Tài liệu EU ENLARGEMENT AND THE CONSTITUTIONS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE pdf

EU ENLARGEMENT AND THE
CONSTITUTIONS OF CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
In the wake of the EU’s greatest enlargement, this book explores the
adaptation of the constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe for mem-
bership in the European Union. In response to the painful past, these new
constitutions werenotably closedto the transfer of powers to international
organisations, and accorded a prominent status to sovereignty and inde-
pendence. A little more than a decade later, the process of amending these
provisions in view of the transfer of sovereign powers to a supranational
organisation has proved a sensitive and controversial exercise. This book
analyses the amendments against the background of comparative experi-
ence and theory of sovereignty, as well as the context of political sensi-
tivities, such as rising euroscepticism ahead of accession referendums. It
concludes with a broader inquiry into the role and rationale of the national
constitutionsintheprocessofEuropeanintegration.Thebookalsocon-
siders the implications of the European Constitution, in the framework of
the debate on European constitutionalism and post-national governance.
anneli albi is a lecturer in European Law at the University of Kent.
She obtained her Ph.D at the European University Institute in Florence,
where her research focused on the adaptation of Central and Eastern Euro-
pean constitutions for EU membership. In 2003–04, she was a General
Rapporteur of the Asser Institute and the Netherlands Foreign Ministry
MATRA multicountry project ‘The Impact of Accession on the National
Legal OrdersofCandidate Countries’.
CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN EUROPEAN LAW
AND POLICY
This series aims to produce original works which contain a critical analysis of the state
of the law in particular areas of European Law and set out different perspectives and
suggestions for its future development. It also aims to encourage a range ofworkonlaw,

legal institutions and legal phenomena in Europe, including ‘law incontext’ approaches.
The titles in the series will be of interest to academics; policymakers; policy formers who
are interested in European legal, commercial, and political affairs; practising lawyers
including the judiciary; and advanced law students and researchers.
Joint Editors
Professor Dr. Laurence Gormley
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Professor Jo Shaw
University of Edinburgh
Editorial advisory board
Professor Richard Bellamy, University of Reading; Ms. Catherine Barnard, University
of Cambridge; Professor Marise Cremona, Queen Mary College, University of London;
Professor Alan Dashwood, University of Cambridge; Professor Dr. Jacqueline Dutheil
de la Roch
`
ere, Universit
´
edeParisII,Directorofthe Centre de Droit Europ
´
een, France;
Dr. Andrew Drzemczewski, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France; Sir David Edward
KCMG, Q.C.formerJudge,CourtofJustice of the European Communities, Luxem-
bourg; Professor Dr. Walter Baron van Gerven, Emeritus Professor, Leuven & Maastricht
and former Advocate General, Court of Justice of the European Communities; Professor
Daniel Halberstam, University of Michigan, USA; Professor Dr. Ingolf Pernice, Director
of the Walter Hallstein Institut, Humboldt Universit
¨
at, Berlin; Michel Petite, Director
General of the Legal Service, Commission of the European Communities, Bruxelles;
Professor Dr. Sinisa Rodin, University of Zagreb; Professor Neil Walker, University of

Aberdeen and EUI, Fiesole.
Books intheseries
EU Enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe
Anneli Albi
Market Freedom and Social Rights in the European Economic Constitution
Stefano Giubboni
EU ENLARGEMENT AND
THE CONSTITUTIONS OF
CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
ANNELI ALBI
University of Kent
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK
First published in print format
isbn-13 978-0-521-84541-0
isbn-13 978-0-521-60736-0
isbn-13 978-0-511-12605-5
© Cambridge University Press 2005
2005
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e.or
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relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

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CONTENTS
List of tables page viii
Series Editors’ Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Ta b l e o f cases xii
Ta ble of treaties, laws and other instruments xvii
List of abbreviations xxxii
Introduction 1
1Overviewoftheaccession process 5
2Constitutional adaptations in the ‘old’ Member States 9

