Tài liệu Statistics on Women in India 2010 doc

Statistics on Women in India
2010
National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development
5, Siri Institutional Area, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016
Number of Copies :
1000
Copyright:
National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development, 2010
Published by:
National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development
5, Siri Institutional Area, Hauz Khas
New Delhi - 110016
Printed at:
Power Printers
2/8-A, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj
New Delhi-110 002
Phone : 23272445, 23283911
Project Team
Guidance and Support : Dr. Sulochana Vasudevan
Text : Meenakshi Sood
Himani Nautiyal
Computer Assistance : Varun Kumar
Support Services : H. K. Barthwal, Editing
A. J. Kaul, Publishing
Institutional Cooperation : Government Ministries and Departments
Autonomous Organisations
United Nations Organisations
International Organisations
Research Institutions
Voluntary Organisations

Preface
Women play a pivotal role in the overall progress of a country as they constitute half
the human resources of a nation. The economic wealth of a country is seriously depleted
if about half of the nation’s human resource is neglected. Recognising the need for involving
women in various development activities, the Government of India has initiated several
affirmative measures by way of programmes and schemes to bring them into the mainstream
of development. These affirmative actions have brought about perceptible changes in the
socio-economic conditions of women. The literacy rate of females, which was 8.86% in
1951 rose to 54.16% in 2001. Women’s work participation rate, which was 19.7% in 1981,
rose to 25.7% in 2001. The data base also brings out the areas where the progress has
been slow if not retrograde. The sex ratio in the 0-6 years age group dropped from 945 in
1991 to 927 in 2001, which indicates that society still does not welcome a girl child and the
preference rests with sons. Nearly 50% women get married before they attain 18 years of
age, and 57.9% pregnant women and 56.2% married women suffer from anaemia. Maternal
mortality rate (MMR) is still quite high, at 254 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (in
2006). Thus, there is room for much more to be done to ameliorate the plight of women at
the grass root level.
The Eleventh Five-Year Plan aims to achieve inclusive growth and reduce disparities.
A comprehensive picture of Women and Girls in India as revealed through collected statistics
would be a useful reference base to show the progress India has achieved so far. This
document is an effort to capture statistically the situation of women and girls in India, on
the basis of many social indicators which are available in widely scattered sources. Various
indicators covered in this document are : demography and vital statistics; health and
nutritional status; education; girl child; work participation of women and children; support
measures for women, including women in distress; political participation of women and
women in decision making; prevalence of disability; crime against women and children;
food security; household expenditure; budget outlays for women in the Union Budget and
Budget of the Ministry of Women and Child Development; and voluntary organisations
involved in the social development activities.

The document has been compiled with the efforts of a team of officers and staff of the
Institute. Dr. Sulochana Vasudevan, Joint Director, Women’s Development Division,
provided support and guidance to a team headed by Ms. Meenakshi Sood, and comprising
Ms. Himani Nautiyal, who have painstakingly compiled and updated the information and
statistics several times over. While Shri Varun Kumar provided computer assistance,
Shri A. J. Kaul, Publications Officer and other officials of the Common Services Division
were instrumental in ensuring the timely publication of the document. I acknowledge with
gratitude the contribution of various Government Departments, autonomous organisations,
UN agencies, international organisations, research institutes and voluntary organisations,
who extended full cooperation and shared their documents with us.
The document shows at a glance statistics on indicators which are available in various
published sources. We have put in the effort with the hope that this document would be a
useful asset to administrators, planners, researchers, academicians, media persons, and
others concerned with issues related to women’s empowerment.
(Dinesh Paul)
Director
Contents
1. Measures for Women’s Empowerment
- Introduction 1
- Perspectives on Advancement of Women through
Five Year Plans
- International Policies and India’s Constitutional Provisions,
Policies and Programmes for Women
- Schemes for Assistance
- Policy Documents
2. Demography and Vital Statistics 17
3. Girl Child 115
4. Early Marriage 119
5. Child Labour 127
6. Health and Nutrition 132

