in
CNN ......................................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ............................. 63
5.1. Summary of the findings ......................................................................... 63

5.2. Implications ............................................................................................. 65
5.3. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Study ...................................... 65
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 66

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AT:

Apparaisal Theory

SFL:

Systemetic Functional Linguistics

Instance:

Ins

(-) :

Negative

(+) :

Positive

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Grammatical realizations of Affect ............................................... 12
Table 2.2. Sub-systems of Affect (Martin & White, 2005: 51) ..................... 14
Table 2.3. Judgements of esteem and sanction (Martin & White, 2005: 53) ........ 18
Table 2.4. Types of Appreciation (Martin and White, 2005: 56) .................. 21
Table 4.1. Authorial and Non-authorial Affect in opinion texts in CNN ...... 40
Table 4.2. The detailed distribution of Social Esteem and Social Sanction
in opinion texts in CNN ................................................................... 44

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. An Overview of appraisal resources (Martin & White, 2005: 38) ....... 7
Figure 2.2. An overview of Attitude resources .............................................. 10
Figure 2.3. Judgment and Appreciation as Institutionalized Affect .............. 11
Figure 4.1. Frequency of Affect, Judgement and Appreciation in opinion
texts in CNN .................................................................................. 31
Figure 4.2. Sub-categories of Affect in opinion texts in CNN ..................... 34
Figure 4.3. Positive and Negative Affect in opinion texts in CNN ............... 38
Figure 4.4. Lexical features of Affect resources in opinion texts in CNN .... 42
Figure 4.5. Explicit and Implicit Judgment in opinion texts in CNN ............ 49

Figure 4.6. Positive and Negative Judgments in opinion texts in CNN ........ 50
Figure 4.7. Lexical features of Judgment resources in opinion texts
in CNN ........................................................................................... 52
Figure 4.8. The distribution of Reaction, Composition and Valuation ......... 54
Figure 4.9. Explicit and Implicit Appreciation in opinion texts ................... 58
Figure 4.10. Positive and Negative Appreciation in opinion texts ................ 59
Figure 4.11. Lexical features of Appreciation resources in opinion texts
in CNN ........................................................................................... 61

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter starts with the rationale, followed by the aim and
objectives of the study, research questions, the significance of the study, and
the study's scope. The design of the study is presented as the last section of
the research.
1.1. Rationale
The opinion report has been developing tremendously because of the
great need for collecting information from readers. They are reading opinion
reports daily because these are widely believed to help people be aware of the
surroundings' constant changes. Each type offers different approaches to the
world. The information in CNN opinion is constantly updated with the latest
information worldwide for readers and viewers. There are many different
ways of expressing attitude from sociologists, politicians, journalists, national
security correspondents, theologians, political advisors, social justice
scholars, writers and reporters in opinion reports.

Furthermore, for many recent years, there has been deeply growing
interest in Appraisal. The theory has been applied in a wide range of fields of
linguistics to describe and explain how people evaluate others and things.
Martin & White (2005) claims that the Appraisal Theory (AT) framework is
to explore, describe and explain the way language used to construct textual
personas, evaluate, adopt stances, and manage interpersonal positioning and
relationships. The Appraisal has shown to be a valuable tool for analyzing the
texts in terms of attitudinal aspects of writers, and it has been improved by
many scholars and applied to analyze different aspects of discourses. There
are many researchers addressing the issue of appraisal in such various genres

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as Interviews (Caldwell, 2009); Speeches (Wang, 2010); Editorials (Van,
2014); Marketing discourse (Alamsya et al, 2015). As a result, it can be found
that AT has been applied in a wide variety of genres, which proves its
significance as a theoretical framework to help understand the evaluative
language.
Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation, forms the Appraisal
System. It plays an integral role in the expression of interpersonal meanings
of the language. According to Martin and White (2005), Attitude deals with
“our feelings including emotional reactions, judgements of behaviors and
evaluation of things” (Martin and White, 2005: 35). Attitude relates to
meanings by which speakers/writers assess and connect feeling and emotional
responses with participants and processes. Martin and White (2005) state that
Attitude is classified as three sub-types of meanings: Affect, Judgement,
Appreciation. Affect is concerned with the expression of the feelings and

emotions of human beings; While Judgement with the evaluation of the
human beings‟ behaviours and actions according to normative principles, and
Appreciation deals with valuation about the things, events, or phenomenon
around us.
There have been many studies carried out employing the AT as a
theoretical framework. However, there has not been any study of attitudinal
resources in opinion texts in CNN, which means a gap is available for my
thesis. Those reasons inspire and prompt me to research the attitudinal aspects
in this genre.
1.2. Aims and objectives
1.2.1. Aims
The study aims to find out linguistic expressions expressing the attitude
of Journalists in CNN opinion texts based on the Appraisal framework by

