Tài liệu Principles of criminal law 4th edition pptx

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Bloy and Parry’s
Principles of Criminal Law
Fourth Edition
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
PRINCIPLES OF LAW SERIES
Professor Paul Dobson
Visiting Professor at Anglia Polytechnic University
Professor Nigel Gravells
Professor of English Law, Nottingham University
Professor Phillip Kenny
Professor and Head of the Law School, Northumbria University
Professor Richard Kidner
Professor at the Law Department, University of Wales, Aberystwyth
In order to ensure that the material presented by each title maintains the
necessary balance between thoroughness in content and accessibility in
arrangement, each title in the series has been read and approved by an
independent specialist under the aegis of the Editorial Board. The Editorial
Board oversees the development of the series as a whole, ensuring a
conformity in all these vital aspects.
Mike Molan BA, LLM, Barrister
Head of the Law Division, South Bank University
Denis Lanser LLB, Dip Crim
Lecturer in Law, Staffordshire University
Professor Duncan Bloy BA, LLM, PGCE,

Academic Director, Forté-IRI, Singapore
Cavendish
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London • Sydney
Bloy and Parry’s
Principles of Criminal Law
Fourth Edition
Fourth edition first published in Great Britain 2000 by Cavendish Publishing
Limited, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX.
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7278 8080
Email:
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© Molan, M, Lanser, D and Bloy, D 2000
First edition 1994
Second edition 1996
Third edition 1997
Fourth edition 2000
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the
terms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Molan, Michael T
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of criminal law – 4th ed – (Principles of law
series)

1 Criminal law – England 2 Criminal law – Wales
I Title II Lanser, Denis III Bloy, Duncan J IV Parry, Philip V Principles
of criminal law
345.4'2
ISBN 1 85941 580 6
Printed and bound in Great Britain
v
PREFACE
The three years since the publication of the third edition of this book has seen
a significant amount of government activity in the areas of criminal justice, but
very little by way of legislative reform of the substantive criminal law. In this
period, the Crime Sentences Act 1997, the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and
the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 have all made appearances
to varying degrees of critical acclaim. The legislation that may yet prove to
have the most impact on the substantive law is the Human Rights Act 1998,
with the majority of provisions having come into effect on 2 October 2000.
This book therefore endeavours to reflect judicial decision making in this
period, together with proposals for reform of the criminal law contained in
various publications, such as the Law Commission, Consultation Paper on Fraud
and Deception (1999) and the Home Office, Consultation Paper on Reforming the
Law on Involuntary Manslaughter (2000), and raises the question of whether or
not the nation needs a criminal code. It does not focus on the procedural or
sentencing areas of the criminal law as these are rarely, if ever, dealt with in
detail as part of a university level criminal law syllabus.
Duncan Bloy would like to thank his co-authors who have undertaken the
vast majority of the work associated with the revision of the text. He also
wishes to thank Cara Annett at Cavendish Publishing for her forbearance over
the last few months.
Mike Molan and Denis Lanser would like to extend their thanks to Cara
Annett and Sonny Leong at Cavendish Publishing for encouraging their

involvement in this fourth edition. Mike would like to thank Alison for taking
care of business so that he had the time to do the writing and Denis would like
to thank Melanie for all her support and assistance.
We have stated the law as at 1 October 2000.
Mike Molan
Denis Lanser
Duncan Bloy
October 2000

vii
Preface v
Table of Cases xix
Table of Statutes xxxix
Table of Abbreviations xlv
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF
CRIMINAL LAW 1
1.1 COVERAGE OF THE BOOK 1
1.2 A CRIMINAL LAW FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM 1
1.3 JUDICIAL LAW MAKING 3
1.4 THE ROLE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS AS THE FINAL
APPELLATE COURT 5
1.5 THE PURPOSE OF THE CRIMINAL LAW 7
1.6 A WAY FORWARD – CODIFICATION OF THE LAW? 9
1.7 THE DECISION TO CRIMINALISE CONDUCT 12
1.8 THE DEFINITION OF A CRIME 14
1.9 CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES: EXPLANATION OF TERMS 15
1.10 RIGHTS TO APPEAL 17
1.11 BURDEN OF PROOF AND STANDARD OF PROOF 18
1.12 THE TRIAL AND THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE AND JURY 19
1.13 APPROACHING THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL LAW 19