7. Education 189
8. Women and Economy 208
9. Support Services to Women 282
10. Crime against Women and Children 311
11. Gender Development Index 340
12. Political Participation of Women and Women in Decision Making 343
13. Women and Disability 360
14. Household Consumer Expenditure 371
15. Budget Outlay 384
Annexure 1 Goals to be Achieved by 2010 A.D. set by the National 396
Population Policy 2000
Annexure 2 The United Nations Millennium Declaration’s Goals for 397
Development and Poverty Eradication till 2015 A.D.
Annexure 3 Definitions 298
Annexure 4 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Indians, 2009 400
vii
viii
List of Tables
Table 1 Indicators of Human Development for SAARC Countries 17
and Some Asian Countries, 2008
Table 2 Basic Indicators of Human Development, 1951- 2008 18
Table 3 Progress of Indian Women, 2008 19
Table 4 Population of States/Union Territories by Sex (Final), 21
Percentage Share of Population in Total Population,
and Decadal Growth Rate, 2001.
Table 5 Sex Ratio in Five Year Age Groups, and Percentage 23
Population in Five Year Age Groups, 2001
Table 6 Female Target Groups in Population (in millions), 2001 24
Table 7 Child Population 0-6 Years, 2001 25
Table 8 Population in Five Year Age Groups by Sex in States/Union 26

Territories (Total), 2001
Table 9: Projected Population of India, States/UTs by Sex as on 50
1
st
March 2007, 2010 and 2016
Table 10 Scheduled Castes (SC) Population in Five Year Age Groups 51
by Sex in States/Union Territories (Total), 2001
Table 11 Scheduled Tribes (ST) Population in Five Year Age Groups 73
by Sex in States / Union Territories (Total), 2001
Table 12 Population by Residence and Sex, and Households, India 94
and States/Union Territories (Final), 2001
Table 13 Population by Rural Urban Residence and Urban 97
Population (%), 2001
Table 14 Birth Registration of Children under Five Years by 98
State, 2006
Table 15 Urban and Slum Population in India, States/ UTs Wise, 2001 99
Table 16 Birth Rate, Death Rate and Natural Growth Rate, 2008 100
Table 17 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), 2008 and Child Mortality 101
Rate, 2006
Table 18 Infant Mortality Rate, Sex-wise and Rural Urban 103
Distribution, 2008
Table 19 Sex Ratio, Expectation of Life at Birth, Maternal Mortality 104
Rate,2001-2006
Table 20 Sex Ratio of Select Countries, 1998 and 2007 106
Table 21 Sex Ratio, India, 1901-2001 106
Table 22 Sex Ratio of Total Population and Child Population in the 107
Age Group 0-6 Years, 1991 and 2001
ix
x
Table 23 Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) and Sex Ratio Children 109

Aged 0-4 Years, 2005-2007
Table 24 Percentage Distribution of Adolescent Population and 109
Projected Adolescent Population by Sex and Age Group,
1981-2016
Table 25 Age-specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs) in India and Bigger 110
States, 2007
Table 26 Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR) by Residence India and 111
Bigger States, 2006-07 and Mean Children Ever Born to
Women Aged 40-44 Years, 2007-08
Table 27 Death Rates of Children 0-4 Years to Total Deaths by Sex 112
and Residence India and Bigger States, 2007
Table 28 Distribution of Deaths to Total Deaths in India by Residence, 113
Sex and Age Group (Percentage), 2007
Table 29 Maternal Deaths Due to Causes Related to Child Birth and 114
Pregnancy, 2003
Table 30 Discrimination against the Girl Child, as 30.09.2006, 116
2006-2007
Table 31 Women and Men Who Want More Sons than Daughters, 117
(%), 2006
Table 32 Incidence of Early Marriage in India, 2007-2008 & Early 120
Motherhood in India, 2001
Table 33 Number of Females by Marital Status and Residence: 122
India States and Union Territories - 2001
Table 34 Distribution of Female Population Age 10+ by Marital Status 125
and Residence in India and Bigger States, (Percentage),
2007
Table 35 Female Population Age 15+ by Marital Status and 126
Residence in India and Bigger States, (Percentage), 2007
Table 36 Child Labour in India, 1991 and 2000 128
Table 37 Child Labour in Census, 1971-2001 129

