Tài liệu STRATIGRAPHY AND AMMONITE FAUNA OF THE VOLGIAN AND BERRIASIAN ROCKS OF EAST GREENLAND ppt

MEDDELELSEK
OM
GRUNLAND
U1)GIVKE
hF
ICOMMISSIONEN FOR VIDENSKAHELIGE UNDERSBGELSRH I GR0NLAND
BD.
154
.
NR.
4
DE IIANSKE EKSPEDITIONER TIL DSTGRONLAND
1947-58
UNDER LEDELSE
AF
LAUGE
KOCH
STRATIGRAPHY AND AMMONITE FAUNA
OF THE
VOLGIAN AND BERRIASIAN ROCKS
OF EAST GREENLAND
BY
IIESMOND
T.
DONOVAN
WITH
3
FIGURES
IN
THF:
TEXT

AND
9
Pl.A'CICS
K0HENHAVN
C.
A.
REITZELS
FORLAG
BIANCO
LUNOS
BOCTHYKKERl
A/S
1964
COKTENTS
PBYC
I'rrface
5
.ibstract

6
I
. Introduction
7
IT
. Thr
localities
and t. hcir stratigraphy
8
1
. Milne Land

8

2
. Soutll-western Jorrlesun Land
Y
3 . Northenr Wollastun Forland
9
4
.
Weslern
Kuhn
O

1.1
5
. East. crn Kuhn
M

13
6
. The ammonite sequence

13
111
.
Correlation
Ih
1
. Russia

I4
2 . England

16
3
. Conclllsions

18
I\. . Systematic paloeontology
19
1

Referrrlces
tu
litrruture
32
I'KEFACE
ilrlng the summer of
1957,
as a member of 1,nucc KOCH'S Expedi-
tion to East.
Grrcrrland of that year,
I
was able to visit most of the
D
'
localities which are of importance for working out the latcst Jurassic anrl
earliest Cretaceous succession.
The

exceptions were soulh-wcstern Jame-
son Land, and castern Kuhn
f3,
which
1
was not able to reach. As a
result
I
have been ablc to review the rocks of this ago and bring ilp
to date their correlation, and this is the object of this paper.
I
was accompanied by
Mr.
A.
WYTTETRACII as field assistant, and
wish
to thank him for his help. In Milne Land
I
also had the advantage
of the company of
Dr.
J.
H.
CALLOMON.
1
am indebted to Dr. LAUGK
I<oc~r
and
his secretary, Miss IXGRID
BSCK,

for discussion and for assi-
stance with publication.
I
have had useful discussions on correlation with
Dr.
R.
CASI:Y of
the Geological
Survcy. Dr.
hf.
K.
HOWARTH of
tbc
British MUSBIIIIL
(Natural History) has kindly supplied photographs ol arr~monites from
the Spilsby Sandstone. The olher photographs illustrating the papcrwere
taken by Mr. E.
W.
SJ~AVILL
at Bristol University.
Bristol,
July
1962.
Abstract
The localilirs
al
n-l~ich Lalr dnrlwsic and Lux~rr~nost
Cretaceous
rocks
ha\-r

liven rnnnrl in
nast
Grwnland
arc
rcrirlrcd
and
some
of tl~rrn redescribed T~P
higllest .lnrassic fauna is characterized
I]>-
the ammonite
I,augrite.s,
and
is proba-
bly to he
correlated~vitl~ the Lox\-er Volpian of Russia. There is no positive evidence
for the presence of
UliperVolgian. Tl~r rarlirsl Crelaceous fauna
has
thc am~nonites
Tollia,
Srrrite.7
and
Hertorocerns
artrl vo~rrspurl<lr
I,,
llle
Ryazanian of
S~zo~nv
or

Lu\vrr
Valanginiatl or olhrr R~~ssian nt~tho~,s. ailll In
ilrr
Rrrriasian of ~rcstcrn
authors. Corrclaiion with thc English scquencc is
also
disrrrssecl.
The palaeor~tology of the im~~nonite genera
Laupeites,
Suril~s
ancl
Tollia
is
Lreoled s~slr~n;rliiallq Tl~ree new sprcirs or
Lnrrgrires
uri.
named, dcscrih~d
and
ligurrcl.
Among the numerous illesozoic am~no~lile faunas collected by LAUGE
1Zoc~'s ~hree-year anil Two-Year Expeditions to East Greenland and
described by
the late
Dr.
I,.
F.
SPATI]
(see nol-ovx, 1957, PI). 1C-10)
were several helonging to littleknowrr horizons near tl~e top oI the Jnrassic
system anrl (,he base of the Cretaceous.

Describing
some of them SPATH
(1946, 1947, 1952) gave much attention to problems of dating and corrc-
lation, arrd
t,o
ll~e sequence of faunas rrcar thc Jurassir Crel,a(:eous
boundary. At one time (1947,
11.
8.)
Ire had hopes that discoveries in
East Greenland might
roake an important contribution to the problem
of defining the
Jurassi1:-C~.etaceolls boundary and working out thc stm-
I,igraphy of thc beds immediately above and bclow. Thcsr: hopes have
not been i~~lfilled, and it is
now
cl<.ar, as will
he
shorn, that there is a gap
in
t,he ammonite sequrxlr~e known from East Greenland as compared with
Europe and Russia. Since
I
attempted to summarisc tho question from
inadequate knowledge in 1957 (p. 142),
I
havc been able
t,o
visil most

of the
1or:;rlilies and collect fossils. Thcsc fossils are described and illu-
stratrtl in this paper, arul arrompanied by a review of stratigraphy arrd
<:orrelation.
In ad,lit:ion to my own collcctiuris,
I
have stu(lied material collected
at the
Nirsen in Wollaston Forlanrl 11y A.
J.
STAXDRING and
E.
ITT.
RORERTS in 1952, and 11y
F.
PERREYOLID and
0.
KOY
in 1956.
11.
THE
LOCA1,ITIES
AND
THEIR S1'H.ATIGRAPHY
Rocks of lalest Jurassic and Berriasian age arp krtown from five
places
in
East Greenland, namely
1)
Milne

Land:
2)
soutll-western Jamc-
son Land;
3)
northern Wollaston Forland;
4)
I\-?;tern
ICnhn
B
and
5) eastern
Kohn
0.
These will he reviewed in turn.
1.
Milne
Land
The sequence at Hartz Fjeld in castern Milne Land \\-as re-'xamined
by Dr.
J.
H.
CILT.OMOX and the wriber in 1957.
The
i'<~llnn-ins sequence
was noted in part of thc Harzfjald Sandstone (for general succession in
Milne Land
sco UONOVAX
1957,
p.

41; CALLOMON, ICltil. p.
264):
m.
7.
Whil,ish sands with indctcrminale hivalves
sandstone, ovrrlying glnuc-~~nitic sand-
g~o~nlar~diea
(SPATH),
and Iussil
\t~ooil

c.
I

20
4. Kust,y weal,I~wring glauconitic, miraceor~s sandstonr: fr.durnent,ary
3
impression
of
a
large
Laageiles,
and t,wo whorl fra~m~-nl~ of the
N
e
sarne genus. Impressinns
ul
bivalvcs and gastrupod~.

c.