Tr ansfer of sovereign powers: main models 9
Other EU amendments 14
3Some idiosyncrasies of CEE constitutions 18
Constitutional history of CEE countries 18
Prominence of the constitutions in CEE legal orders 22
‘Souverainist’ character 24
4Constitutional issues in the pre-accession period 36
Europe Agreements in CEE legal orders 36
Extent of harmonisation and adoption of EU obligations 44
Judicial harmonisation 52
Pre-accession adaptations in the light of sovereignty and legitimacy 56
Issues of democratic deficit in the pre-accession adaptations 61
5Revision of CEE constitutions for EU membership 67
Wider package of EU amendments 67
Slovakia 67
Czech Republic 70
Slovenia 72
Some common observations 75
v
vi contents
Medium package of EU amendments 78
Poland 78
Hungary 82
Minimal EU amendments 87
Estonia 88
Latvia 94
Lithuania 98
Developments in Romania and Bulgaria 103
Romania 103
Bulgaria 107

Some overarching trends in the EU amendments 110
Assessment in the light of the rationale of a constitution 114
6Theoretical views of sovereignty and democratic legitimacy
in CEE 122
Delegating sovereignty, preserving independence? 122
Popular sovereignty: from an ethno-cultural to a post-national
concept? 130
7Referendums 138
Referendum experience: frequent and unsuccessful 138
Public opinion and euroscepticism 146
Accession referendums: procedural ‘manoeuvres’ 149
Implications for the EU treaty amendment procedure 159
8Membership of NATO and other international
organisations 163
NATO 163
Other international organisations 168
9Role of Constitutional Courts 170
Ultimate arbiter debate and CEE Constitutional Courts 170
To w a r d s a ‘European constitutional order’? 175
10 Implications of the European Constitution 179
EU’s constitutional reform and involvement of candidate countries 179
Aconstitution or a treaty? 182
National constitutional limits to integration 183
‘Constitutional’ elements of the European Constitution 186
Changes consolidating the position of Member States 193
National responses 194
Incremental transition towards sovereignty of ‘the peoples
of Europe’? 196
contents vii
Epilogue: ‘Taking constitutions seriously’ in the process

of European integration 206
Bibliography 211
Appendix 232
Index 248
TABLES
3.1 Adoption of new constitutions page 23
3.2 Provisions on sovereignty and independence and their
safeguards 26
7.1 Minimum turnout requirements in CEE referendums 140
7.2 Referendums in CEE (other than EU referendums) 142
7.3 Public support for joining the EU 147
7.4 EU accession referendums 150
A1 Constitutional amendment procedures 232
A2 Amendments of the CEE constitutions (other than those
pertaining to EU accession) 235
A3 EU provisions and application of international law in Slovakian
Constitution 238
A4 EU provisions and application of international law in Czech
Constitution 240
A5 EU provisions and application of international law in Slovenian
Constitution 241
A6 EU provisions and application of international law in Polish
Constitution 242
A7 EU provisions and application of international law in Hungarian
Constitution 243
A8 EU provisions and application of international law in Estonian
Constitution 243
A9 EU provisions and application of international law in Latvian
Constitution 244
A10 EU provisions and application of international law in Lithuanian

Constitution 245
A11 EU provisions and application of international law in Romanian
Constitution 246
A12 Application of international law in Bulgarian Constitution 247
viii
SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE
The enlargement of the European Union on 1 May 2004 to bring in ten
new Member States, eight of which are in Central and Eastern Europe,
marked a historical shift in the EU. No longer could it be seen as primarily
acreatureofWesternEurope (plus elements of Southern Europe). On the
contrary, the tumultuous events which accompanied the ending of the
Cold War, including the break-up of several federations (Soviet Union,
Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) opened the way for the EU to become
something much closer to a pan-European polity.
Accession involves constitutional change, both on the part of the EU
and on the part of the acceding state or states. This study by Anneli Albi
comprises the first full length study of the impact of accession upon the
constitutions of the acceding states. Although the perspective is primarily
abottom-up one, looking at the constitutional change in terms of what
were essentially ‘new’ and relatively ‘closed’ constitutions of the post-
Communist era, Albi also brings in constitutional change – EU-style –
in the form of the Constitutional Treaty signed in Rome on 29 October
2004, and due in turn for ratification in each of the twenty-five Member
States. It is clear that change and adjustment, including formal constitu-
tional amendment but also involving the role of numerous judicial actors,
especially constitutional courts, will continue for the foreseeable future
as the EU enters the critical post-enlargement stage.
This book is the first in a new CUP series, Cambridge Studies in Euro-
pean Law and Policy, edited by Laurence Gormley of the Rijksuniver-
siteit Groningen and Jo Shaw of the University of Edinburgh. Albi’s study