Table 38 Child Labour in Hazardous Occupations, 2001 131
Table 39 Commitment to Health : Access, Services and
Resources, 2007 132
Table 40 Urban Health Infrastructure, 2005-06 133
Table 41 Rural Households without Toilet Facilities, 2001 135
Table 42 Rural Habitations Having Safe Drinking Water, 2007 137
Table 43 Number of Primary Health Centres (PHC), Community 139
Health Centres (CHC), Doctors, Lady Health Visitors (LHVs),
and Multi-Purpose Workers (Female)/ Auxiliary Nurse
Midwives (ANM) in Rural Areas, 2008
xi
Table 44 Institutional Delivery and Safe Delivery, 2007-08 141
Table 45: Mothers Receiving Antenatal and Post Natal Care, 143
2007-2008
Table 46 Decision Making by Ever Married Women Own Health Care 144
(Percentage), 2005-2006
Table 47 Child Immunization and Vitamin A Supplementation, 145
2007-2008
Table 48 Major Causes of Infant Mortality in India, 2003 146
Table 49 Burden of Neonatal Deaths in India State-wise, 2002 146
Table 50 Percentage Distribution of Deaths for Selected Major Cause 147
Groups over Age and Sex, 2002
Table 51 Age-wise Total Deaths in India by Major Cause Group 149
(Percentage), 2002
Table 52 Age and Sex-Wise Total Deaths in India by Major Cause 150
Group (Percentage), 2002
Table 53 Causes of Death by Major Groups State-wise and 151
Sex-wise (%), 2002
Table 54 Distribution of Ten Top Killer Diseases of Infants 155
(Below One year) in Rural India, (%), 1998

Table 55 Child Deaths in 1-4 Years Age Group by Major Cause 156
Groups Sex-wise, 2002
Table 56 Ten Top Killer Diseases of Children 1-4 Years by Specific 157
Causes, 1998
Table 57 Child Deaths in 5-14 Years Age Group by Major Cause 158
Groups Sex-wise, 2002
Table 58 Top 10 Causes of Death of Children in India Age below 159
1 Year, (%), 2001-2003
Table 59 Top 10 Causes of Death of Children in India Ages 1-4 Years, 159
(%), 2001-2003
Table 60 Top 10 Causes of Death of Children in India 160
Ages 5 to 14 Years, (%), 2001-2003
Table 61 Top 10 Causes of Death of Children in India, EAG States 160
and Assam, in the Age Group 5 to 14 Years, (%), 2001-2003
Table 62 Top Ten Killer Diseases of Females in Reproductive 161
Age Group 15- 44 Years in Major States/India (%), 1998
Table 63 Ten Top Killer Diseases of Females in the Reproductive 162
Age Group (15-44 years and 45-54 years), India, 2002
Table 64 Adults and Children Living with HIV/AIDS, 2003 163
Table 65 AIDS Cases in India, States and UTs, 2007 164
Table 66 AIDS Patients on ART, 2009 165
xii
Table 67 Malaria Cases in India and States/ UTs, 2007-2008 166
Table 68 Nutritional Status of Women and Body Mass Index (BMI), 168
2006
Table 69 Rural Women (15-49 Years) with Chronic Energy Deficiency 170
(CED), Percentage, 2006
Table 70 Anaemia among Women and Pregnant Women, 171
(Percentage), 2006
Table 71 Anaemia among Children 6-59 Months (Percentage), 172