1.14 KEEPING UP TO DATE WITH THE LAW 21
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 23
CONTENTS
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
viii
2 ACTUS REUS 25
2.1 INTRODUCTION 25
2.2 CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRED BY THE DEFINITION OF
THE CRIME 26
2.2.1 Result and conduct crimes 27
2.2.2 Justification 27
2.2.3 The actus reus must always be voluntary 28
2.2.4 State of affairs cases 28
2.3 NON-INSANE AUTOMATISM 30
2.3.1 Self-induced automatism 34
2.3.2 Reform 35
2.4 CAUSATION 36
2.4.1 Reform 44
2.5 OMISSIONS 45
2.5.1 Duty of volunteer carers 48
2.5.2 Duty of medical practitioners 49
2.6 THE CONTINUOUS ACT THEORY 51
2.7 REFORM 52
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2 55
3 THE MENTAL ELEMENT – MENS REA 57
3.1 INTRODUCTION 57
3.2 MOTIVE 58
3.3 INTENTION 60
3.3.1 Where a consequence is wanted for its own sake 61
3.3.2 Consequences foreseen but not wanted 61

Contents
ix
3.4 RECKLESSNESS 76
3.4.1 Ruling out the risk 83
3.4.2 The future of recklessness 85
3.4.3 Reform 87
3.5 OTHER KEY WORDS 88
3.6 TRANSFERRED MALICE 89
3.6.1 Reform 92
3.7 COINCIDENCE OF ACTUS REUS AND MENS REA 92
3.8 STRICT LIABILITY 95
3.8.1 The justification for strict liability 105
3.8.2 Proposals for reform 107
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3 109
4 PARTICIPATION IN CRIME 111
4.1 INTRODUCTION 111
4.2 PROCURE 113
4.3 COUNSEL 115
4.4 AID AND ABET 115
4.5 INNOCENT AGENCY 116
4.5.1 ‘Principal’ acquitted 116
4.6 ACTUS REUS 118
4.7 MENS REA 121
4.8 KNOWLEDGE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES 122
4.9 JOINT ENTERPRISES 125
4.10 WITHDRAWAL FROM A JOINT ENTERPRISE 131
4.11 LIABILITY FOR DIFFERENT OFFENCES 134
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
x
4.12 DRAFT CRIMINAL CODE BILL 135

4.13 VICARIOUS LIABILITY 135
4.13.1 Defences 137
4.13.2 Corporate liability 138
4.13.3 The principle of identification 139
4.13.4 Distinction between vicarious liability and the
identification principle 141
4.13.5 Conclusion 141
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4 143
5 PRELIMINARY OR INCHOATE OFFENCES 145
5.1 INCITEMENT 145
5.1.1 Suggestion or encouragement 146
5.1.2 General or particular 146
5.1.3 The act must amount to a crime 147
5.1.4 Inciting incitement 147
5.1.5 Mens rea 148
5.1.6 Impossibility 150
5.2 DRAFT CRIMINAL CODE 152
5.3 CONSPIRACY 152
5.3.1 Limitations imposed by law 155
5.4 STATUTORY CONSPIRACY 157
5.4.1 If the agreement is carried out in accordance
with their intentions 158
5.4.2 The conditional intention argument 161
5.5 COMMON LAW CONSPIRACY 162
5.5.1 Conspiracy to corrupt public morals or outrage
public decency 162
5.5.2 Conspiracy to outrage public decency 164
5.5.3 Conspiracy to defraud 165
5.5.4 Mens rea for conspiracy to defraud 167
5.6 THIRD PARTIES 168