responds amply to the series’ aims, namely to produce original works in
English which contain a critical analysis of the state of the law in a partic-
ular area of European Law understood in its widest sense and set out the
perspectives and suggestions for its future development, and to encourage
arangeofworkonlaw,legalinstitutions and legal phenomena in Europe,
including ‘law in context’ work as well as more doctrinally focused expos-
itory work. Of critical importance to Albi’s study are the key political
ix
x series editors’ preface
markers of sovereignty and democracy, in the latter case in the form of
the referendums which were held on accession in each of the new Member
States. Albi’s approach – like many on the EU – is to treat it as a sui generis
polity, which cannot simply be assimilated to national or international
models. However, the interest of the book lies in the unavoidable chal-
lenge of statist concepts and ideas, and whether they continue to have an
important role to play in post-enlargement Europe and in an increasingly
globalised and interconnected world.
Laurence Gormley
Jo Shaw
4March2005
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Iamgrateful to the publishers for their kind permission to incorporate
material from the following articles:
Hart Publishing Ltd for sections from A. Albi, ‘Post-modern Versus
Retrospective Sovereignty: Two Different Sovereignty Discourses in the
EU andCandidate Countries?’ inN. Walker (ed.), Sovereignty in Transition
(Hart, Oxford, 2003), pp. 401–22, and A. Albi, ‘Referendums in the CEE
Candidate Countries: Impact on EU Treaty Amendment Procedure’ in
C. Hillion (ed.), EU Enlargement: A Legal Approach (Hart, Oxford, 2004),
pp. 57–76.

Sweet and Maxwell Ltd for sections from A. Albi and P. Van Elsuwege,
‘EU Constitution, National Constitutions and Sovereignty: An Assess-
ment of a “European Constitutional Order” ’ (2004) European Law Review
(forthcoming).
Kluwer Law International for sections from A. Albi ‘ “Europe” Articles
in the Constitutions of Central and Eastern European Countries’ (2005)
Common Market Law Review pp. 399–423.
xi
CASES
European Court ofJustice
Case 16/62, Van GendenLoos[1963] ECR 1 118
Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585 118
Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft [1970] ECR 1125 170
Euratom Ruling 1/78 [1978] ECR 2151 118
Case 106/78, Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629 170
Case 270/80, Polydor and RSO Records [1982] ECR 229 40
Case 294/83, Les Verts [1986] ECR 1339 187
Case 152/84, Marshall [1986] ECR 723 53
Case 12/86, Demirel [1987] ECR 3719 38
Case C-192/89, Sevince [1990] ECR I-3461 44
Case 18/90, Kziber [1991] ECR I-199 40
Case C-159/90, Grogan [1991] ECR I-4685 177
Case C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova [1991] ECR I-5889 54
Case C-295/90, Parliament v. Council [1992] ECR I-4193 55
Opinion 1/91, EEA [1991] ECR I-6079 40
Case C-168/91, Konstantinidis [1993] ECR I-1191 174
Case C-450/93, Kalanke [1995] ECR I-3051 177
Case C-262/96, S¨ur¨ul [1999] ECR I-2685 38
Case C-285/98, Tanja Kreil v. Germany [2000] ECR I-69 17
Case C-63/99, Gloszczuk [2001] ECR I-6369 37