2005-2006
Table 72 Children with Malnutrition/ Undernutrition under age 5 Years, 173
(%), 2005-2006
Table 73 The India State Hunger Index and Its Underlying 174
Components, 2009
Table 74 Daily Average Intake of Energy and Proteins against 175
Recommended Intake by Age/Sex/Physical Activity of Rural
Population, 2001
Table 75 Average Intake of Energy, Proteins, Iron and Vitamin A 176
against the Recommended Daily Intake Allowances
(RDA), 1998
Table 76 Per Capita Consumption of Various Foods Items (gms/day) 176
in Rural Areas, 1993-94
Table 77 State-wise Profile of Consumption of Iodized Salt, 2005-2006 177
Table 78 Nutritional Status of Children 1-5 Years by Gender, Gomez 178
Classification, (%), 2006
Table 79 Deficient Calorie Intake (per cu/day) in Rural Areas, 1997 179
Table 80 Number of Persons Consuming Zero Meals in Rural Areas, 180
1997
Table 81 Per Thousand Distribution of Households by Availability of 181
Adequate and Inadequate Food in Rural and Urban Areas,
2004-05
Table 82 Per Capita Consumption of Food Items (kg/month) in Urban 182
Areas, 1999-2000
Table 83 Per Capita Consumption Index of Food Items Compared 183
with ICMR Norm in Urban Areas, 1999-2000
Table 84 Cereal Consumption and Calorie Intake in Urban Areas, 184
1999-2000
Table 85 Food grains Allotted and Funds Released under Nutrition 185
Programme for Adolescent Girls (NPAG), 2006-07

xiii
Table 86 Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY) Blocks Sanctioned, 2008-09 187
Table 87 Literacy Rate of Population, (%), 2001 190
Table 88 Gross Enrolment Ratio in Schools for All Students as on 191
30.9.2006, 2006-2007
Table 89 Girls Enrolled per 100 Boys Enrolled, 2006-07, and Girls 192
Enrolment (%), 2006-07
Table 90 Gross Enrolment Ratio for Scheduled Castes (SC) Students 193
(as on 30.9.2006), (Percentage), 2006-2007
Table 91 Gross Enrolment Ratio of Scheduled Tribes (ST) Students 194
(as on 30.9.2006), 2006-2007
Table 92 School Dropout Rate Classes I-X, (%), 2006-2007 195
Table 93 School Dropout Rates of Scheduled Castes (SC) Students 196
Classes I-X, (%), 2006-2007
Table 94 School Dropout Rates of Scheduled Tribes (ST) Students 197
Classes I-X, (%), 2006-2007
Table 95 Reasons for Children Not Attending School in India, 198
1999-2006
Table 96 Children Attending School, 2006 200
Table 97 Children out of School, 2007 201
Table 98 Out of School Children and Children in Private School, 2009 202
Table 99 Preschool Education Gender-wise, 2006-07 203
Table 100 Children in Preschool, Anganwadi or Balwadi, 2009 204
Table 101 Learning Achievement of Primary School Children, 2009 205
Table 102 Infrastructure Facilities in Schools, 2007-08 206
Table 103 Workforce Participation Rate by Sex and Residence in India, 209
States and Union Territories, (Percentage), 2001
Table 104 Total Workers, Main Workers, Marginal Workers, 211
(Cultivators, Agricultural Labourers, Household Industry
Workers, Other Workers), Non-Workers by Residence and

Sex, India, 2001
Table 105 Women in Public and Private Sectors by Industrial Activity, 212
2004
Table 106 Work Participation Rate, Main and Marginal Workers by 213
Sex (Percentage), 1991 and 2001
Table 107 Total Work force Population, Main and Marginal Workers, 214
by Residence and Sex, India and States/Union Territories,
2001
xiv
Table 108 Child Labour, Women Labour, and Labour, 2001 217
Table 109 Proportion of Main Workers to Total Population, (%), 2001 257
Table 110 Employment of Women in the Organised Sector State-wise, 261
2006
Table 111 Women’s Employment in the Organised Sector by Major 262
Industry Divisions, as on 31.03.2006
Table 112 Women’s Employment in the Organised Sector 263
(Public and Private) as on 31.03.2006
Table 113 Work Participation Rates by Sex and Residence, 263
(Percentage), 1981 to 2001
Table 114 Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- 264
Agriculture Sector, (%), 2004
Table 115 Job Seekers Registered with Employment Exchanges in 265
India, 2006
Table 116 Unemployment Rates for States and Union Territories by 266
Sex and Rural Urban Status, (Percentage), 2004-2005
Table 117 Population below Poverty Line in India, and State Specific 268
Poverty Line, 2004-2005
Table 118 Status of Identification of Households under Antyodaya 270
Anna Yojana (AAY) (Normal and Additional), and Ration
Card Issued as on 31.03.2009