Contents
xi
5.7 IMPOSSIBILITY 171
5.8 JURISDICTION 171
5.8.1 Jurisdiction over conspiracies to commit offences
outside the jurisdiction 171
5.8.2 Agreement abroad to commit an offence within
the jurisdiction 173
5.9 ATTEMPT 175
5.10 ACTUS REUS 176
5.11 MENS REA 180
5.12 IMPOSSIBILITY 184
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5 187
6 HOMICIDE 191
6.1 MURDER 191
6.1.1 Who may be killed? 192
6.1.2 When does death occur? 196
6.2 CAUSATION 196
6.3 ACTUS REUS OF MURDER 197
6.4 MENS REA OF MURDER 198
6.4.1 Intention to cause grievous bodily harm 198
6.5 MANSLAUGHTER 201
6.6 VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER 201
6.6.1 Provocation 202
6.6.2 The judge rules on the evidence 203
6.6.3 Sudden and temporary loss of self-control 206
6.6.4 Provocative behaviour of a third party 208
6.6.5 The objective factor 209
6.6.6 Self-induced provocation 216
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law

xii
6.6.7 Degree of retaliation 216
6.6.8 Draft Criminal Code 217
6.7 DIMINISHED RESPONSIBILITY 217
6.7.1 Intoxication and diminished responsibility 219
6.7.2 Provocation and diminished responsibility 221
6.7.3 Draft Criminal Code 222
6.7.4 Suicide pacts 223
6.8 INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER 223
6.8.1 Unlawful act manslaughter 223
6.8.2 Omissions 227
6.8.3 Dangerous character 228
6.8.4 Reckless and gross negligence manslaughter 229
6.8.5 The Law Commission’s report on involuntary
manslaughter (1996) 235
6.8.6 Corporate killing 238
6.9 INFANTICIDE 242
6.10 CHILD DESTRUCTION 243
6.10.1 Draft Criminal Code 245
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6 247
7 GENERAL DEFENCES 249
7.1 INSANITY 250
7.1.1 Prior to the trial 250
7.1.2 At the trial 252
7.1.3 M’Naghten Rules 252
7.1.4 The nature and quality of the act 253
7.1.5 Draft Criminal Code 254
7.1.6 The burden of proof in respect of insanity 255
7.2 INFANCY 256
7.2.1 Terminology and trial 256

7.2.2 Under 10 years of age 258
7.2.3 Over 10 years of age 258
Contents
xiii
7.3 INTOXICATION 260
7.3.1 Specific and basic intent crimes 262
7.3.2 Dangerous and non-dangerous drugs 266
7.3.3 Application of the law 268
7.3.4 Intoxication and mistake 269
7.3.5 Statutory as opposed to a common law defence 271
7.3.6 The Law Commission 271
7.4 MISTAKE 273
7.5 DURESS BY THREATS 275
7.5.1 The extent of the defence 276
7.5.2 The extent of the duress 277
7.5.3 Threats by death or serious bodily harm 280
7.5.4 Limitations to the defence 283
7.6 DURESS OF CIRCUMSTANCES 284
7.6.1 Necessity 286
7.6.2 Civil cases 287
7.6.3 Types of necessity 287
7.7 SELF-DEFENCE AND PREVENTION OF CRIME 290
7.7.1 Mistake and self-defence 290
7.7.2 What is reasonable force 291
7.7.3 The Human Rights Act 1998 and self-defence 293
7.8 DRAFT CRIMINAL LAW BILL 294
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 7 295
8 OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY: THEFT 297
8.1 INTRODUCTION 297
8.2 PROPERTY 297