Case C-235/99, Kondova [2001] ECR I-6437 37
Case C-257/99, Barkoci and Malik [2001] ECR I-6557 37
Case C-268/99, Jany [2001] ECR I-8615 37, 39
Case C-353/99, Hautala, Opinion of Advocate-General Leger of 10 July 2001, [2001]
ECR I-9565 188
Joined Cases C-20 and 64/00, Booker Aquaculture and Hydro Seafood, Opinion of
Advocate-General Mischo of 20 September 2001, [2003] ECR I-7411 188
Case C-162/00, Pokrzeptowicz-Meyer [2002] ECR I-1049 37, 39
xii
table ofcases xiii
Permanent Court of International Justice
S.S. Wimbledon, PCIJ Ser. A. No. 1 (1923) 25 9
Bulgaria
Constitutional Court Decision No. 7, 2 July 1992, on the interpretation of articles
85(3) and 148(1.4) of the Constitution, Durzhaven Vestnik 56/92 44, 109, 172
Constitutional Court Decision No. 5/99, 22 April 1999, on the passage of NATO
aircraft, summary in English at www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/summaries99.htm
167
Constitutional Court Decision No. 6/99, 3 May 1999, on the Agreement between
Bulgaria and NATO regarding Transit of NATO Aircraft, summary at
www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/summaries99.htm 167
Constitutional Court Decision No. 8/99, 16 June 1999, on Cooperation Agreement
with Turkey in Energy Sector, summary in English at www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/
summaries99.htm 173
Constitutional Court Decision of February 2003, on authorisation for fulfilling
obligations under NATO 167
Constitutional Court Decision of 10 April 2003, on the mode of constitutional
amendment 108
Czech Republic
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 19/93, on Lawlessness of the Communist Regime

(1997) 4 East European Case Reporter of Constitutional Law 149 117
High Court of Olomouc, Decision 2A6/96, Skoda 54
Constitutional Court, Decision III.US 31/97–35, Skoda 54
Denmark
Supreme Court, Carlsen v. Rasmussen,judgment6April 1998, [1999] CMLR 855 170,
174, 184, 185
Estonia
Constitutional Review Chamber, Decision No. III-4/A–5/94, 30 September 1994,
on the constitutionality of PropertyLawEnforcementAct,inEnglishat
www.nc.ee/english 55
xiv table ofcases
Constitutional Review Chamber, Dissenting Opinion of R. Maruste to the Decision
No. 3-4-1-3-97, 24 March 1997 on seafarers’ passports, in English at
www.nc.ee/english 55
Constitutional Review Chamber, Decision No. 3-4-1-1-98, 5 February 1998, on
Language Law, in English at www.nc.ee/english 134
Constitutional Review Chamber, Concurring Opinion of R. Maruste to the Decision
No. 3-4-1-4-98, 27 May 1998, in English at www.nc.ee/english 55
Constitutional Review Chamber, Vilu and Estonian Voters Union,Decision
No. 3-4-1-11-03 of 24 September 2003, in Estonian at www.nc.ee 92, 156
Constitutional Review Chamber, Kulbok,Decision No. 3-4-1-11-03 of 29 September
2003, in Estonian at www.nc.ee 92, 155, 196
France
Constitutional Council, Maastricht, Decision No. 92-308 DC, 9 April 1992 15, 185
Germany
Constitutional Court, Solange I,BVerfGE 37, 271 (1974) 170, 174
Constitutional Court, Solange II,BVerfGE73, 378 (1986) 170, 174
Constitutional Court, Brunner,BVerfGE89, 155 (1993), [1994] CMLR, 57 121, 130,
135, 170, 174, 175, 183–5, 186, 191, 197, 198, 203, 209
Hungary

Constitutional Court, Resolution No. 2/1993 (I.22), (1996) 3 East European Case
Reporter of Constitutional Law 26 117
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 4/1997 (I.22) AB (ABH 1997, 41) 173
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 52/1997, on referendums, reproduced in
L. Solym and G. Brunner (eds), Constitutional Judiciary in a New Democracy:
The Hungarian Constitutional Court (Michigan University Press, 2000),
pp. 371–8 158
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 30/1998, on the Europe Agreement (VI 25) AB,
Magyar K
¨
ozl
¨
ony 56, 172, 173
Constitutional Court, Decision of 23 September 2003, on referendum on sale of land
to foreigners 158
Supreme Court, Decision of 26 March 2003, on EUaccession referendum
156
table ofcases xv
Ireland
Supreme Court, Crotty v. An Taoiseach [1997] IR 713 11
Italy
Constitutional Court, Frontini,Decision No. 183, 1973 170
Constitutional Court, Granital,Decision No. 170, 1984 170
Latvia
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 04-02(99) of 6 July 1999 172
Constitutional Court, Dissenting Opinions of Justices A. Endzins, J. Jelagins and
A. Usacka in Case No. 2000-03-01, on compatibility of the Saeima Election Law
with the Constitution and the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights 55
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 2001-04-0103, 21 December 2001, on spelling