1

3. Wl~itishsands
10
2.
Glal~conitic sand cappad hy hruwn-weatherod saridstonc witl~

ammoniles:
?Lnug~ites
and sharp-ribbed perisphinrl ill.
e.
3
2

1.
Whitish sands
75
Hrarhiopnd bed forming top
of
Glauconitic Series.
The Lingula-Bank of
ALDINGER
(1935, p.
67)
was
not
identified,
but is almost certainly
either 11cd
2

or
4;
from
it,
SPATH
(1935,
p. 82)
described
Laugcifes groenlandicus. Also from the IIartafjzld Sandstone
ahovc the Lingula-Bank, SPATH described and figured two new ammonite
species
(1936,
pp. 85-87) which hc assigned to Crnspedites, although there
seems no
rcason to pnt them in this genns (see below, p.
25).
The
suggestion is now made that
t1lese sirtall, ill-preserved ammonilcs may
helong to the genus Tollia. For the division into Lower and Upper
IIartzfjalrl Sandstone, see page
15.
1V
Stratigraphy and
Ammonite
Fauna of East
Greenland
9
2.
South-western Jameson Land

A
suc~cession here was observed by
MAYNC
and puhlished by SPATH
(1947,
p. 49). The only fossiliferous beds are the Hectoroceras Beds which
occur in the middle of a
scries of barren strata. Apart from the genus
IIectoroceras,
the only ammonites are some poorly
preserved
"peri-
sphinctids" all identified by SPATH as
Snbcraspedites,
Their slratigraphical
relationship to
Nectoroceras
is not c,lmr. At locality 318 the two kinds
of ammonite are said to have been found in association (SPATH, 1947,
pp.
50,
53). Some of the
"Suhcraspedites"
from here (SPATII, op. cit.
1'1. 1, fig.
6,
pl.
4,
figs. 11-13) could he
Tollia

of the group rer:ordcd
by SPATH from Milne 1,and as
Subcraspedite.~.
An arnmonite figured from
locality
305
(Pl.
4,
fig.
1)
could be a
Laugeiles
not very different from
L.
intermedins
sp. nov. SPATH regarded his
"Suhcra.~pedites"
as occurring
in
general bclow
Iiectoroceras,
but the field evidence for this is not very
clear.
At
Auc~ellaelv, about
38
km west-north-west of Kap Stewart, a loose
block
yielded ammonites which were figured by SPATH (1936) as
Pecti-

natitrs?
In t,hc present paper (p. 21) thcsc are referred to
Langeites
jamesoni
sp. nov. The formation from whirh the block was derived has
not been discovered.
3.
Northern Wollaston Forland
Tbe important loralily here is the mountain namcd the Niesen by
tho Swiss members of LAUCE I<ocH's 1936-38 expedition, marked as a
688 m summit
on t.he Geodetic Institute
1
:250.000
map.
A
resumt. of
earlier knowledge of the succession was made by
Do~ov~n. (1957, p. 62
R:
fig. 13). Since that account was written, the mountain has again been
visitcd, by Messrs
F.
I'ERRESOUD and
0.
ROY in 1956, and hy the
present writer in
1957. These visits render t,he curlier accounts oul of
date.
A

rcviscd geological sketch-map of tho area is given in figure
1.
VISCHER anti
\l,\ync,
whose map was p~ihlished by lioc~ (1950, pl. 6)
mapped two
serlimenlary scries, the Rigi Series of supposed I!pper
Jurassic age, and the Niesen Reds (Valanginian in the key to KOCH'S
pl. 6) placed
in
the lowest Cretaceons, divided into Lower Niesen Rods
(Berriasian)
and Upper Niesen Beds (Valanginian). The Kigi Series was
named after the
monntain Rigi (summit 484 m on Ccodetic Institute
map,
7
km.
south-west of the Nicsen) where a thick series of cong-
lon~cratcs and sandstones outcrops. A careful examination by the pre-
sent writer
ol the conntry between the Niesen and the Kigi, both on
the ground and from
the air, showed beyond doubt that the Kigi Series
Upper Niesen Beds
Fig
1.
Geologicill
sketiii
I!I,BI>

"I
parls
of
Wollnst,on Forland and
Kuhn
D,
Easl,
Greenland. Scale:
1
:2511,111111.
I3ased
on t,he mapping
hy
V1scnr.n
and
MAYNC,
publish-
ed
by
R,II:H
(1950,
pl.
61,
modified by the writer's own observations. Suprrficial
denosits o~rritted.
and the Lowcr Niesen Beds are one and the same formation; the promi-
nent
conglomernle hands can be followed through from the outcrop of
t,he Lower Niesen Beds to that of the
"Rigi

Series" without a break,
dipping steadily westwards at a few degrees.
OJI
ac~ount,
of
the westerly dip the lowest beds at the Niesen are
1v Stratigraphy
and
am mil nit,^
Fauna
ol
East
Greanlarld
11
exposed at the eastern end of the coastal flank of the mountain. 'rey,
pcl~bly sands hegin to he exposed at 27 m altitude, and pass up into
"handed beds" which
r:unsist of ycllow sand altcrnating with grey or
blac,k shaly sand and shale, the yellow sand layers being
c.
Z
rrn thick.
In this series at altitude 90 m were collected some poor ammonite im-
pressions which arc
idcnl,ified as lArrrrgeitee ?pnrons sp. nov. The handed
beds
contir~uc 1111
LO
115
m, and are s~~cceeded by whitish sands with

hands of
sandsl,one which form crags.
At an altitude of 235 m
MAYNC (19'19, p. 96) found the ammonil.es
which were descrihcd lty S~ATFI (1952) ;is thc rrcw gcrrus Praetollia, here
placed in Tollia (p. 27). This fossil bed has not heen 1.e-lo11nd hy l;rt,cr
visitors to the mountain. Thirteen metres higher
MAYNC
found a specimen
of
Hreloroceras which u7as figured by SPATXI (1947, pl.
3,
fig.
2;
\vrongly
localised, corrected SPATII 1952, p.
13).
ST~NDRINCT in 1952 collected
Hectorocerns s~t. juv. from an outcrop at 285
rn,
and
from a loose bloc,k
ncarhy larger examples of the genus which appear closely similar in
preser~~ation to l\Ia~?ic's cxamplc figured hy SPATH. It seems likely that
hoth
RIAYEC'S and S~I~AN~RTSG'S finds wcrc frorrl thc same horizon.
At 305
rrr
on Lhe north-easl.ern spur. of Llle Niesen tl~c prcscrrt writcr
discoverer1 ammonites in a horizon of brown-weathering, calcarco~~s

"doggers" in sands. Ammonites identical in preservation and matrix,
and clearly
frorrr the same Iossil ld, were i:ollevt,ed lty S.I.ANI)IIIYG at
localities
rei:orrlerl as 020 and 322 m. The 11iffel.enre in altibllrle is douhtlcss
duc either to the dip of the rocks or to inaccnracy of the altimeters
nsed. The fauna here comprised species of Snrifes and small ammonites
which may br
t,hc inrrcr whorls of Tollia pnyeri.
Bitween
360
and
370
m, on the same flank of the moontain, the
writer found similar doggers and platy-weathering sandstones, which
contained occasional
exarnples of Surifes and abundant Tollia. An
example of
the lat,t,cr gcrlus frorrt this
level
was figured by SPATII (1952,
pl. 4, fig.
8)
as Tollia pnyeri (TOULI),
bill
does not exa~:lly agree will1
thal, species (see page 30). Ammonites indistinguishable from Tollia
("Praetollian) moynci were also fourtd at the horizon.
At
41