8.3 APPROPRIATION 300
8.3.1 Consent or authorisation by the owner 302
8.3.2 Outline of the Gomez case 303
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
xiv
8.3.3 The deep division of opinion on the consent/
authorisation issue 304
8.3.4 The decision in Gomez 306
8.3.5 Further developments 307
8.3.6 The ‘company cases’ 310
8.3.7 Appropriation where no possession or
control is acquired 311
8.3.8 ‘Innocent’ appropriation 314
8.3.9 Continuing appropriation? 314
8.3.10 Property belonging to the defendant 315
8.3.11 Conclusion 316
8.4 BELONGING TO ANOTHER 317
8.4.1 Control 318
8.4.2 Abandoned property 319
8.4.3 Trust property 320
8.4.4 Obligation to retain and deal 320
8.4.5 Mistake and obligation to make restoration 324
8.5 MENS REA: DISHONESTY 326
8.5.1 The approach to the assessment of dishonesty 327
8.5.2 The twofold test 328
8.5.3 Criticisms of the twofold test 328
8.5.4 Section 2(1)(a) of the TA 1968 330
8.5.5 Section 2(1)(b) of the TA 1968 330
8.5.6 Section 2(1)(c) of the TA 1968 330
8.5.7 Section 2(2) of the TA 1968 330

8.5.8 Conclusion 331
8.6 INTENTION TO DEPRIVE PERMANENTLY 331
8.6.1 Section 6(1) of the TA 1968 332
8.6.2 Section 6(2) of the TA 1968 334
8.7 CONCLUSION 334
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 8 335
Contents
xv
9 OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY: OTHER
OFFENCES UNDER THE THEFT ACTS 1968
AND 1978 AND CRIMINAL DAMAGE 337
9.1 ROBBERY (s 8 of the TA 1968) 337
9.1.1 Force 337
9.1.2 Immediately before or at the time of stealing 338
9.1.3 Mens rea 339
9.2 BURGLARY (s 9 of the TA 1968) 339
9.2.1 Building 340
9.2.2 Entry 341
9.2.3 Trespasser 343
9.2.4 The ulterior offences 344
9.3 AGGRAVATED BURGLARY (s 10 of the TA 1968) 345
9.4 TAKING A MOTOR VEHICLE OR OTHER CONVEYANCE
WITHOUT AUTHORITY (s 12 of the TA 1968) 347
9.4.1 Mens rea 350
9.5 AGGRAVATED VEHICLE-TAKING 350
9.6 BLACKMAIL (s 21 of the TA 1968) 352
9.6.1 The demand 352
9.6.2 Menaces 353
9.6.3 Unwarranted 354
9.7 HANDLING STOLEN GOODS (s 22 of the TA 1968) 355

9.7.1 Stolen goods 355
9.7.2 Otherwise than in the course of stealing 357
9.7.3 The forms of handling 358
9.7.4 Receiving 358
9.7.5 Undertaking or assisting 359
9.7.6 Mens rea 360
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
xvi
9.8 DECEPTION OFFENCES 361
9.8.1 Implied representations 363
9.8.2 Guarantee and credit cards 365
9.8.3 Deception must cause the obtaining 366
9.8.4 Dishonesty 368
9.8.5 Obtaining property by deception 369
9.8.6 Obtaining a money transfer 371
9.8.7 Obtaining a pecuniary advantage by deception 372
9.8.8 Obtaining services by deception 374
9.8.9 Evasion of liability by deception 376
9.9 MAKING OFF WITHOUT PAYMENT (s 3 of the TA 1978) 377
9.9.1 Actus reus 378
9.9.2 Consent 379
9.10 GOING EQUIPPED TO BURGLE, STEAL OR CHEAT
(s 25 of the TA 1968) 379
9.10.1 Away from his place of abode 380
9.10.2 Any article 380
9.10.3 With him 381
9.10.4 Cheating 381
9.10.5 Knowledge 382
9.11 CRIMINAL DAMAGE 383
9.11.1 Property need not be destroyed 383

