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THE UN’S ROLE IN
NATION-BUILDING
FROM THE CONGO
TO IRAQ
James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, Andrew Rathmell,
Brett Steele, Richard Teltschik, Anga Timilsina
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© Copyright 2005 RAND Corporation
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Published 2005 by the RAND Corporation
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The UN’s role in nation-building : from the Congo to Iraq / James Dobbins [et al.].
p. cm.
“MG-304.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8330-3589-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Democratization—Case studies. 2. United Nations—Peacekeeping forces—Case
studies. 3. United Nations—Military policy—Case studies. 4. United Nations—
Economic assistance—Case studies. 5. United Nations—Technical assistance—Case
studies. 6. Peace-building—Case studies. I. Dobbins, James, 1942–
JZ4984.5.U534 2005
341.5'84—dc22
2004027669
Cover design by Stephen Bloodsworth
This research in the public interest was supported by the RAND
Corporation, using discretionary funds made possible by the generosity
of RAND’s donors and the fees earned on client-funded research.
iii
DEDICATION
The cover photographs are of UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld in
the Congo (left) and UN Special Envoy Sergio Vieira de Mello in Iraq (right).
They are the two most senior representatives to have given their lives in the
course of UN nation-building operations over the last 60 years. This work is
dedicated to them and their many colleagues who have made that ultimate
sacrifice.
Americas Role
in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq,
U.S led cases
UN-led cases
Number of years
Ger
many
Ja
pa
n
Congo
Namibi
a
El Salv
ador
Cambodia
Somali
a
Mozambique
Hait
i
a
Bosnia
Easter
n Slav
onia
a
Sierra Leone
a
Eas
t Timo
r
a
Ko
so
vo
a
Afghanistan
a
Iraq
RAND MG304-S.2
NOTE: See Figure 12.3 for source information.
1
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8 8
4
1
4
2
3
2
3
2
5+
9+
5+ 5+
3+
1+
a
Ongoing operation
101
5
1
3
2
5
4
19
34
3
10
20
1
7
0.38
0.07
0
5
10
15
20
25
U.
S led cases
UN-led cases
Soldiers per thousand inhabitants
Ger
man
y (1945)
Ja
pan
(1945)
Congo (1
9
61)
Namibia (198
9
)
El Sal
vador (19
91
)
Cambodia (1993
)
Somalia (1
992)
Mozambique (1993)
Haiti (1994
)
Bosn
i
a (19
95)
Easter
n Slav
onia (1996)
Sierra Leone (2000)
East Timor (1999)
Ko
so
vo
(2000
)
Afghanistan (2004
)
Iraq (2003
)
RAND MG304-S.1
NOTE: See Figure 12.2 for source information.
U.S led cases
UN-led cases
Police per thousand inhabitants
Germ
an
y
Ja
pa
n
Congo (1965)
Namibia (1990)
El Salva
dor (1992
)
Cambodia (1994)
Somalia (1996)
Mozambique (1995)
Haiti (1995)
Bosnia (2000
)
Easter
n Slav
onia (1998)
Si
e
rra Leone (2004)
East Timor
(2002)
Ko
s
ov
o (2001)
Afghanistan
Iraq
RAND MG304-S.3
NOTE: See Figure 12.5 for source information.
0 0
0.02
1.12
0.11
0.32
0.01
0.07
0.13
1.16
3.14
0.02
1.65
2.02
0 0
0.2
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