4 m t,he writcr lollnll, near the r1ort.h-cast,em flank of t,hc moun-
tain,
nodllles wibh lypical Valanginian
Poly~~tyd,itrs.Valnrlginian
ammoni-
I,es have been found by all collectors at various higher levels, and Lqtico-
ceros occurs at the sumrr~it (SP\.I.II, 1946, p.
6;
confirmed by later c,ollecting).
4.
Western Kuhn
0
The country behind "Haakonshytta", a ruined trappers' hut, is
dissected
11y slrenm valleys
I5
Lo
00 m deep. Thesc \,alleys show a
number of sections through conglomerates, sands and sandstones, and
<., x.v
.::::-z;
,.>
Sond &sandstone
.
,
.
. . .

oooo
Doggerr

-
-
-
Bonded rhole
8
rand
~
-
@
Fossil locality
50m
Altitude
0 500m
-
Fig.
2.
Rkebcll
map
of
the
country
north
and
easl,
01
'Haalionshyti,a', western
Kuhn
0.
Scale:
1

:
18.000
approx.
dark grey shales which arc often banded with thin laminae of yellow
sand. Ono interpretation
ol lhe exposures has heen published hy
MAYXC
(1947,
pp.
2836;
1949,
pp.
27-32).
In
summarising it
I
have already
(1957,
p.
51))
expressed doubt as to f.he regular cyclic sedimentation
which MAYNC finds.
Having seen the exposures since writing my
1'357
paper,
1
can only repeat that
I
can not accept tho existence of Maunc's
four cycles. Thcre is certainly alternation of lithology, and prohahly

rapid lateral variation, but further than this
I
am not prepared to go.
The dip of the rocks
exposed in the 17all~g sides is often
vcry
nearly
1v
Stratigraphy
and
Anr~nonite Fauna of East
Greenland
13
the same as the gradient of the stream, and for
this reason it was found
impossible to correlate or place in stratigraphical order the isolated
exposures which were recorded.
A
sketch map of the area, showing
the outcrops observed and the
locality numbers referred to in the palaeon-
tological part of this paper, is given in figure
2.
The commonest ammonite in these rocks is
Laugriles
of which at
least five species arc
representcd
in
collections made by the writer in

1957.
They arc described on pages 19-23. The only other ammonites found
were
fragment.^
of pavlovid type perisphinctids, and a single impres-
sion of a
?Praetollia
at locality
6.
No definite succession can he observed
among thcsc
ammonites.
MAYNC found an example of
Subcraspediles,
associated in the same piece of rock with
Lau,geites
(specimens figured
by
SPATH,
1!E52, pl. 4, figs.
1,
4).
SPATH
assumed that these specimens
were derived because he believed
Laugriles
to be a Jurassic, and
Snb-
cra,spcditrs
a Crctaccons ammonitu. This interpretation has already been

questioned
(Doxov~~, 1957, p. 143) and is now known to be unne-
cessary as a result of new evidence as to the ages
of thcsc gcncra, dis-
cussed further on page
17.
5.
Eastern Kuhn
0
An exposure of Berriasian rocks somewhere on Lhe cast coast of
Kuhn
0
was found hy tho Second German
Expedition ol 1870
71,
for they collcctcd
Tollin payeri
(TOULA,
1874,
p. 498,
pl.
1,
fig.
I),
Pachyfeathis
and
Blscl~ia concrnfrica.
Tho locality has not been re-disco-
vered by later workers (see Donov.&~, 1957, pp.
64-5).

6.
The ammonite sequence
The sequence of ammonites at the various localitics may he sum-
marised and correlated as follows:
Tollia
1,nr~peites
Hecto~oerras
with
?Tollin
Polyplychiles
Tollia
pazyeri
with
Surires.
Heclorocertrs
Tollia ("Praetollin")
rnaynci
Laugeites
with
Sr~hrroap~diter
Laugeites
with
sharp-ribbed
perisphinctids
111.
CORRELATION
1.
Russia
The succession in Lhe Volga Basin in European Russia currently
recognised is

roproduced below from OVECEIKIN (1(J58), S~zo~ov (1951)
and the
Lexicon
(U.R.S.S.
fasc. iii, l958).
Syst,ems
&
Slag~s
according to
OVECHKIN
Middle
Upper
Thlrian
Present-day Rnssian arltl~ors place the hase of the C~.etaceous
helow tht! Kjasanensis Zone. Sornc foreign authors, including SPATH
(1047,
p.
54;
AHKICLL, 1956,
p.
493)
correlate
the Njasanensis Zone with
the earliest
Berriasellid urr~mordte fauna at Lhe top of the Tithonian,
and hence put the base of the Crrtaceous above it. The base of the
Berriasian SLayo coincides with
the
hasc of the Cretaceous in regions,
such as

soulh-mstcrn France, where the Tithonian is recognised.
The Volgian zones arc taken from the
Lexicon
(fasc. iii, pp. 16623).
OYHCIIKIV (1958,
p.
560)
differs from this in stating that the indcx of
Craspcdites hachprrrieus
&
C.
rrodi-
r
-'
n


ger
[Elcnw~i.~,)
C.
subdilus
jTna1l~sc~uI.n)
&
C.
vkensis
(u'0xx.J
Rachpurites
julgens
~TR~TJTSCHIII.~,)
Epioirgali1c.i r~ikitini

(Mrcs~~sti~)
lrirgntites
uiqntus
(vox
Blli:~)
$
-
4
%
0
m
m
Upprr
=
Volpian
2
Dorsoplnnites pandcri
(~'onn.)
LY.
Z~c~aiskifes scythi~~is.
i
Ilouniskya
spp.
1
Iv
Stnltigr,aphy
and Ammonilr Fauna
or
Easl
Gvrenland

15
the middle zone of the Upper Volgian is Garniericeras catennlatnm. Tho
zone characterised by specics of Surites has been found by Snzo~ov
(1!I51) to occupy
a
disi.inc1 posit,ion above the horizon
of
Rinsnnites
rjasanensis and below Tullia. Snzoxov coined the term "Ryazanian"
for the beds with
Hiasanites and Surites, hut it does not seem to havc
been generally adopt,crl.
NIKITIN (1884) recorded Laugeilrs (as Perisphinete.~ .srselruroztskii)
in the Virgat,us Zone of the Jaroslawl district. NIKITIN regarded the
Virgatus Zone as the topmost zone of the Lower Volgian, but sincc
his day zones of Lomono.s.sovrlln hlnkri (Pnvr.0v) artd Epivirgatitf<s nikitini
(MICH~LSKT) have been recognised above it. The two last-named zones
may overlap
(ARKELL 1956, p.
1194).
Zoivov (1937, p. 40) stated that the
Laugcites beds lie above the Nikitini Zone, immediately below the beds
with
Kachpurites, along parts of the course of thc Volga, and NIKITIN'S
record frorrr Vir,gntus Zone, is, doubtless, dne to the fact that the higher
zoncs
of
the Lower Volgian had not then been separated. In the central
par1 of the Soviet Arctic 1,aageitcs ;~lso ocxurs at thc top of the Lower
Volgian