Table 119 Number of Homeless Households and Homeless Persons 271
by Sex and Rural Urban Residence, 2001
Table 120 Per Capita Net State Domestic Product at Current Prices, 273
2006-07 and 2007-08
Table 121 Funds released under STEP (Support to Training and 275
Employment Programme) for Women, 2008-09
Table 122 Loans Sanctioned, Disbursed and Number of Beneficiaries 276
Covered under Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) since Inception
to 31.12.2009
Table 123 Beneficiaries under Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana 278
(SGSY) (as on 25.05.2009), 2008-09
Table 124 Average Wage/Salary (in Rs.) Received per Day by Regular 280
Wage/Salaried Employees of Age 15-59 Years by Industry
of Work, Sex, Sector and Broad Educational Level, 2004-05
Table 125 Working Women’s Hostels Sanctioned, Women Benefited, 285
Hostels with Day Care Centres and Children Benefited,
(as on 31.3.2009), 2008-09
xv
Table 126 Self Help Groups Formed under Swayamsidha, 2007-08 286
Table 127 Short Stay Homes (SSH), Funds Released, and SSH 288
Beneficiaries, 2008-09
Table 128 ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services Scheme) 290
Projects and Beneficiaries as on 31.12.2009
Table 129 Creches Sanctioned and Number of Beneficiaries under 291
Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme as on 31.3.2009
Table 130 Condensed Courses of Education (CCE) for Women, 293
2008-2009
Table 131 Family Counselling Centres (FCC), 2008-09 294
Table 132 Projects Sanctioned under Swadhar Scheme and Funds 295
Released, 2008-09

Table 133 Awareness Generation Camps, 2008-09 306
Table 134 Female Headed Households (FHH) per 1000 Households in 308
India/ States and UTs, 2005
Table 135 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphanhood State-wise, 310
Percentage, 2006
Table 136 Victims of Rape by Age Group, 1991-2008 313
Table 137 Incidence and Rate of Crime against Children, 2008 315
Table 138 Crime against Children – Murder and Infanticide, 200 316
Table 139 Crime against Children – Rape, Kidnapping and Abduction, 317
Foeticide, 2008
Table 140 Crime against Children – Abetment of Suicide, Exposure and 318
Abandonment, Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2008
Table 141 Crime against Children – Procuration of Minor Girls, Buying
of Girls for Prostitution, Selling of Girls for Prostitution, 2008 319
Table 142 Crime against Children – Other Miscellaneous Crime against 320
Children, 2008
Table 143 Crime against Women, 2008 321
Table 144 Incidence and Rate of Crime Committed against Women, 323
2008
Table 145 Age Group-wise Victims of Rape Cases (Total), 2008 324
Table 146 Crime against Women – Dowry Deaths, Cruelty by Husband 325
and Relatives, and Dowry Prohibition Act, 2007
Table 147 Crime against Women – Kidnapping and Abduction, 327
Molestation, Eve-Teasing, Sexual Harassment and Indecent
Representation of Women (P) Act, 2008
Table 148 Crime against Women – Immoral Traffic (P) Act, 1956, and 328
Importation of Girls, 2008
xvi
Table 149 Ever Married Women Who Have Experienced Spousal 329
Violence, 2006

Table 150 Persons Arrested under IPC Crimes (Crime Head-wise and 330
Gender- wise), 2008
Table 151 Persons Arrested for Total Cognizable Crimes under IPC 331
State-wise, 2008
Table 152 Persons Arrested under SLL Crimes by Crime Head and 332
Sex-wise, 2008
Table 153 Persons Arrested under Different SLL Crimes State-wise, 333
2008
Table 154 Women Prisoners in Jails, 2007 334
Table 155 Number of Women Prisoners in Jails, and Women Prisoners 335
with Children, 2007
Table 156 Juveniles Staying in Observation Homes Set Up Under the 336
Juvenile Justice Act, 2000.
Table 157 Juvennile Justice Care Institutions in India, Juveniles Justice 337
Board, Child Welfare Committtees, Special Juvenile Police
Units, Child Homes, Special Homes, Observation Homes
and After Care Homes, 2009
Table 158 Borstal Schools and Inmates, 2007 339
Table 159 Gender Development Index, 2002-07 341
Table 160 Representation of Women in the Central Council of
Ministers, 2009 343
Table 161 Number of Judges By Sex in Supreme Court/ High Courts
as on 23.12.2005 344
Table 162 Judge Strength at District/ Subordinate Court Level
as on 01.01.2006 345
Table 163 Number of Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian 346
Police Service (IPS) and Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
Officials in Service, 2006
Table 164 Personnel by Sex in All India and Central Services, and 347
Other Positions, 2005-06

