Tài liệu Nurse’s Fast Facts: Your Quick Source for Core Clinical Content pdf

REFERENCE VALUES FOR LABORATORY
TESTS—BLOOD OR SERUM
These values are for some of the more common laboratory tests done on
blood or serum. See pp. 172–198 for a more complete list, including possi-
ble causes of increased and decreased values.
Test Conventional Units SI Units
Albumin
Alkaline
phosphatase
(ALP)
Ammonia
Amylase
Bilirubin
Blood urea
nitrogen
(BUN)
Calcium
(serum)
Chloride
Cholesterol
Cholesterol, low
density (LDL)
Cholesterol, high
density (HDL)
CO
2
, venous
Creatinine
Creatine kinase
or creatine

phosphokinase
(CK or CPK)
Glucose, whole
blood (fasting)
Iron
Iron-binding capac-
ity, total (TIBC)
Lipase
Adult: 3.5–5.0 g/dL or
52–68% of total protein
Child: 4.0–5.8 g/dL
Adult: 20–90 U/L
Child: 60–270 U/L
Infant: 40–300 U/L
Adult: 15–70 μg/dL
Newborn: 40–120 μg/dL
Adult: 4–25 U/mL
Child: 25–125 U/L
Newborn: Up to 65 U/L
Direct: Up to 0.4 mg/dL
Indirect: Up to 0.8 mg/dL
Total: Up to 1.0 mg/dL
Newborn: 1–12 mg/dL
Adult: 5–25 mg/dL
Child: 5–20 mg/dL
Infant: 4–18 mg/dL
Adult: 8.5–10.5 mg/dL
Child: Slightly higher
95–107 mEq/L
40–50 yr: 140–240 mg/dL

Ͻ age 25: 125–200 mg/dL
Infant: 70–175 mg/dL
Ͼ age 65: Up to 200 mg/dL
To age 40: Up to 180 mg/dL
To age 25: Up to 138 mg/dL
32–75 mg/dL (varies with age)
23–30 mEq/L
Adult: 0.6–1.5 mg/dL
Child: 0.3–0.7 mg/dL
Newborn: 0.3–1.0 mg/dL
Male: 55–170U/L
Female: 30–135 U/L
Child: 15–50 U/L
Newborn: 30–100 U/L
Adult: 60–100 mg/dL
Newborn (1 day): 25–51 mg/dL
Men: 60–170 μg/dL
Women: 50–130 μg/dL
Child: 40–200 μg/dL
Newborn: 350–500 μ
g/dL
300–360 μg/dL
Adult: 14–280 U/L
Child: 20–136 IU/L
Infant: 9–105 IU/L
11–32 μmol/L
64–107 μmol/L
1.36–3.0 μkat/L
1.88–5.03 μkat/L
1.7–6.8 μmol/L

5.0–19.0 μmol/L
5–20 μmol/L
34–102 μmol/L
1.8–7.1 mmol/L
2.5–6.4 mmol/L
1.4–6.4 mmol/L
2.25–2.75 mmol/L
95–105 mmol/L
4.37–6.35 mmol/L
3.27–5.20 mmol/L
2.69–5.12 mmol/L
2.30–4.60 mmol/L
1.87–3.53 mmol/L
0.82–1.92 mmol/L
24–30 mmol/L
53–133 μmol/L
0.94–2.89 μkat/L
0.51–2.30 μkat/L
0.26–0.85 μkat/L
0.51–1.70 μkat/L
3.3–5.6 mmol/L
1.4–2.8 mmol/L
10.7–30.4 μmol/L
9.0–23.3 μmol/L
7.2–35.8 μmol/L
62.7–89.5 μmol/L
54–64 μmol/L
0.2.72 μkat/L
(continued on inside back cover)
000 front inside cover 3/9/04 06:15 PM Page 2

Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
Nurse’s Fast Facts:
Your Quick Source for
Core Clinical Content
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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Nurse’s Fast Facts:
Your Quick Source for
Core Clinical Content
Third Edition
BRENDA WALTERS HOLLOWAY, CRNP, FNP, MSN
Clinical Assistant Professor
University of South Alabama
College of Nursing
Mobile, Alabama
F. A. DAVIS COMPANY
Philadelphia
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
F. A. Davis Company
1915 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Copyright
©
2004 by F. A. Davis Company
Copyright
©