(O~~;CIIKIN 1958,
p.
574). At:r:or~ling Lo
1,r:rrov
and DRUSHCHITZ
(1!358, p. 90) T,augcitr.s occnrs both in the npper part of the Lower Volgian
and
the lower part of the Upper Volgian. NIKITIY recorded Perisphinctes
St,sclrurozt.skii from tho Sodigor Zonc of the Uppcr Volgian (1884, p. 73,
repeated by
AIIK~:~.~. 1956,
p.
493).
Tho Ryazanian Stage was proposed by S.&zoivov (1!)51) but later
retracted
by him.
In terms of this succession it is at
onc,e dear that there is no fossil-
evidence for the prc.s(:nre in East Gree~llanrl or any
of
the Upper Volgian
zoncs,
characlerised in Russia by Craspedites and Kachpurites, or for
the Rjasanensis Zone.
In
hlilne Land thc Hartzfjzld Sandstone was divided by SPATH
(1936, p. 1/19) into an "npper pnrl" and a "lower part.", separated by
the
Lingula-Bank. This scheme is now slightly modified to recognise a
T.ower Hartzfjadd Sandstone, up to and including the Lingula-Bsrtk

(the highest occurrcncc ol 1,aageites; probably her1 4
of
the section on
page
8)
of Lowcr Volgian age; and an Upper IIartzfjdd Sandstone,
of early
Cretaceolis date, comprising the remainder of the formation.
In south-western Jameson Land the Hectoroceras Beds arc of
Berriasian age.
Tn the Niesrn (north-western U'ollaston Forland) and western Kuhn
0
l.he lowest beds exposed are the "banded beds" of rapidly alternating
black shale and yellow sand,
assoc,iated with sandstones and conglorne-
rates and yielding Laugeifes. Thcsc bcds wcrc rrlappcd by VISCHER and
Mnvxc
as Rigi Series (pl.
6
in ICOCH, 1950). They are now named the
Laugeites Beds, since they lie below, and are differentiated from (cf.
KAYNC,
1949,
pp.
95, 99),
the Niesen Beds with which the Rigi Series
is
synonymous. Tho Langeites Reds clearly include beds equivalent to
the bop of
Lhc Lower Volgian, as shown by tho presence of

Laugeiles
and of ammonites similar to
Epiuirgntites.
The equivalence of the Niesen Beds and tho Rigi Series has alreatly
been pointed out. Both terms have eqnal priority, dating from MAYNC
(1947),
and Niesen Beds is to be preferred because the detailed succession
at the type locality is hotter known. The division into Lower and
Upper
Niesen Beds is made on palaeont.ological gronnds,
the
beds with
llectoro-
ceras, Surites
and
Tollia,
about
300
m thick, being r~?garded as 1.ower
Niesen Bcds, and the remainder, from an altitude of j11st above
400
m
to the
summit, as Upper Niesen Beds, aboul,
270 m
thick.
The identification
ol
Surires spasskensis
enables the Spasskensis

Zone to be rrcognised in
the Lower Niescn Beds. Species here assigned
1.0
Tollia ('LPractollia"
of SPATII), and
Hectorocer(~.~
already occur bnlow
Surites
at t,he Niescn, but
as
thcre is nothing to suggest the presence
of the
Rjasancnsis Zone, they are j~rovisiorlally includcd in f.he Spassken-
sis Zone. It may be that tho Stenomphala Zone is represented hy the
fossil horizon at
360-370
m
on the Niesen, containing abundant
Tollia
wilh occasional
Surites.
The writer has not fonnd a sufficiently detailed
account of
the seqnerlce ol
Tollia
species in thr Russian succession to
he able to make detailed comparison.
The dates of formalions in East Greenland may be tabulaled:
8.
W.

Jarnesnn Wollaston Fur- Westcm
Russian Stages Milne Land
land:
Niesen
K~lhn
$3
Ryasanian
or
Upper
Hart,%
Lower
fjnld
Hcctoroccras Lower
Siesen
-
T7alanginian Sandstone
Bcds Bcds
Upper
-
- -
-
Volgian
Lower
Lowm Wartz-
Vulgian
Ijield
-
Laugeiles Beds Laugeites
Beds
Sandstone

Correlation of formations is, of course, only approximate, and
the
exact equation of their up11cr and lower limits is not suggested.
2.
England
Tho correlation given above is different from that of SPATR
(1952,
p.
20).
The reason for the diffcrenre is that SPATXI regarded
S~~hcrnspe-
dites
as
an
early Cretaceous ammonite.
He
did so, presumably, because
1v
Stratigraphy and Ammonite Fauna
of
East Greenland
17
the formation from which
Subcraspedites
was dexribed, the Spilsby
Sandstone of Lincolnshire, England, rests
nnconformably on Upper
Jurassic rocks and was consequently regarded as Cretaceous. This obliged
him to
assumc that the

Lnugeiles
and
Snbcraspedites
associated in the
same horizon of
t.he Laugcites Beds were hnth derived, although he
had no physical evidence to
snggest this1). He theretore dated the Lan-
gcitcs Bods as, at least in part,, younger than the Spilsby Sandstone
(1
952, p. 19).
The obvious placing of the Laugeites Rods at about the boundary
between Lower and
IJpper Volgiari of Russia, on the basis of
Laugeires,
now falls into line with recent work in England. On the hasis of inde-
pendent evidence, namely
thc recognition of autochthonous Portlandian
and
Volgian ammonites,
CASEY
has revised the dating of the Spilshy
Sandstone the basement bed
or whic,h he regards as the equivalent of thc
npper part of the Portland Beds of southern England. If, with
ARKELL
(1946, pp. 24-28), we place the Portland Beds in the upper part of the
Lower Volgian, they, the
Laugeitcs Beds and t.he basement bed of the
Spilsby Sandstone are not very different in age.

Their exact relationship is more difficult to decide. Tho pavloviids
from the
La~lgeites Rcds, though they s~lggost a Portlandian datc, would
he too fragmentary for close
corrolation even if thc English Porlland
ammonites were better known.
Laugrites
has not been rccognised in
either the
Spilsl~y Sandstone or the Portland Beds.
Subcmspedites,
common in the basement bed of the Spilshy Sandstone, is rare in the
Laugeites Beds. The
diIGc~llty of piecing together a sequence Iron1
isolat,cd exposures of the Laugeites Reds has already bccn explained
(p.
is),
but if we accept that
Subcraspedites
occurs in the i~pperrnost
part of the formation
(~IAYNC,
1949, p.
31)
then Lhis horizon may overlap
the base of the Spilsby Sandstonc. This correlation is in accordance with
Lhe hypot,hesis (p. 26) that
S~zbcra~pedifes
evolved from
Lnugeites;

but
the hypothesis is as yet
insu up ported
by good stratigraphical evidcncc,
and must not be used in support of the correlation. Alternatively, it may
be that
I,augeites
and
Subcraspedilec
rcplace one another gcographically.
Lastly, the East
Greenland
succession throws light on the date of
the Sandringham Sands, Norfolk, England, in which the
amrrionitc
IIectoroceras
was recently recorded
(CASEY,
1961)
for the first time
outside
East Greenland. They turn out to be equivalent,
in
part, to the
I)
Presumablr
SPATH
assumed this as a rrsult of
his
pending of the fossil evidence