9.11.2 Definition of property 384
9.11.3 The damaged property must belong to another 385
9.11.4 Intention or recklessness as to causing damage 385
9.11.5 Lawful excuse 386
9.11.6 Destroying or damaging property with intent to
endanger life 388
9.11.7 Other sections 390
9.12 REFORM OF THEFT ACT OFFENCES 391
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 9 393
Contents
xvii
10 NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON 395
10.1 INTRODUCTION 395
10.2 ASSAULT AND BATTERY 395
10.2.1 Assault 397
10.2.2 Mens rea for assault 400
10.3 BATTERY 400
10.3.1 Mens rea for battery 401
10.3.2 Consent 401
10.3.3 Public interest 403
10.4 ASSAULT OCCASIONING ACTUAL BODILY HARM
(s 47 of the OAPA 1861): FURTHER THOUGHTS 407
10.5 WOUNDING AND GRIEVOUS BODILY HARM 408
10.5.1 Wound 408
10.5.2 Grievous bodily harm 409
10.5.3 Inflict and cause 409
10.5.4 Maliciously 411
10.5.5 Ancillary offences 412
10.6 REFORM OF NON-SEXUAL ASSAULTS 413
10.7 SEXUAL OFFENCES 416

10.7.1 Rape 416
10.7.2 Actus reus 417
10.7.3 Consent 418
10.7.4 Mens rea 420
10.8 INDECENT ASSAULT 420
10.9 OTHER OFFENCES 422
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
xviii
10.10REFORM OF SEXUAL OFFENCES 424
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 10 425
Further Reading 429
Index 435
xix
A (A Juvenile) v R [1978] Crim LR 689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Abbott v The Queen [1976] 3 All ER 140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Abdul-Hussein and Others [1999] Crim LR 570, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
Acott (1996) 160 JP 655 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202, 204, 206
Adomako [1994] 3 All ER 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 223, 229–32, 234, 238
Ahluwalia [1992] 4 All ER 889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203, 207, 212, 221
Ahmad (1986) 84 Cr App R 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49, 196, 198
Ali [1995] Crim LR 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Allen v Whitehead [1930] 1 KB 211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Allen [1985] 2 All ER 641, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] 2 All ER 475 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105, 106
Anderson and Morris [1966] 2 QB 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125, 126, 128, 130
Anderson [1985] 2 All ER 961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158–61
Anderton v Ryan [1985] 2 All ER 355 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184, 185
Andrews v DPP [1937] AC 576 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Andronicou v Cyprus (1998) 25 EHRR 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294

Antoine (2000) The Times, 4 April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Arobieke [1988] Crim LR 314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Ashford and Smith [1988] Crim LR 682 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
Atakpu and Abrahams [1993] 4 All ER 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314, 315, 357
Atkin and Others [1992] 1 WLR 1006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Atkinson [1985] Crim LR 314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
AG for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264, 268, 269
AG v Whelan [1934] IR 518 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
AG’s Reference (No 1 of 1974) [1974] 2 All ER 899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
AG’s Reference (No 1 of 1975) [1975] 2 All ER 684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112, 113, 115, 124
AG’s Reference (No 1 of 1982) [1983] 1 QB 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
AG’s Reference (No 1 of 1983) [1984] 3 All ER 369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
AG’s Reference (No 1 of 1988) [1989] 2 All ER 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
AG’s Reference (No 1 of 1992) [1993] 2 All ER l90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 177, 178
AG’s Reference (No 2 of 1982) [1984] 2 All ER 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
AG’s Reference (No 2 of 1992) [1994] QB 91, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
AG’s Reference (No 2 of 1999) [2000] 3 All ER 187, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140, 240
AG’s Reference (No 3 of 1992) [1994] 2 All ER 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176, 183
AG’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90, 191, 193, 395
TABLE OF CASES
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
xx
AG’s Reference (No 3 of 1998) [1999] 3 All ER 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
AG’s Reference (No 4 of 1979) [1981] 1 All ER 1193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
AG’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] 2 All ER 1057 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402, 403
AG’s Reference (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979)
[1979] 3 All ER 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333, 344
Attewell-Hughes [1991] 4 All ER 810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Atwal v Massey [1971] 3 All ER 881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
Ayres [1984] 1 All ER 619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Aziz [1993] Crim LR 708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
B and S v Leathley [1979] Crim LR 3141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
B v DPP [2000] 1 All ER 833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97, 99–101, 273, 275, 423
Bailey [1983] 2 All ER 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 266
Baillie [1995] 2 Cr App R 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123, 143
Baker [1994] Crim LR 444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Bateman [1925] 94 LJ ICB 791 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Beal v Kelley [1951] 2 All ER 763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
Beaney (Deceased), Re [1978] 2 All ER 595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
Becerra (1975) 62 Cr App R 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Beckford [1987] 3 All ER 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274, 291
Bedder [1954] 2 All ER 801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Belfon [1976] 3 All ER 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Betty (1963) 48 Cr App R 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Bevan [1987] Crim LR 129, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
Bevans [1988] Crim LR 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
Bird [1985] 2 All ER 513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
Blake v DPP [1993] Crim LR 586 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384, 387
Blake [1997] 1 All ER 963, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Blakely, Sutton v DPP [1991] Crim LR 763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124, 125
Bland [1988] Crim LR 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Blaue [1975] 3 All ER 446 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39, 41, 43
Bloxham [1982] 1 All ER 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
Board of Trade v Owen [1957] AC 602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Bogacki [1973] 2 All ER 864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Boggeln v Williams [1978] 2 All ER 1061 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
xxi
Table of Cases
Bolton, HL (Engineering) Co Ltd