1996, 2001 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This book
is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho-
tocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the pub-
lisher.
Printed in Canada
Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Acquisitions Editor: Robert G. Martone
Developmental Editor: Alan Sorkowitz
Art & Design Manager: Joan Wendt
As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical
research, recommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes. The
author and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate,
up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The
author, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for
consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or
implied, in regard to the contents of the book. Any practice described in this
book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards
of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situa-
tion. The reader is advised always to check product information (package
inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and contraindications
before administering any drug. Caution is especially urged when using new or
infrequently ordered drugs.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Holloway, Brenda Walters, 1949-
Nurse’s fast facts : your quick source for core clinical content / Brenda
Walters Holloway.—3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8036-1161-7

1. Nursing—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
[DNLM: 1. Nursing Care—Handbooks. 2. Nursing Process—Handbooks. 3.
Specialties, Nursing—methods—Handbooks. WY 49 H745n 2004] I. Title.
RT51.H65 2004
610.73—dc22
2004043215
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or
personal use of specific clients, is granted by F. A. Davis Company for users reg-
istered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting
Service, provided that the fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222
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granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been
arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is:
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
This book is dedicated to my parents, Juanice and
J. M. Walters, who provided me with the opportunity
to obtain an education, and to Harry, Jason, Shanda,
and Scott, who have provided me with many opportu-
nities to use it.
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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vii
Preface
Through years of clinical practice and teaching, I have
observed that orientation to each major clinical nursing

specialty usually leads the novice to ask a somewhat pre-
dictable set of questions ranging from specialty-related
communication, to assessment and anatomy, physiology,
and pathology involved in frequently seen conditions to
questions related to the planning and implementation of
patient care. Many excellent texts are available to provide
in-depth information related to these topics. Although the
use of such texts is essential to the acquisition of a thor-
ough knowledge of comprehensive patient care, these texts
are frequently too cumbersome to carry to the clinical
area, where on-the-spot information may be needed.
My goal in writing this book has been to provide a
portable and easy-to-use source for quick answers to ques-
tions I have frequently heard from students and practicing
nurses. The sections of this book pertain to each major
clinical nursing specialty and are identified by printed tabs
to speed access to the information. At the end of each sec-
tion are blank pages, which allow users to “customize” the
book by adding information that they find helpful for each
specialty.
It is hoped that the handy availability of information in
this pocket-sized reference book not only will improve the
accuracy and quality of patient care, but also will relieve
some of the stress that students and graduate nurses expe-
rience when they must move from one clinical specialty
area to another.
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis

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ix
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge the work of the professionals
who contributed written information in this book. Their
efforts have added greatly to the scope and quality of the
reference material. I would also like to thank the faculty,
staff, and students of the University of South Alabama as
well as professionals from across the country who
answered questions and provided me with information
necessary to the completion of this work. In addition, I
would like to thank the consultants to this book, who
reviewed the manuscript in its early stages and provided
many valuable insights and suggestions.
I would like to thank the F. A. Davis Company for its
vote of confidence and support in the development and
publication of this book. A very special thanks to Alan
Sorkowitz, of Alan Sorkowitz Editorial Services, for the
guidance and remarkable patience he exhibited during this
endeavor.
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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xi
Contributors to the 3
rd
edition
JUDITH AZOK, MSN, ARNP, GNP-BC

Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Medical-Surgical Content
LISA BENFIELD, MSN, FNP-CNS, MATERNAL-CHILD CNS
Nurse Practitioner
Gulfport OB-GYN Clinic
Gulfport, Mississippi
Maternal-Infant Content
JASON BOX, MSN, FNP-BC, EMP-P
Family Nurse Practitioner
South Baldwin Regional Medical Center Emergency
Department
Foley, Alabama
Emergency Content
KAREN HAMILTON, MSN, RNC
Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Home Health Content
DEBORAH D. HYATT, FNP-C, PNP-C, GNP
Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Family Nurse Practitioner
Providence Medical Group
Mobile, Alabama
Long-Term Care Content
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
PATRICIA NOONAN, MSN, PMH-NP, ANP

Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Mental Health Content
MARTHA SURLINE, MS
Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Nutrition Content
ELIZABETH A. VANDEWAA, B.A., PHD
Associate Professor
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Pharmacology Content
xii Contributors to the 3
rd
edition
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
xiii
Contributors to Previous Editions
JUDITH AZOK, MSN, RN, GNP, CS
Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Medical-Surgical Content
THOMAS W. BARKLEY, JR., DSN, RN, CS, ACNP
Assistant Professor of Nursing
Program Coordinator, Advanced Adult Acute Care
Nursing Specialty