lor
although he states it without f~lrtller comment,
MAYNC
who collected the fossils
says
nr,l.lring uf dprived fossils in his plrhlislled accounts
(1947,
19'a!l).
The amrnonitc
shells in the I,a~~geiles Beds are filled wi1.h sandstune identical
with
Lhe
nratrix,
and derivation secms most irnprohshle.
154
2
Lower Nicsen Reds, and t,o t.he upper part, of
thi;
Spilsby Sandstone.
They must he placed in, or just below, the Spasskensis Zone.
3.
Conclusion
Formations in East Greenland near the .Turassi(:-Cretar:,cous bound-
ary can now be dated in terms of the succession in
ILhe Volpr. Basin
of
Kussia. The Upper Volgian is not proved in East Greenland, and
the lowest Cretaceous horizon is identified
as
the Spasskensis Zone. The

lowest Cret.aoeoiis beds
in
East Greenland Iall in
tho
Rcrriasian Stage,
but the succession does not throw any light on the correlation of
the
base of the Rcrriasian, as dcfincd in sout,h-castcrn France, with the
Volgn Rasirr stapcs.
IV.
SYSTEMATIC
1'AI.AEOSTOLOGY
Superfamily
PERISPHINCTACEAE
STEINMANN
1890
Farnily
Perisphinctidae
STEINM~NN, 1890
Suhlarnily Virgatosphinctinae Smrrr, 1923
Genus
LAIJCEITES
SPA.~H, 1936.
The
genus was proposed by SPATH (1936a) to replace
fichina
SPATH (1!13(i, p. 81) which was preoccupied. The type spec,ies is
L.
groen-
landicl~s

(SPATH).
A
later synonym is
Stsehurovslrya
II.O~AISKY (1!141)')
with type species
Perisphinctes slschlcrou~.skii
NIKITIN (1881,
p.
83, pl.
7,
figs. 53-56).
Per. rtschurotr~.sskii
was included in
ICochirza
by
SPITH, who
cited
NIKITIN'S
figure 53 which shows inner whorls only.
NIKITIN'S
illustrations are not very well drawn and interpretation of the species
is not
casy. In 1885 (p.
129,
pl.
4,
fig. 17) NIKITIN figured as
Per.
atf.

sfschurozcrskii
an arnrnnrdte which appears lo he smooth
by
a dinrncter
of 5 cm; neither the
preservat.inl~ nor the drawing, however, is very
good.
R~ICHALSKI
(1890, pp.
250,
462, pl. 12, figs.
4a,
b) gave an excellent
figure~fl
I,he
inner whorls of the species.
Laugeites
aff.
groenlandicus
(SPATH).
1836.
Iiorhino
groenln,tdiea
RFITH.
p.
82,
pl.
36,
figs.
1

a,
h,
pl.
38,
figs.
1
a<
(holo-
type).
1936
a.
Lal~gciles
grornl~~ndica
(SPATHI.
SPATE,
p.
334.
No further material from the type horizon and loralily, the Lingula
Bed on FIarbz Fjeld, Alilnc Land, has come to light, despite search by
Dr.
J.
H.
Ca~~onrox in 19.57 and 1958. The species diffcrs from
L.
stschu-
ro7r;skii
(NIKITIN), as exemplified hy
~IKITIN'S
largest figured specimen
(1881, pl.

7,
fig.
55)
by its wider ~lmhilicus, 4Z0/, for the holotype at
maximr~m size as corr~pared with
3B0/,
at l.lue same size for the Russian
1)
Cited thus
h?
LL'PPO\-
and
Unl
SHI:M~TZ
(1958,
p.
89).
What
is evidently
thr
same
genus
\\.as
meritiuned
b~
Zorov
(1934,
pp.
88.
40)

as
Slschuro~~slriy;
?
a
nomen
nrcds,,c
at
that
datr.
2*
specimen. This is hardly significant; Lhe apparent early loss of primaries
in the Russian species may not be significant either, for
NIKITIX'S
illustrations leave much to be desired. It may he, lhercfore, that
L.
groenlandicns
will turn out to
ho
a synonym of
L.
stschurozo.skii,
but it
seems unjustifiable to drop
SPATH'S name until hetter figures of NInr~rs's
species become available.
A
poor, partly crushed example from locality 10, ICulln
@,
agrees
with

the holotype as far as
it
goes; it shows neither suture-lincs, nor
any ornament on
the inner whorls. Two fragments of large ammonites
from locality
4
are close to the species.
Laugeites intermedius
sp. nov.
Type:
Thc holotypc is an oxarrlplo from locality
2,
Kuhn
0,
illu-
st,ml.ed in p1al.e 1, figlire
1.
There are paratypcs from the same locality.
Diagnosis: The species was probably
between eight and nine centi-
metres in diameter when adult. The holotype at. a diarrrct,er of
7.6
cm.
has the umbilicus
40°/,, and the whorl thickness abont
25"//,
of the
diameter. Most examples are too fragmentary or distorted for measure-
ment, but the one shown in plate

1,
figure
5
has t,he umbilicus
3701,
at a diameter of 4.1 cm.,
and
the specimen from locality
10
(pl.
2,
figs.
3,
4) has the umhilicus about
40°/,
and thickness
2G0/,,
bnt is distorted.
The ir~r~er whorls have ahout
35
primary ribs to the whorl, but on the
last whorl the primaries become more widely-spaced, as shown by the
holotype. Constrictions arc present and irregularly spaced. The
snbure-
line is shown in texl-figure 3c.
The species is dislingnislled from
'.
parvus
hy the less numerous
ribs, thicker whorls and larger size.

Lnugeiles groenlnndicus
has similar
proportions and
rib-freqiienc,y to
L.
intermedius,
hut has a smoot,h
1)ody-cllerr~hcr and is more than i,wice the sizc.
The body chamber of
Laugeites intermedins
shows a close resem-
blance to that of
Subcraspedites preplicomphalus
SWIXNERTON from tho
Spilsby Sandstone of England. The holotype of SWINNERTON'S species
is
refigured hcre (pl.
1,
fig. 3) for comparison.
Occnrrence: Holotype and six incomplete specimens from locality
2,
Kuhn
0.
Body-chamber (pl.
2,
figs.
3,
4)
from locality 10.
A

lairly
complete example, fivc fragm~nt~s and two impressions from locality 11.
A
possible fragment, from Lhe north-east flank of the Niesen, Wolla-
slon Forland,
ti1
an altitude of 90 m in banded beds; the same level
as
L.
?paruus
recorded on page 11.
Iv
Stratigraphy and A~nrnonite Fauna of
East
Greenland
Laugeites
jamesoni
sp. nov.
P1.
2,
fig.
1.
1936.
I'ertinatites sp. ind.
SPATH,
pp.
83,
175,
PI.
37,