names in Latvian, in English at www.riga.lv/minelres/NationalLegislation/
Latvia/Latvia.ConstCourt2001.English.htm 134
Lithuania
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 8/95 on the constitutionality of Law on
International Treaties, (1997) 4 East European Case Reporter of Constitutional
Law 254 44, 173
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 14/98, 21 October 1999, on spelling names in
Lithuanian, in English at www.lrkt.lt/1999/n9a1021a.htm 134
Constitutional Court, Decision of 9 December 1998, on the constitutionality
of the death penalty, in English at www.Irkt.lt/1998/n8al209a.htm 54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 6 October 1999, on the constitutionality of the
Te l e c o m m unications Law, in English at www.lrkt.lt/1999/n9a1006a.htm 54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 18 October 2000, on the constitutionality of the Law
on the Reorganisation of the Joint-stock Petrol Companies, in English at
www.lrkt.lt/2000/r001018.htm 54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 5 February 2002, on the constitutionality of the Law
on Higher Education, in English at www.lrkt.lt/2002/r020205.htm
54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 14 March 2002, on the constitutionality of the Law
on Pharmaceutical Activities, in English at www.lrkt.lt/2002/r020314.htm
54
xvi table ofcases
Poland
Supreme Court,Decisionof27April1995,onfreemovementofdoctorsunderEurope
Agreement 43
Antimonopoly Court, Case XVII Amr 65/96, 1997.01.08 wyrok s. antym. XVII Amr
65/96 Wokanda 1998/1/60, on public transport tickets 53
Constitutional Tribunal, Case K. 15/97, 29.09.1997 wyrok TK U K 15/97 OTK
1997/34/37, on different retirement age for men and women 53
Constitutional Tribunal, Case VII Anna 39/97, 1997.10.08 wyrok s antynom VII Ama

39/97 Wokanda 1998/9/48, on Antimonopoly Office 43
High Administrative Court, Case NSA I SA/Ld 777/97. 1999.09.09 wyrok NSA I SA/Ld
777/97 Pr.Gosp. 1999/I/40, on customs tax 43
Supreme Court, Case SN N I CKN 1217/98, 2001.05.29 wyrok SN N I CKN 1217/98
OSNAP 2002/1/13, on Polish Bar 42, 53
High Administrative Court, Case NSA I SA/Po 3057/98. 1999.12.29 wyrok NSA
UNISA/Po3057/98 ONSA 2001/1/34, on Protocol No. 4 of the Europe
Agreement 42, 43
Constitutional Tribunal, Case K.27/99,2000.03.28wyrokTKUK27/99OTK
2000/2/62, on different retirement age for men and women 53
Constitutional Tribunal, Decision of 27 May 2003, on referendum turnout 152
Romania
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 356, September 2003 107
Constitutional Court, Decision of 23 October 2003, on constitutional amendment
referendum 156
Slovakia
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 26/97, II. US 31/97, summary in English at
www.concourt.sk/A/a.index.htm
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 95/99, on the Protection of the Right Guaranteed
by an International Treaty, II. US 91/99, summary in English at
www.concourt.sk/A/a.index.htm 172
Slovenia
Constitutional Court, Decision No. RM-1/97, 5 June 1997, Uradni list RS, No. 40/97,
on Europe Agreement, in English at www.us-rs.si/en 73, 74, 116, 172, 173
TREATIES, LAWS AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS
European Union
Accession Partnerships 9, 45–6, 48, 50
Agenda 2000: For a Stronger and Wider Union 7, 45, 46, 47, 50, 109
Agreement of the European Economic Area 48, 52, 60, 66