Table 165 Seats in the Lok Sabha, Number and Type of Constituencies 349
Table 166 Political Participation and Decision-making by Women, 350
1999-2009
Table 167 Number of Elected Total and Women Panchayat 352
Representatives in the Three Tiers of Panchayati Raj
State-wise, 2007
Table 168 Percentage of Women Representatives in Panchayati Raj 353
Institutions (PRI), 2007-08
Table 169 Women’s Representation in Parliament, 1952-2009 354
Table 170 Women MPs in Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteen 355
Lok Sabha Party-wise, 2009
Table 171 Credit Accounts for All Scheduled Commercial Banks in 356
India, as on 31
st
March 2006
Table 172 Women having Operational Land Holdings during Agriculture 358
Census, 2000-01
Table 173 Disabled Persons in India, 2001 360
Table 174 Disabled Population by Type of Disability in India State-wise, 361
2001
Table 175 Disabled Population in Seeing, Speech, Hearing, Movement 362
and Mental Handicap in Rural and Urban India, 2001
Table 176 Average Monthly Expenditure (Rs.) Per Person on Groups 371
of Items of Consumption for Selected States/UTs in Rural
and Urban Areas, 2006-07
Table 177 Average Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (Rs.) 382
and Average Household Size in Rural and Urban Areas of
States/ UTs, 2006-07
Table 178 Absolute and Percentage Break-up of Monthly Per Capita 383
Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) by Item Group,

2006-2007
Table 179 Union Budget Plan Outlay for Major Schemes in Social 384
Sectors, 2008-09 (RE) and 2009-10 (BE)
Table 180 Budget, Revised Estimates and Resource Allocation for the 393
Plans and Programmes of the Ministry of Women and Child
Development, 2009-2010
Table 181 Voluntary Organizations Assisted by Various Government 395
Ministries, 2005 and 2009
xvii
List of Figures
Figure 1 Population by Five Year Age Groups (Census), 2001 23
Figure 2 Percentage Distribution of Population by Broad Age Groups 93
and Residence, India, 2002
Figure 3: Workforce Participation Rate in India, (%), 2001 210
Figure 4: Crime against Women (%) Distribution, 2008 322
List of Annexures
Annexure 1 Goals to be Achieved by 2010 A.D. set by the National
Population Policy 2000 396
Annexure 2 The United Nations Millennium Declaration’s Goals for
Development and Poverty Eradication till 2015 A.D. 397
Annexure 3 Definitions 398
Annexure 4 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Indians, 2009 400
Table 1 Reference body weight of Indians (NNMB) 400
Table 2 Activity status in rural India (NNMB) 400
Table 3 Recommended energy requirement 401
Table 4 Safe dietary intakes of protein 402
Table 5 Recommendations for dietary fat intake in Indians 403
Table 6 Calcium requirements for Indians 404
Table 7 Requirements for Iron & Zinc for Indians 404
Table 8 Recommended intake of Vitamin A 405

Table 9 Recommended allowances of B – Complex, Vitamins 406
for Indians
Table 10 Recommended intake of Folic acid and Vitamin B
12
407
xviii
1. Measures for Women’s Empowerment
Introduction
India attained freedom from British rule on 15
th
August 1947. India was declared a
sovereign Democratic Republic on 26
th
January 1950. On that date the Constitution of
India came into force.
All citizens of India are guaranteed social, economic and political justice, equality of
status and opportunities before law by the Constitution. Fundamental freedom of expression,
belief, faith, worship, vocation, association and action are guaranteed by the Indian
Constitution to all citizens- subject to law and public morality.
The Constitution of India - Provisions Relating to Women
The Constitution of India not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the
State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for removing the
cumulative socio-economic, educational and political disadvantages faced by them.
Advancement of Women through Five Year Plans
There has been a progressive increase in the plan outlays over the last six decades of
planned development to meet the needs of women and children. The outlay of Rs. 4
crores in the First Plan (1951-56) has increased to Rs. 7,810.42 crores in the Ninth Five
Year Plan, and Rs. 13,780 crores in the Tenth Five Year Plan. There has been a shift from
“welfare” oriented approach in the First Five Year Plan to “development” and “empowerment”
of women in the consecutive Five Year Plans.