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Martin and White (2005) and to interpret linguistic features of these
expressions.
1.2.2. Objectives
For the aim mentioned above to be fulfilled, the research concentrates on
the following objectives:
- To identify and synthesize sub-types of Attitude in opinion texts in CNN.
- To investigate the linguistic features of these resources.
1.3. Research Questions
The thesis addresses itself to answer the three following questions:
1. What attitudinal resources are used in opinion texts in CNN?
2. How often are the three sub-types of attitudinal resources used in

opinion texts in CNN?
3. What are the linguistic features of these attitudinal resources used in
opinion texts in CNN?
1.4. Scope of the study
It is clear that Appraisal framework contains three resources, namely
Attitude, Graduation and Engagement. However, I just explore the Attitude of
socialists on CNN‟S opinion because of the time limitation and the potential
popularity of this resource in this genre.
1.5. Significance of the study
Attitude is regarded as one of the most primary targets in the field of
AT research. This study focuses on analyzing Attitude, which is concerned
with feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and
evaluation of things, and its effectiveness on CNN‟s opinion. With its
findings, the study emphasizes the importance of AT as a framework to help
understand the language of evaluation used to express attitudes in this genre.

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This study is expected to analyse some attiudes of socialists on CNN‟s
opinion, which helps the research draw some conclusion that are of theoretical
and practical significance. For theoretical significance, it provides an analysis
study of effect in attitude values of AT. Through this research, we are able to
have a sufficient foundation of knowledge on the attitude resources included
in AT. Practically, by analyzing attitudinal resources used in speeches, this
study certainly helps to find out and suggest the ways public speakers employ
these elements to make their speeches successful and persuasive.
1.6. Organization of the study

The study is organized into five chapters:
Chapter 1, Introduction, includes the rationale, the aims and objectives,
research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, and
the organization of the thesis.
Chapter 2, Literature Review, presents a summary of AT, especially Attitude,
and its three domains. Then, a brief review of the previous studies, which
were based on the AT, is also described.
Chapter

3, Research

Methodology,

consists

of

research

methods

encompassing data collection, data analysis, the reliability and validity of the
research.
Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, deals with analyzing and discussing the
frequencies and the uses of subtypes of Attitude on CNN‟S opinion.
Chapter 5, Conclusions and Implications, summarizes the significant findings
and suggests implications for further study.
In summary, this chapter serves to provide the preliminaries of the
thesis. It starts with the rationale, followed by the aim and objectives of the
study, research questions, the scope of the study, the importance of the study

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and the organization of the study. In other words, Chapter 1 aims at offering
an overview of the contents of the following chapters, contributing to
sketching the research outline to follow.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents the theoretical framework the study is based on
and the previous studies relating to the topic. It consists of two parts. The first
part begins with theoretical knowledge of Appraisal Theory (AT) - the
language of evaluation which is relevant to the purpose of the study. The
second part presents a brief overview of the recent studies related to Attitude
to find out the gaps for the study.
2.1. An overview of Appraisal
According to Martin and White (2005: 34-35), Appraisal “is one of
three major discourse semantic resources construing interpersonal meaning”.
An appraisal is concerned with evaluation, the kinds of attitudes negotiated in
a text, the strength of the feelings involved, and how values are sourced and
readers aligned (Martin & Rose, 2007). It extends the interpersonal function

of language described in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by a notable
linguist, M.A.K. Halliday (1994), (2004) and is developed by a group of
linguists led by James Martin. Haliday (1994) SFL is deeply concerned with
the purposes of language use. He claimed that all languages are shaped and
organized about three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual.
Martin and White (2005) have developed the Interpersonal function in their
Appraisal framework as a communicative exchange of meanings.
Martin & White (2005) claim that Appraisal is recognized as a
particular approach to constitute interpersonal positioning and relationships,
and evaluate the language, adopt stances, construct textual characters.
As Vo Duy Duc (2017) defines Appraisal ‟as an umbrella term used to

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refer to the semantic resources including words, phrases, and structures that
speakers or writers employ to negotiate emotions, judgments, and valuations”.
From the semantics perspective, AT can be regionalized as three
interacting domains: Engagement, Graduation and Attitude. Attitude is related
to our feelings, including reactions of emotion, judgments of behavior, and
evaluation of things; Engagement deals with sourcing attitudes and the play of
voices around opinions in discourse; Graduation attends to grading
phenomena whereby feelings and categories blurred (Martin & White, 2005).
The three systems can be further subdivided. Attitude can be separated by
three types of feelings depending on the nature of the appraised, namely
Affect, Judgement and Appreciation, while Engagement has two subsystems:
Monoglossia and Heteglossia; and Graduation also consists of two ranges:
Force and Focus. An overview of these appraisal systems is presented in