v TJ Graham & Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Bourne [1938] 3 All ER 615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245, 287
Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Bow (1976) 64 Cr App R4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Bowden [1993] Crim LR 380 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
Bowen (1996) 146 NLJ 442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278, 279
Boyea [1992] Crim LR 574 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
Brain (1834) 6 C & P 349 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Bratty v AG for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 3862 . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 30, 31, 33, 255, 264
British Steel plc [1995] Crim LR 654 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Brook [1993] Crim LR 455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
Brooks and Brooks [1983] Crim LR 188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Broome v Crowther (1984) JP Rep 592 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
Broome v Perkins [1987] Crim LR 271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33, 34
Brown and Others [1993] Crim LR 961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 155, 218, 397, 402,
404–06, 422, 425, 426
Brown and Stratton [1998] Crim LR 485 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
Brown [1970] 1 QB 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Brown [1972] 2 QB 229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Brown [1985] Crim LR 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
Bundy [1977] 2 All ER 382 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
Burgess [1991] 2 All ER 769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Burke [1989] Crim LR 336 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Burns (1984) 79 Cr App R 173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Burstow [1997] 1 Cr App R 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410–12, 425, 426
Burton v Islington Health Authority
[1992] 3 All ER 833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Buzalek and Schiffer [1991] Crim LR 130, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
C (A Minor) v DPP [1995] 2 All ER 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

C v DPP [1995] 2 All ER 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258, 259
C v S [1987] 1 All ER 1230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243, 244
Cahill [1993] Crim LR 141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Cairns [1999] Crim LR 570, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Calhaem [1985] 2 All ER 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115120
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
xxii
Callander [1992] 3 All ER 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
Callow v Tillstone (1900) 83 LT 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Campbell (1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177, 178, 180, 188
Campbell (1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Cambridge [1994] 2 All ER 760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Carberry [1994] Crim LR 446 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Carr-Briant [1943] KB 607 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Carter v Richardson (1974) RTR 314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Cato [1976] 1 All ER 260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 226
Chambers [1983] Crim LR 688 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Champ (1981) 73 Cr App R 367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97, 102
Chan Wing-Siu [1985] AC 168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Chan-Fook [1994] 2 All ER 552 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Chandler v DPP [1964] AC 763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58, 59
Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel British Bank
[1979] 3 All ER 1025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
Cheshire [1991] 3 All ER 670 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37, 39, 40
Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary
v Shimmen [1986] Crim LR 800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83, 84
Chisam (1963) 47 Cr App R 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290
Chrastny (No 1) (1992) 1 All ER 189, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Church [1966] 2 All ER 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94, 224, 228
Cichon [1994] Crim LR 918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288, 289