Perspectives on Advancement of Women through Five Year Plans
First Five Year Plan It was mainly welfare oriented as far as women’s issues were
(1951-56) concerned. The Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) undertook
a number of welfare measures through the voluntary sector. The
programmes for women were implemented through the National
Extension Service Programmes through Community Development
Blocks.
Second Five Year Efforts were geared to organise “Mahila Mandals” (women’s
Plan(1956-61) groups) at grass-roots levels to ensure better implementation of
welfare schemes.
Third, Fourth, Fifth They accorded high priority to women’s education. Measures to
and other Interim improve maternal and child health services, and supplementary
Plans (1961-74) feeding for children, nursing and expectant mothers were also
introduced.
1
Statistics on Women in India 2010
2
Sixth Five Year Plan This is regarded as a landmark in women’s development. The Plan
(1980-85) adopted a multidisciplinary approach with a three-pronged thrust
on health, education and employment of women.
Seventh Five Year Development programmes for women were continued, with the
Plan(1985-90) objective of raising their economic and social status and bring them
into the mainstream of national development. A very significant
step therein was to identify and promote “beneficiary-oriented
programmes” which extended direct benefits to women.
Eighth Five Year It attempted to ensure that the benefits of development from
Plan(1992-97) different sectors did not bypass women. Special programmes were
implemented to complement the general development
programmes. The flow of benefits to women in the three core
sectors of education, health and employment were monitored

vigilantly. Women were enabled to function as equal partners and
participants in the developmental process with reservation in the
membership of local bodies. This approach of the Eighth Plan
marks a definite shift from ‘development’ to empowerment’ of
women.
Ninth Five Year The Ninth Five Year Plan envisaged :
Plan(1997-2002) a) Empowerment of women and socially disadvantaged groups
such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward
Classes and Minorities as agents of socio-economic change and
development.
b) Promoting and developing people’s participatory institutions like
Panchayati Raj institutions, cooperatives and self-help groups.
c) Strengthening efforts to build self-reliance.
d) The convergence of services from different sectors.
e) A women’s component plan at the Central and State levels.
Tenth Five Year The Tenth Five Year Plan was formulated to ensure requisite access
Plan(2002-2007) of women to information, resources and services, and advance
gender equality goals.
Eleventh Five Year The Eleventh Five Year Plan proposes to undertake special
Plan(2007-2012) measures for gender empowerment and equity. The Ministry of
Women and Child Development would make synergistic use of
gender budget and gender mainstreaming process.
Source: India, Planning Commission. (2002). Five Year Plans. New Delhi.
Statistics on Women in India 2010
3
International Policies and India’s Constitutional Provisions, Policies and
Programmes for Women
UN Human Rights Instruments
♦ Universal Declaration of Human Rights - adopted in 1948
♦ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – adopted in 1966 /

entered into force in 1976, monitored by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (CESCR)
♦ International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -
adopted in 1965 / entered into force in 1969, monitored by the Committee on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
♦ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - adopted
in 1979 / entered into force in 1981, monitored by the Committee on CEDAW
♦ Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment - adopted in 1984 / entered into force in 1987, monitored by Committee
Against Torture (CAT)
♦ Convention on the Rights of the Child - adopted in 1989 / entered into force in 1990,
monitored by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
Commitments at UN Conferences
♦ World Conference on Education for All (1990) Jomtien
♦ UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992) Rio de Janiero
♦ Second UN World Conference on Human Rights (1993) Vienna
♦ International Conference on Population and Development (1994) Cairo
♦ World Summit on Social Development (1995) Copenhagen
♦ Fourth World Conference on Women (1995) Beijing
♦ Second UN Conference on Human Settlements (1996) Istanbul
♦ World Food Summit (1997) Rome
♦ Education for All Dakar Framework (2000) Dakar
Constitution of India Guarantees
♦ Equality Before Law for Women (Article 14)
♦ The State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race,
caste, sex, place of birth or any of them [Article 15 (I)]
♦ The State to make any special provision in favour of women and children [Article 15
(3)]
Statistics on Women in India 2010
4