figs,
I
a, b, (bolotype),
3.
?1936.
P~etinafiles? (Kerntinites?) sp. ind.
SPATE,
pp.
83,
,175,
pl.
36,
fig.
2,
pl.
38,
fig.
3.
Type: The ammonite from a loose block in Aucellaelv, southern
Jameson
Land, figured hy
SPATH
(1!131i, pl.
37,
figs,
1
a, b) is now made
the holotype of the new species,
Laugeites jamesoni.
The original of

figure
3
on the same plate is regarded as
a
paratype.
Description: The holot.ype, consisting of parts of three succcssir~e
whorls,
is
still septatc at its full size of
13
cm. At this size the umbilicus
is
44"/,.
Apart frorr~ the slight differenc,e in proportions, the species is
distinguished from
I,.
groenlandicus
by closcr and longer primaries, lack
of forward
r:nrve of the secondaries over the venter, and the presence
of thickened ribs and constrictions at irregular intervals.
Occurrenc,o: The species has heen founil at locality
4,
Laugeites
Ravine, in Kuhn
@.
The most
complete
example (pl.
2,

fig. 1) is complete
with plain aperture (preserved on
Lhe side not photographed) at a dia-
meter
or
12.5
cm (slightsly distorted). There is
a
possihlc fragment from
locality
5.
Laugeites parvus
sp. nov.
PI.
2,
lig.
2,
pl.
3
figs.
1-10:
pl.
8,
fig.
G
(?)
194:.
Su6er.aspedlirs
('?I
sp.

nov.
(?I.
SPAT",
11.
27,
pl.
4,
figs.
1
a,
h.
'
1952.
7,or~peites sp. noV.
SPATH,
11.
19,
pl.
4,
fig.
4.
Types: The holotype is an example from locality
10,
Laugeites
Ravine, Kuhn
0,
figured in plate
3,
figure
2.

There are a number of
paratvpes frorrl this and neighbouring localities (listed helow).
Complete examples arc t~et~ween
6
and
7.5
cm
in diameter, and the
adult umbilicus is
38
to
40°/,
of the diameter. The outer whorls are
strongly compressed; the thickness is
very approximately
20°/,
of tho
diameter, hut most examples arc
dist,ort,eil and cannot be measured.
Each
rvhor.1 overlaps half, or a lit,tle more, of t,he prec,eding one. The
inncr whorls are not adequately known, but haw close, sharp primary
ribs, which lean forwards, and
divide init,o t,wo, or more rarely three,
secondaries half-way across the whorl-side. The secondaries arc slightly
concave forwards, and have a strong forward curve
over the venter.
At
a
variable

diameter,
often between
4
and
5
cm,
the ornament
fades
ont on the middle of the whorl-side, leaving a smool.11 band between
primaries and secondaries,
which
be~:ome very faint. There arc faint.
constrictions, accolnpanicd by flares on the interrial mould. The septal
suture c,annot be seen on any of the specimens.
AlLl~uugh septal sutures are not visible, the majority of specimens
are
helievcd to be adults on account of
1)
the c,onstancy in size of exam-
ples complete with body-chamber, 2) the loss of ornament on
t,hc last
whorl, 3) the preservation of
a
flared aperture on a few specimens
(e.g.
111.
3, figs.
4,
5).
There is varialion amongst the hody-chambers

from those
retraining well-marked primary and sec,ondary ribs, to ones
which are
ci~rnylcLcly smoot,h. Hares and constrictions are also variable
in their occurrence,
but are scldom c,loser than two per whorl. Cr~~shirrg
of the septate whorls but not of the body-chamber shows
[.hat
the latter
was one whorl in
lcrrgth.
The alnmonile figured by SPATH (1947, p!.
4,
figs. la,
b),
now
tcrrtatively referred to
i.he specics, is from one of the
JIectoroceras
loca-
lities in south-western Jameson Land.
Tt
is too poorly preserved to be
definitely
illentified. The other material figured as
Suhcraspdites
hy
SPATH
(1947, pl.
1,

fig. 6; pl.
4,
figs. 2, 11-14) consists of inadequa1.r
Iragrncnts or inner whorls.
J,augeites parwus
diners from obher spccics of the genr~s by its small
size and cornpressed whorls. There is
considerahlc resemb1anl:e to
Sub-
craspedites prrplicomphalru
SWINNERTON (1935, p. 36, pl.
3,
figs
la,
b,
2a,
b)
from the lower part of t,he Spilsby Sandstone ol T,incolnshire,
England. Innor whorls of the two species appear to be indistingnishable;
on the last, half-whorl (presumed body-chamher) of
S. preplicornphalus
primary rihs hecornc more prominent than in
L.
pnrvws,
but they do
not acquire
the pinched-rrp appe:lrani:c of typical
Sahcraspedites.
14orpho-
logically,

.S.
pr~plicomnhalus
is intermediat,~ between
Laicgeites
and
Snbcraspedire.~,
and inight equally well be referred to the former genus.
The holotype has heen newly photographed through the kindness of
Dr.
RI.
I<.
HOWARTH, anil is now illustrated (pl.
1,
fig.
3)
for comparison
wibh i.hc Greenland material; 11nlor1,nnately thc preservation is indiffe-
rent. Another
intcri>st,ing c,omparison is with
S.
(?)
snbpressulus
(Bo-
r,osl.ovs~u, 1807, p. 142, pl.
4,
figs.
3,
4;
two of the types rcfigured by
LUPPOV

R.
DRUSHCHITZ, 1!158, pl.
39,
figs.
6,
7), described lrorrr the
Riasan
ncds of Tsikvino on the river Okn south-east of Moscow, and
S.
primilivus
rccorded from the Spilsby Sandstone of Lincolnshire by
SWINNERTON (1935, p. 32, pl.
2,
fig.?. la-c,). The holotype is now refigured
in
platme
8,
figures
3,
4.
The septate wlrorls of this species are alrnost
indistin~~~islralrlc from
L.
paruus
as
far
as ornament is concerned, hut
the umbilicus is srnallcr, about
25O/,
of the diame1,er. Neither British

nor figured Russian material
inclndcs the body-chamber, and it is not
known whether
snbpressulus
rlevelope~l suhcraspeditid characters on the
IV
Sfratigraplip and
~Irnrnonite
Fauna
ol
East
Greenland
23
outer whorls. The septate whorls would pass for
I,angeites;
SPATH
(1947,
p.
28)
doubted the attribution of
"S.
primitior~-7"
to
Suhcraspedites
and
thought
it
"probably a form of
Tollia",
althongh typical

l'ollia
have a
smallcr umbilicus and coarser ribbing. The species is morpho1ogi1:all.v
intermediate between
Subcrasl~edi~es
(or
Laugeitrs)
and
Tnllia.
It
is
possible that a11
Subcraspedites
have more or less laugeit,id
inner whorls, but much of the Spilshy Sanrlstone material is too poorly
prcscrved for a thorough investigation. Specimens whic,h show laugeitid
inner whorls follo\ved by snbcraspeditid body-chamber are the holotype
of
S.
undalntus
SWINNI~RT~N (1!435, pl. 2, figs. Da-C) and that of the
closcly similar
S.
su,bundulatas
SWIXXERTON (1935, pl. 2, figs. 2a,
b),
refigured herc
ir~
plate
8,