University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Emergency and Critical Care Content
MARGARET DAHLBERG COLE, RN, DSN
Associate Professor
Spring Hill College
Mobile, Alabama
Maternal-Infant Content
VERA DOUGLAS, RN, MSN
Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Mental Health Content
KATHERINE F. FREY, RN, MSN
Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Medical-Surgical Content
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
SHEENA HOLMES, MSN, RNC
Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Maternal-Infant Content
DEBORAH HYATT, RN, MSN, PNP, FNP, GNP
Family Nurse Practitioner
Three Notch Medical Center
Andalusia, Alabama
Gerontological Content

JASON JONES, RN, PHD
Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Mental Health Content
CAROLYN MITCHELL, MT(ASCP), MA
Quality Assessment Specialist
Blood Systems, Inc.
Tupelo, Mississippi
Laboratory Tests Content
MONA L. NEWCOMB, RNC, MSN
Unit Manager, Adult Psychiatric Unit
Crestwood Hospital
Huntsville, Alabama
Mental Health Content
SHARON C. PRICE, RNC, MSN
Pensacola, Florida
Formerly Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Physical Assessment Content
xiv Contributors to Previous Editions
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
CHERIE REVERE, RN, MSN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Emergency Department
University of South Alabama
Medical Center
Mobile, Alabama

Emergency Content
CANDY ROSS, RN, PHD
Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Home Health Content
MARTHA NORRIS SURLINE, MS
Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Nutrition Content
ELIZABETH VANDEWAA, PHD
Associate Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Nutrition Content
JOSEPH F. WARD, RN, MSN, CPNP, CDE
Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Child Health Content
STEPHANIE D. WIGGINS, RN, DSN
Assistant Professor of Nursing
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Medical-Surgical Content
Contributors to Previous Editions xv
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
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xvii
Contents
Section 1 Medical-Surgical Fast Facts 1
The Human Body 3
Terminology and Symbols 29
NANDA Nursing Diagnoses 57
Documentation and Reporting 69
Calculation and Medication Administration 83
Procedures 123
Laboratory Tests 171
Section 2
Health Assessment and Health 213
Problems Across the Lifespan
Pathologic Conditions 279
Section 3 Maternal-Infant Fast Facts 305
Section 4 Pediatric Fast Facts 353
Section 5 Mental Health Fast Facts 407
Section 6
Emergency and Critical Care Fast 433
Facts
Section 7 Gerontological Fast Facts 505
Section 8 Long-Term Care Fast Facts 537
Section 9 Home Health Fast Facts 547
Section 10 Nutrition Fast Facts 563
Index 611
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Section
1
Medical-Surgical
Fast Facts
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3
The Human Body
Phalanges
Phalanges
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpels
Maxilla
Mandible
Skull (cranium)
Sternum
Clavicle
Scapula
Sacrum
Zygomatic arch

Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Lumbar vertebrae
Ilium
Coccyx
Pubis
Ischium
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 1–1. Skeleton. Anterior view. (From Scanlon,
VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology, ed 4. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 108,
with permission.)
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
4 Medical-Surgical Fast Facts
Medical-Surgical
Parietal bone
Squamosal suture
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
Mastoid process
External auditory
meatus
Coronoid process

Body
Mandible
Mental foramen
Maxilla
Condyloid process
Zygomatic bone
Lambdoidal suture
Nasal bone
Lacrimal canal
Lacrimal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Ethmoid bone
Figure 1–2. Skull. Lateral view of right side. (From
Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy
and Physiology, ed 4. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p
109, with permission.)
Manubrium
Body of
sternum
Costal
cartilages
Xiphoid process
12th thoracic vertebra
1st rib
1st thoracic vertebra
2nd
3rd
4th

5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 1–3. Rib cage. Anterior view. (From Scanlon,
VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology, ed 4. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 116,
with permission.)
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Copyright © 2004 F.A. Davis
The Human Body 5
Medical-Surgical
Acromian process
Coracoid process
Head
Deltoid tubercle
Humerus
Capitulum
Head
Acromial end
Radial tuberosity
Radius
Carpals
Carpals
Scaphoid
Clavicle

Glenoid
fossa
Scapula
Trochlea
Sternal
end
Semilunar notch
Olecranon
process
On
posterior
side
Ulna
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Figure 1–4. Bones of the arm and shoulder girdle.
Anterior view of right arm. (From Scanlon, VC, and
Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology,
ed 4. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 117, with per-
mission.)
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