Figure 2.1. as follows:

Figure 2.1. An Overview of appraisal resources (Martin & White, 2005: 38)

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2.1.1. Engagement
Engagement deals with language resources for positioning the
speaker's/author's voice for the various propositions and proposals conveyed
by a text. In other words, through Engagement, the writer either affirms or
distances himself/herself from what is written/spoken.
The Engagement system, as Martin (2000) states, can be divided
as monoglossia (single voice) and heteroglossia (multiple voices). While the
primarily former appears in narrative genres, in which the authorial voice is
dominant, the heteroglossia nature of academic writing can “[invoke] or allow
for dialogistic alternatives,‖ i.e. Heteroglossia is further divided into two
dimensions: dialogic expansion and contraction - the former deals with semantic
resources entertaining other voices, acknowledging sources, distancing from the
authorial voice. The latter is used to narrow the space for a particular dialogic
alternative through disclaim (denial and countering) and proclaim (limitation).
2.1.2. Graduation
The second system is Graduation, which is regarded as a “grading
phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred” (Martin
& White, 2005:35). This means it operates across two scalability peaks from
grading based on intensity or amount to prototypicality and preciseness. It is
also a general property of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation values that they
interpret a vast extent of positivity or negativity. Graduation can be

categorized into two primary forms from this gradability: Force (the
strengthening or weakening) and Focus (the sharpening or softening).
Graduation covers language sources used to make the message in the text
more intense or less intense.
Focus covers those meanings which are analyzed under the headings of
„hedging‟ and „vague language‟. Typical values are: he kindly admitted it;

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he effectively admitted it, he as good as admitted etc.; a whale is a fish, softly.
Also, values that sharpen rather than blur the focus are included.
Force:
(7) Social networks are somewhat harmful.
(8) Social networks are really harmful.
(9) I just don‟t love country music. I adore it.
Focus:
(10) Well, they play something which is sort of like jazz music.
(11) They play true jazz.
(White, 1998: 3)
2.1.3. Attitude
According to Martin and White (2005), Attitude is a language resource,
expressing the attitude(s) towards people, events, and other phenomena. It is
expressed by judgment, appreciation, or emotion. Attitude covers ―our
feelings, including emotional reactions, Judgments of behavior and
evaluation of things‖ (ibid.). There are three areas of attitude resources:
Appreciation, Affect and Judgement. Appreciation looks at resources for
construing the value of things, including natural phenomena and semiosis (as

either product or process), for example, very psychedelic, destructive,
cathartic, liberatory, etc. Affect deals with resources for construing emotional
reactions, which can be positive or negative, for example, horror, worry,
anger, gloom, etc. (Martin & White, 2005: 35-36). Judgment is concerned
with resources for assessing or evaluating behavior, to social esteem and
social sanction such as mean, miserly, minatory, etc. Entities can be evaluated
concerning reactions they provoke, their compositional qualities, and their
worthiness (Lam & Crosthwaite, 2018: 11). Attitude is presented in the

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following Figure 2.2. (Liu, 2013: 42, based on Martin & White, 2005)

Figure 2.2. An overview of Attitude resources

These three resources of Attitude are closely interrelated. Martin &
White (2005) claim that one way to think about Judgement and Appreciation
is to see them as institutionalized feelings, which take us out of our everyday
common-sense world into the uncommon sense worlds of shared community
values. In detail, Judgment refers to feelings in the realm of proposals about
behavior - how we should behave or not, while Appreciation considers
feelings as propositions about the value of things - what they are worth or not.
In this system, Affect is considered as the heart of institutionalized feelings.
An outline of this orientation to Affect at the heart of institutionalized feelings

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is presented in Figure 2.3.
ethics/morality (rules and regultions)
feeling institutionalized as proposals
feeling institutionalised as propositions
aesthetics/value (criteria and assessment)

JUDGMENTTTT
TTTNTTNTNTN
NNNNNNNNT
AFFECT
DTYYT

TTTTT
TTTTT
APPRECIATION
TTTTT
OOO0onON
TTTTT
TTTTT
TTTTT as Institutionalized Affect
Figure 2.3. Judgment and Appreciation
T
(Martin & White, 2005: 45)

Because Attitude is our main framework for the data analysis,
the three subtypes will be discussed in detail.
2.1.3.1. Affect