figures 1,
2.
Occurrence:
The holotype and numerous specimens, fragments and
im~~ressions from locality
10,
Laugeites Ra~ine, Kuhn
C?,
wherc
it
is
the commonest
amrnonile. Seven examples and fragments from loca-
lity
9,
in
the same valley, including plate
3,
figures
l,
8.
Two incomplete
examples from locality 11.
Two whorl
fragn~enls (no. 788) givcn Lo Dr. EICIL NIIILSKX by a
brapper
ir~
1!133
are said to have
bcrn

fonnd on Hoc,hst.et,t,cr Forland.
If they really comc Irom there, then I3erriasian rocks of facies identical
u~ith that of western liuhn
I?
must exist on Hochstetter Forland, for
t,tre lithology and mode of pre~ervat~ion is very similar to
that
of the
Kuhn
0
material.
Two impressions of this or a similar form were collected by thc
writ~r from a s;mrlstone bed in banded beds
at
an altitude of 90 rrr on
the
nort,h-castern flarrlz
ol
the Niesen, nor0hern \Tollaston Forlnnrl.
Laugeites
sp. nov.
PI.
4,
figs.
1,
2.
11
species of
Lalsg~iles
with almost smooth body-chairrher is repre-

sented by a
number of fragments all partly crusl~ed. The inner nd~orls
are unknown, and thc species has not hccn named. An almost r:omplete
hodg-chamber is shown in pl.
4,
fig.
2.
It is an interndl rnould 13.5 cm
in
dia~neter
and
is
smooth except, Inr a rib, preceded
hy
a constriction,
abo~rl half-way round. The ~~rnbilicus is about 40"/, of t.he diamct.er.
Another hotly-rhamher is complete with aperture at
10.8
cm, thc umbi-
licus hcing
4'J0/,.
This and othcr fragments show that the aperture was
slight,ly expanded, forwardly inclined towards the venter
and
with a
verrt.ra1 rostrum. There wcr,e no lateral lappets.
Occurrcn(,e: Five hotly-chambers or parims thereof, from localil,y 10,
Laugeitcs
Rarine, Tinlln
M.

Perisphinctidae
of
'pavlovid' type
Associated wit11 ahundant
T,augeifes
in western Kuhn
0
(p. 13) are
much rarer fragments of evoh~t.e, perisphindid-type ammonites with
sharp, usually bifurcating ribs of the kind exemplified
by the outer
whorls
of the Upper Kimeridgian ammonite
Paulo71ia
and its presumed
descendants in the Portlandian. No complete individuals were found
anrl all that can he done is t80 figure a few fragments t,o show the kinds
of ammonite present.
The fragment from locality
7
shown in plate 5, figrlre
1,
is distin-
guished
hy
the presence of as many simple rihs as bifurcating ones.
This character is suggestive of the Russian Lowcr Volgian genus
Aculi-
eostites;
t,hat genns 11as a sulcate venter on the inner whorls, a character

which cannot be
checked on the Kuhn
PI
fragment.
Forms with more or less regularly bilurcating ribs occur at locali-
ties
1,
2,
4,
5,
10
and
11.
They are all poorly preserved. They arc hardly
distingtrishable from forms figured by SPATII from Milne Land as
Cren-
donites;
for cxample, the impression here figured (pl.
5,
fig. 3) seems
closc to
C.
lrsliei
SPATH (1936, pl. 13, fig.
1).
Thcre is also a close simila-
rity to the Russian Lower Volgian
genus
Epivirgatircs,
of which the

lectotypc has recently been refigured (Lurrov
&
nnusac~i~z 1958, pl.
37, fig. 7).
AFIKKLL
(1957,
p.
L333) notes the resemhlancc betwecn
Epivir-
garite
and English
"Crendonites",
which he regards as a synonym of
G2aueolithites.
The third gronp of fragments has more than t.wo secondaries cor-
responding to each primary rih.
This
c11ar;rcter occurs sporadically in
forms with
otlrcrwise birurcating rilq such as an impression Irom loca-
lity
2
(PI.
5,
fig. 4), and in others
(pl.
5,
fig.
7)
iL is a regular feature.

One fragmentary impression in a large block
from lorality
5,
has
ornament which corresponds exactly to ihat of
tho
t,ype species of
Virgntosphincrcs.
Another can be matched exactly wit,h large English
l'ortlandian
Kerberites.
In two impressions from loc,ality 7 (pl.
5,
figs.
5,
6)
the secondary rihs are rather faint, as they are in the type species
of
Dorsoplanires.
In someIragments or t,his grol~p there is t,endency for the
ribbing to be virgatotome, hut typical
virgatotnme ribbing is not present.
The foregoing remarks arc? not intended as firm ident,ifications, but
only as an indication
of
the forms present. They may he s~~mmarised:
Localiby
Acutieostites?
7
Dorsoplnnites?

7
Glaucoli~~ites?
I,
2,
'I,
5,
10,
11.
Virgatosphincfrs?
4,
5.
trifnrcating ribs:
5,
7,
8.
Iv
Stratigraphy and Ammonito Fauna ol East Greenland
25
Family
Craspeditidae
SPATH, 1924
Craspedites is an involnte genus1), the shell ranging from glohose
to compressed. The umbilicus is always small (loss than
ZOO/,),
is conical,
and deep and narrow in the inflated forms. Ornament is never strong;
the inner whorls bear Iaint secondary rihs which arise low down on t.hc
whorl-side; primaries at this stage are inr:onspicuous or absent. There
are also periodic constrictions. The body-chamber is smooth, or nearly
so, except for the strong primaries developed in some species. In C.

no-
diger these primaries appear ahout, half a whorl before the last, septum.
hfost examples are complete with adult body-rhamhers at a small size,
often less than
5
cm.
SPATH, in his papers on East Greenland, has not interpreted Cras-
pdde,~ in the way defined above, and accepted
Amm.
subditus TRAUTS-
CHOLD
as the type species. PAVLOV when he established the genus
commenced with the heading: "Craspedites (Olrostephani du groupe
snbdil.us)" but did not mention a type species, and
Amm.
okrnnis
D'ORBICNY was designated type species by
H.
DOUVILLE
(1911). The
fossils from Milne Land referred to Cra~prdites by SPITH (1936, pp.
85-88) do not belong to the genus as now defined, and
there is no reason
to
bclicve that Craspedites o(,(:nrs in East Greenland.
In
1936 (p. 83) SPATH also included in Craspeditidae the genera
Kachpurites, Garniericeras,
Snbcraspedirrs and Pnrncrnspedites. Snbcra-
spedites is placed in Tollinae, as explained below. Paracrapedites is also

excluded (see
CASEY 1962). Garniericeras was made the type genus of
a subfamily Garniericeratinae by
Srntrlr (1952,
p.
9); it may or may
not be related to the other genera inrluded in
Ishe same subfamily by
A~x~r.1.
(1957,
p.
1,
344).
Siibfamily Tollinae SPATI[, 1952
This subfamily is now taken to
inrlude Tollin, Subrraspedites,
Ilecturr~cerns, Sr~rites and il'ikitinoceras.
A11
these genera hear sharp,
perisphinctid-type ribbing on the
i1111cr whorls, primaries bifurcating
about halfway across the whorl-side. They are
in
contrast to Craspedites
where the ribbing is never sharp and the seconrlarit:~ arisc near the
urnbiliral margin.
DilTerences belween Tollia and Snbcraspedites are of degree ralher
than of kind. The t,ypical Sabcraspedilrs is evolnte, with finely ribbed
pcrisphir~ctid inncr whorls; the primary and secondary rihs t,hen hccome
separabed by a smooth band on the whorl-side, and finallv the primaries