art 6 52
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 188, 192, 200
Decision 2/96 96/652 of the EC-Hungary Association Council, 6 November 1996 on
the implementation of competition rules 56
Directive 76/207/EEC on equal treatment
art. 5 53
Directive 77/249/EEC to facilitate the effective exercise by lawyers of freedom to
provide services 53
Directive 90/366/EEC on the right of residence for students 55
Directive 90/388/EEC on competition in the markets for telecommunications services
54
Directive 98/10/EC on the open network provision to voice telephone and on universal
service for telecommunications 54
Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (CONV 850/03, 18 July 2003) 117,
159, 178, 180
Preamble 192, 200
art. 1 193, 200
art. 2 200
art. 5(1) 193
art. 6 190
art. 9 193
art. 10 190
art. 19 191
art. 21 191
art. 24 191
art. 24(4) 193
xvii
xviii table of treaties, laws and other instruments
art. 25 192
art. 27 191

art. 33 191
art. 46(4) 192
art. 59 193
art. III-175 191
art. III-197 191
art. III-213 191
Europe Agreements
Bulgaria 7, 36
art. 45 37
Czech Republic 7, 36, 51
art. 64 54
art. 69 45
Estonia 7, 36
Preamble 51
art. 10 40
art. 11 40
art. 12 40
art. 13 40
art. 14 40
art. 37 40
art. 38 40
art. 51 39
art. 63(5) 58
art. 64 40
art. 65 58
Hungary 7, 36, 51
art. 62(2) 56, 58
Latvia 7, 36
Lithuania 7, 36
art. 69 45

Poland 7, 36, 51
art. 1 43
art. 7 40, 43
art. 37(1) 39
art. 38 40
art. 39 40
art. 44(3) 37, 38
art. 44(4) 42
art. 48 37
table of treaties, laws and other instruments xix
art. 55 39
art. 58(1) 38
art. 63 40
art. 65 43
art. 66 53
art. 68 45, 53
art. 69 53
Protocol 4 43
Protocol 4, art. 27 43
Romania 7, 36
art. 8 40
art. 39 40
art. 40 40
art. 63 40
Slovakia 7, 36
art. 120(2) 64
Slovenia 7
art. 65(2) 58
Annex XIII 73
European Community Treaty

art. 19(1) 15
art. 39 55
art. 52 37, 39
art. 81(1) 53
art. 82 54
European Parliament’s Resolution of 1997 on the Abolition of the Death Penalty 54
Framework decision on the European Arrest Warrant 75, 93
Laeken Declaration 179
Protocol on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality 194
Protocol on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union 194
Provisional Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe
(CIG 86/04, 25 June 2004) 180
Treaty of Amsterdam 177, 186, 188–9, 196
Treaty of Nice 7, 179, 188–9, 196
Treaty of t heEuropean Union (Maastricht Treaty) 9, 15, 183–5, 188–9, 196
art. 48 159, 193, 199, 208
art. O 6
Protocol 17 177
xx table of treaties, laws and other instruments
White Paper, Preparation of the Associated Countries of Central and Eastern Europe for
Integration into the Internal Market of the Union6, 45, 48
International treaties and instruments
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 169
North Atlantic Treaty 163–8
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 172
Constitutions
Austria 10, 11, 14, 25
art. 10(1) 16
art. 23 11
art. 23a 14

art. 23b 16
art. 23c 17
art. 23e 14
art. 23f 17
art. 30(3) 16
art. 117(2) 14
art. 141 16
art. 151(11) 16
Belgium 10, 12, 25
art. 8(3) 14
art. 117(2) 16
art. 168 14
Bulgaria 20, 21, 30, 34
Preamble 28
art. 1(2) 28
art. 1(3) 28
art. 5 171, 172
art. 5(4) 109
art. 5.4 247
art. 9 28
art. 11(4) 169
art. 18(2) 28
art. 18(3) 28
art. 22 109
art. 24(2) 28
art. 25(4) 110
table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxi
art. 44(2) 28
art. 51(1) 110
art. 52 110