Affect is involved in “registering positive and negative feelings: do we
feel happy or sad, confident or anxious, interested or bored?” (Martin &
White, 2005: 42). Affect is concerned with semantic resources for interpreting
emotional reactions and registering positive and negative feelings, such as
happiness, sadness, confidence, anxiety, boredom or interest. Affect is divided
into two sub-types comprising Authorial Affect (author‟s own emotions) and
Observed Affect or Non-Authorial Affect (the characters‟ emotions in the text).
According to Martin & White (2005: 46), Affect can be realized by words
of quality, mental and

behavioral

processes,

modal adjuncts,

and

nominalizations. Martin and White developed Attitude as a semantic discourse
system, so the semantics of affect and general realisations of the grammar are

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understood. These realizations can be viewed in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. Grammatical realizations of Affect
Types

Grammatical

Examples

realizations
affect as ‘quality’
-describing participants

Epithet Attribute

a sad captain

- attributed to participants

Circumstance

the captain was sad.

- manner of processes

the captain left sadly.

affect as ‘process’

his departure upset him

- affective mental

Process

the captain wept.

– affective behavioural
affect as ‘comment’

he missed them.

Modal Adjunct

sadly, he had to go.

Subject, Object

joy, sadness, sorrow

- desiderative
affect as ‘nominalizations’

To classify Affect, Martin & White (2005: 46-49) suggest the following
questions be examined:
a. Are the feelings popularly construed by the culture as positive (good
vibes that are enjoyable to experience) or negative ones (bad vibes that
are better avoided)?
b. Are the feelings realized as a surge of emotion involving some kind
of embodied paralinguistic or extra-linguistic manifestation, or more
internally experienced as a kind of emotional state or ongoing mental
process?
c. Are the feelings construed as directed at or reacting to some specific
emotional Trigger or as a general ongoing mood for which one might

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pose the question “Why are you feeling that way?” and get the answer
“I am not sure.”?
d. How are the feelings graded – towards the lower-valued end of a
scale of intensity or the higher-valued end, or somewhere in between?
e. Do the feelings involve intention (rather than reaction) concerning a
stimulus that is irrealis (rather than realis)?
Affect is further subdivided into four types:
(1) The dis/inclination deals with irrealis affect, which describes fear
and Desire. The familiar words through which Dis/inclination are
indicated are words of behavior like tremble, shudder, suggest,
demand… and words of disposition, for example, wary, keen, miss…
(2) The un/happiness set of meanings is probably the first to come to
mind when we think about emotions, and it is included in all of the
inventories we have encountered. It covers emotions concerned with
“affairs of the heart” – sadness, hate, happiness and love, hug, cry,be
fond of, cheerful…
(3) The in/security refers to the speaker‟s emotions concerned with
ecosocial well-being such as anxiety, fear, confidence and trust; it also
mentions the mood of feeling peaceful and anxious with the
surroundings. This sub-type can be typically presented through words
like restless, cry out, shaking, anxious, confident, comfortable…
(4) The dis/satisfaction deals with our feelings of achievement and
frustration about the activities in which we are engaged. It covers
emotions concerned with telos (the pursuit of goals) - ennui,
displeasure, curiosity, respect. Some words such as yawn, fed up with,

angry,

busy,

attentive,

compliment…

are

used

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Dis/satisfaction.
Martin and Rose (2007) demonstrated how people expressed their
feelings in discourse, finding that they varied in two general ways. There are
good feelings or bad feelings, so all four sub-types of Affect can be classified
as either Positive or negative emotional dispositions. Besides, people‟s
feelings can be expressed directly, or inferred from how people are feeling
indirectly from their behavior, so affect can be expressed directly or implied.
These sub-types are presented in details in Table 2.2 below.
Table 2.2. Sub-systems of Affect (Martin & White, 2005: 51)

DIS/INCLINATION

Surge (of behavior)

Disposition

fear

tremble

wary

shudder

fearful

cower

terrorized

suggest

miss

request

long for

demand

year for

Surge (of behavior)

Disposition

misery

whimper

down [low]

[mood: „in me‟]

cry

sad [median]

wail

miserable [high]

rubbish

dislike

abuse

hate

revile

abhor

chuckle

cheerful

desire

UN/HAPPINESS
unhappiness

antipathy

happiness
cheer

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affection

IN/SECURITY

laugh

buoyant

rejoice

jubilant

shake hands

be fond of

hug

love

embrace

adore

Surge (of behavior)

Disposition

restless

uneasy

twitching

anxious

shaking

freaked out

start

startled

cry out

jolted

declare

together

assert

confident

delegate

comfortable with

commit

confident in/about

entrust

trusting

Surge (of behavior)

Disposition

fidget

flat

yawn

stale

turn out

jaded

caution

cross, bored with

scold

angry, sick of

castigate

furious, fed up with

insecurity
disquiet

surprise

security
confidence

trust

DIS/SATISFACTION
dissatisfaction
ennui

displeasure

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