1)
The description of
Cmsyrdifcs
is based
on
a
study
nl
the collection of cxccl-
lently-preserved
Rassian
~r~atrrinl in the British Museum (Kat,. Ilist.); lor illustra-
tions of
inncr
and
nlllpr
whorls
of
C.
nodiger
see
Xrrlnv,
1885,
pl.
5,
figs.
13-22.
herome prominent, with a "pinched-up" appearance, while the secon-
daries
beco~ne faint, or disappear. The type species,

S.
plicomphallzs
(J. S~\VICIIIIY), has not been adequately ill~~strated, and the type
is now
refigured in plate 9, figure
2.
The species has con~monly been
interp7,eted by a later figure
(J.
de
C.
SOWERBY, 1823, pl. 404)
which SPATH (1952, p. 18)
held t,o he different from
Am. plicomphalus
J. SOWERBY, renarning il
Suhcmsprdilrc eozoerbyi.
This spccies is illustra-
ted in plate
9,
fignrc 1.
(:ASEY
believes (1!162, p.
!)8)
that
it
will be ne-
cessary to
v;ilirlate
S.

sowerbyi
as the type species of
Suherarprdites
in
order to preserve the current interpretation of
t,he genus.
Subcraspedites
is clearly derived lrom
Lalcgrircs,
ror thcre is no
diflerence bctwccn Ll~e two genera except for the bullate primary ribs
of the former. At least one species from the Spilsby Sandstone,
S.
prr-
plicompholr~.~
SWINXERTOX (1935, p. 36, pl. 3, fig. la, b), does not have
thc prominent primaries, and is
morphologically
a
T,orrgeites
rather than
a
Subcraspedites.
Genus
TOLLIA
PAVLOV, 191
3
The type species is
Tollia tolli
Pnvr.ov, designated by

AIIKI:I.I.,
,1957,
p.
L
344.
A
numbcr of specific names have been proposed [or members
of this genus;
;rlmost all are inadequately defined, and some are syno-
nyms, as lar as can he
soen from the euiilenre
available.
The carlicst
spevies to be named
was
Tc~lliir ~~uyeri
(TOULI), from easI,t:rn 1Z1111rk
0,
Rast (;reenland (Tou~n, 1874, p. 498, pl. 1, figs. la-r). The out,crop
which yielded Tour.~'s type has not been found by later expeditions. In
side
vicw
T.
pa?yeri
is indistinguish;~l)lr irom
T.
11idrur:r:a
(ROC;(ISI.(IVSKY,
1897, 1).
55,

pl.
3,
figs. 1-3) and from
T. lolli
Pav~ov (1913,
11.
39,
111.
12,
figs.
1,
2), but botb these species have an acute venter, at least on the
inner whorls,
wh(:reas
T. paycri,
according to TOULA'S section (fig. lc)
has a broadly
rounded venter throughout
Tollin hidene:ca
and
T.
tolli
are
proh;rl>ly synonyms. Species in wllirh the ornament dies out early are
T.
glaber
(NIKITIN,
1888,
p.
98,

pl. 2, figs. 8,
I))
and
7'.
sosnouskii
(SOKO-
~.ov, 1913, p. 70, pl. 2, figs. 2a-c), and possihly
T.
latelobat'
PAVL~V
(1913,
p.
41, 111.
13,
fig. 2).
Tollia
is a genus with perisphinclid-type ornamenl, involnle she11
anrl small umbilicus, i~ommonly 20-25°/, of the diameter. The venter
may be
acut,~ on the inner whorls, hecon~i~lg rounded latcr in dcvelop-
ment,; the change occurs at different, sizes in differen1 species. The earlier
whorls have sharp ribs;
later t.he primary ribs may become blnnt and
prominent, the
sccorldaries fine and numerous and separated from the
primaries
by
;I
snlooth area. There is a tendency, not shown by all
Iv

Sl.ratigraphy
and Ammonite Fauna of
East
Greenland
27
specimens, for the primaries to be concave forwards, with a backward
inflection whcrc the secondaries originate, producing a very characteri-
stic appearance. Some species, at least, show constrictions on the inter-
nal
moi~ld. The ornament porsists to
a
size which varics grcatly with
the species, but tho later part
or the shell is smooth, or nearly so. Some
individuals reached large sizes: the type of
1'.
latelobata
PAVLOV is still
septate at a diameter of 18 cm.
Thc genus
Praetollia
is horc considered to he a synonym of
Tollia.
SPATH (1952, p. 13) when he sel
up
Praetollia
said that
Tollia
differcd
from it "chicfly in its more sigmoidal c,ostation, with thickening of the

primary stems which are also nlore distantly s~~aced,
and
thcrc is an
increase in the peripheral projection of the secondaries". He also
(1).
14)
noted the absence of constrictions which he regarded as characteristic
ol
Tollia.
In
fact,
the ornament of most of the examples of
Praetollia
rnaynci,
the type species, is like that of the inner whorls
of
Tollia
and
we do not know whcthcr the specimens were adults or the inner whorls
of a larger
spccies. F~irthermore, a few individuals in the assemblage,
regarded by
SPATH as variety
contiglla
(p.
14, pl.
3,
fig.
1
ctc.), show the

ornament, becoming like that of tho
outer whorls of
Tollia,,
showing just
those Ieatures which SPATH rogarded as typical of the latter genus.
The genus
Chamdornirovia
S.4zo~ov
1951 was regarded as a possible
synonym
ol
Tollia
by
LUPPCIV
&
I)IIUSIICIIITZ
(1938, p. 93).
Tollia bidevexa
(Rocosr.ovsu~)
Pl,
6,
fig.
fa.
189:.
Oleosl~phnnsa
hidetpl,rzr~s
Ho~os~ovsxu,
pp.
55,
141,

pl.
3,
figs.
1
a;
b;
2
a,
b,
3,
4.
?1913.
Tollia
Tolli
P~r~ov
p.
39,
pl.
I?,
figs.
1
a,
b,
2
a<. (Lectotype:
the
original
01
fig.
1,

hrro
dcsignated).
Type: The original of Bocos~ovsus's plate
3,
figure
3
is now desig-
nated
lcct,otype of bhe species.
Rocos~ovs~.r's figures show four fragmcnt,arp spcrimcns of diffcrcilt
sizes, whirh probably belorlg to the samc spccies, all.hongh I.he smnllesl,
(figs. la, b) is closer-ril~hed Lhan Lhe others. Figure 4 is said to represent
a variety
11i1t agrees with figures
2
and 3. l'he fragments are closely
sirnilnr to the two syntypcs of
Tollia folli
figured by Pkvr.ov, ol wIri~:h
(,he larger (PAVLOV, 1913, pl. 12, fig. 1 a,
h)
is now designated the lecto-
type.
T.
bideveza
has ribbing persisting to a diameter (about 9 em)
at which, on the leelotype of
T.
tolli,
it has just died out, but this c,ha-

ractcr is likely to be variable. It is likely that
T. tolli
and
T. bideverr~