Clarence (1888) 22 QBD 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403, 410
Clarke [1996] Crim LR 824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Clarkson [1971] 3 All ER 344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Clear [1968] 1 All ER 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
Clegg [1995] 1 All ER 334 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292, 293
Clotworthy [1981] Crim LR 501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Coady [1996] Crim LR 518, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
Cocker [1989] Crim LR 740, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Codere (1916) 12 Cr App R 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Cogan and Leak [1975] 2 All ER 1059 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114, 117, 118, 134, 144, 250
Cole [1993] Crim LR 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Cole [1994] Crim LR 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281, 284
Coles [1995] 1 Cr App R 157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Coleman [1986] Crim LR 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
xxiii
Table of Cases
Collins v Wilcock [1984] 3 All ER 374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Collins [1972] 2 All ER 1105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341–44, 427
Collister and Warhurst (1955) 39 Cr App R 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
Coney (1882) 8 QBD 534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118, 402, 403
Conway [1988] 3 All ER 1025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
Cooke [1986] 2 All ER 985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167, 169, 188, 328, 329,
368, 376, 381
Cooper v Schaub [1994] Crim LR 531 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Corboz [1984] Crim LR 629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
Corcoran v Anderton (1980) 71 Cr App R 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Corrie (1919) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Coulden [1987] Crim LR 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Court [1988] 2 All ER 221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421, 427
Cox v Riley [1986] Crim LR 460 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383, 384

Cox (1992) The Times, 2 December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Cundy v Le Cocq (1884) 13 QBD 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98, 100
Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59, 77, 78, 81, 82
Cunningham [1981] 2 All ER 412, CCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198, 199, 265, 266, 400,
401, 411, 420, 425, 426
Curr [1968] 2 QB 944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148, 149
Dadson (1850) 4 Cox CC 358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 28
Dalby [1982] 1 All ER 916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Darch v Weight [1984] 1 WLR 659 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Davies v DPP [1954] AC 378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126, 128
Davies [1975] 1 All ER 890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Davis [1988] Crim LR 762 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
Dawson (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228, 229
Dawson and James (1976) 64 Cr App R 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Day (1841) 173 ER 1026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418
Dear [1996] Crim LR 595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Denton [1982] 1 All ER 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank
v Burnhope [1995] 4 All ER 717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Dhillon [1997] Crim LR 286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Director General of Fair Trading
v Pioneer Concrete (UK) Ltd [1994] 3 WLR 1249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Bloy and Parry’s Principles of Criminal Law
xxiv
Dobson v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance
[1989] 3 All ER 927, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304, 305, 326
Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402, 403, 422
Doukas [1978] 1 All ER 1061 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368, 380, 381
Downes (1875) 13 Cox CC 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

DPP v Armstrong [2000] Crim LR 379 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148, 152
DPP v Beard [1920] AC 479 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74, 200, 263, 264
DPP v Camplin [1978] 2 All ER 168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83, 202, 203, 207,
209, 211, 213, 214
DPP v Doot [1973] 1 All ER 940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173, 174, 188
DPP v Fisher [1992] RTR 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
DPP v H (1997) The Times, 2 May, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
DPP v K and C [1997] Crim LR 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115, 117
DPP v K [1990] 1 All ER 331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400, 401
DPP v Kent and Sussex Contractors Ltd
[1944] KB 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
DPP v Lavender [1994] Crim LR 297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
DPP v Little [1992] 1 All ER 299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395, 396
DPP v Majewski [1976] 2 All ER 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 75, 263–66, 269, 272, 295
DPP v Morgan [1975] 2 All ER 347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75, 81, 117, 134, 262, 264,
273–75, 403, 416, 420
DPP v Nock [1978] 2 All ER 654 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151, 152, 171, 188
DPP v Ray [1973] 3 All ER 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364, 368
DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 63, 198, 409
DPP v Spriggs (1993) The Times, 28 January . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
DPP v Stonehouse [1977] 2 All ER 909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
DPP v Withers and Others [1974] 3 All ER 984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Dryden [1995] 4 All ER 987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207, 211, 215, 221
Dubar [1995]1 All ER 781 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Dudley [1989] Crim LR 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Dunbar [1958] 1 QB 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Dunn and Derby [1984] Crim LR 367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Dyson [1908] 2 KB 454 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47