art. 58(1) 110
art. 65(1) 110
art. 84 167
art. 84(1) 167
art. 84(p5) 144
art. 85 32
art. 85(1) 109
art. 85(2) 173, 247
art. 85(3) 44, 109, 172
art. 93(2) 110
art. 149(1.4) 44, 109, 172
art. 149(4) 110
art. 150 110
Czech Republic 21, 31, 33, 34
Preamble 27–8
art. 1 27–8, 128
art. 1(2) 71, 240
art. 2(1) 27–8
art. 9 144
art. 9(2) 27–8
art. 10 71
art. 10a 71, 72
art. 10a(1) 72, 240
art. 10a(2) 71, 72, 156, 240
art. 10a(3) 72
art. 10b 72
art. 10b(1) 240
art. 10b(2) 240
art. 10b(3) 240
art. 14(4) 77

art. 39(4) 71, 240
art. 49 71, 72, 240
art. 52 71, 240
art. 87(2) 72, 240
art. 89(3) 72, 240
art. 95 72, 240
art. 98(1) 78
art. 100(1) 77
xxii table of treaties, laws and other instruments
Denmark 10, 12, 25
Estonia 21, 30, 34
Preamble 25–6, 88, 134
art. 1 25–6, 32, 58, 88, 89, 133, 168, 196, 243
art. 1.2 25–6
art. 2 243
art. 3 243
art. 15 171
art. 28 93
art. 29 93
art. 30 93
art. 31 93
art. 32 93
art. 34 93
art. 36 93
art. 44 93
art. 48 88, 93
art. 54 25–6, 59, 92
art. 57 93
art. 102 92
art. 105 145

art. 105(2) 146
art. 106 146
art. 111 88
art. 121 32, 168
art. 123 89, 243
art. 123(1) 88, 171
art. 128 168
art. 152 171
art. 156 93
art. 161 92
art. 162 88, 92, 145
art. 163 92
art. 168 146
Finland 10, 12
art. 1 12
art. 2 12
art. 50(3) 14
art. 93 16
art. 93(2) 14
table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxiii
art. 96 14
art. 97 14
France 10, 11, 17, 25
Preamble 13
art. 3 15
art. 88(1) 11, 13
art. 88(2) 15
art. 88(3) 14
art. 88(4) 14
Germany 10, 11, 25

art. 12a 17, 21
art. 16a 17
art. 23(1) 11, 13
art. 23(2) 14
art. 23(3) 14
art. 24(1) 13
art. 24(2) 13
art. 28(1) 14
art. 52(3a) 14
art. 79(3) 184
art. 88 15
art. 108(1) 17
Greece 10, 25
art. 28 11, 12
art. 70(8) 14
art. 80(2) 16
Hungary 20, 30
Preamble 20, 82
art. 2(1) 27, 57
art. 2(2) 27, 57
art. 2A(1) 84, 243
art. 2A(2) 85, 243
art. 5 27
art. 6(1) 27
art. 6(2) 32
art. 7(1) 85, 173, 243
art. 19(2) 27
art. 19(3) 165
art. 19(3f) 85
art. 28B(1) 141, 157

xxiv table of treaties, laws and other instruments
art. 28C(1) 141
art. 28C(3) 141
art. 28C(4) 141
art. 28C(5) 141
art. 32D(1) 85
art. 40B 164
art. 40C 164
art. 51(1) 27
art. 68(1) 27
art. 70(4) 86
art. 70E(1) 86
art. 77(1) 171
Ireland 10
Preamble 29
art. 5 29
art. 29(4) 11, 16
Italy 10, 12, 25
art. 11 12
art. 117 12
Latvia 22, 34
art. 1 26, 87, 94, 95, 136
art. 2 26, 87, 94, 95, 132
art. 3
art. 4 96
art. 6
art. 8 97
art. 68 95
art. 68(2) 244
art. 72 145

art. 73 145
art. 76 87
art. 77 87, 145
art. 78 87, 145
art. 79 95, 145, 244
art. 89 97, 244
art. 98 97, 98
art. 101 97, 98
Lithuania 21, 30, 34
Preamble 26
art. 1 26, 34, 87, 98, 100, 139, 145