♦ Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment
to any office under the State (Article 16)
♦ The State to direct its policy towards securing for men and women equally the right to
an adequate means of livelihood [Article 39 (a)]; and equal pay for equal work for both
men and women [Article 39 (d)]
♦ To promote justice, on a basis of equal opportunity and to provide free legal aid by
suitable legislation or scheme or in any other way to ensure that opportunities for securing
justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities [Article
39A)
♦ The State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for
maternity relief (Article 42)
♦ The State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the
weaker sections of the people and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of
exploitation (Article 46)
♦ The State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the
improvement of Public Health (Article 47)
♦ To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of
India and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women [Article 51(A) (e)]
♦ Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging
to the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes) of the total number of seats to be
filled by direct election in every panchayat to be reserved for women and such seats to
be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a panchayat [Article 243 D (3)]
♦ Not less than one-third of the total number of offices of chairpersons in the panchayats
at each level to be reserved for women [Article 243 D (4)]
♦ Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging
to the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes) of the total number of seats to be
filled by direct election in every municipality to be reserved for women and such seats
to be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a municipality [Article 243 T (3)]
♦ Reservation of offices of chairpersons in municipalities for the scheduled castes, the
scheduled tribes and women in such manner as the legislature of a State may by law

provide [Article 243 T (4)]
Source: India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Central Statistical Organisation.
(2002). Women and Men in India 2001. New Delhi. p. v-vi.
SCHEMES FOR ASSISTANCE
Ministry of Women and Child Development
 Support to Training and Employment Programme (STEP)
 Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG)
Statistics on Women in India 2010
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 Swawlamban, erstwhile Setting up of Employment and Income Generating Training-
cum-Production Units for Women (NORAD)
 Construction/Expansion of Hostel Building for Working Women with a Day Care Centre
(WWH)
 Balika Samriddhi Yojana (BSY)
 National Programme for Adolescent Girls (Kishori Shakti Yojana)
 Shishu Greh Scheme (Erstwhile - Homes for Infants and Young Children for Promotion
of In-Country Adoption)
 Integrated Scheme for Street Children
 Scheme for Welfare of Working Children in Need of Care and Protection
 Prevention and Control of Juvenile Maladjustment
 Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)
 Conditional Cash Transfer Scheme for the Girl Child with Insurance Cover
 General Grant-in-Aid for Voluntary Organisations in the Field of Women and Child
Development
 National Mission of Empowerment of Women
 Scheme for Leadership Development of Minority Women
 Conditional Maternity Benefit Scheme
 Other Programmes (Relief to and Rehabilitation of Rape Victims)
 Education Scheme, Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)
 Ujjawala, Scheme for Combating Trafficking

 Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls (NPAG)
 Wheat Based Nutrition Programme
 Anganwadi Karyakati Bima Yojana
Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB)
 General Grant-in-Aid for Voluntary Organisations in the field of Women and Child
Development
 Care and Protection for Those on the Margins of Society
 Awareness Generation Programme (AGP)
 Condensed Courses of Education for Women and Vocational Training (CCE & VT)
 Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme for the Children of Working Mothers 1994
 Integrated Scheme for Women Empowerment
 Family Counselling Centres (FCC)
Statistics on Women in India 2010
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 Mahila Mandal Programme (MMP)
 Short Stay Homes for Women and Girls (SSH)
 Socio-Economic Programme (SEP)
Other Schemes
 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
 The Swa-Shakti Project, a scheme for Rural Women’s Development and Empowerment
 Swadhar, Scheme for Women in Difficult Circumstances
 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (Credit for Women)
 Scheme for Rescue of Victims of Trafficking
 Priyadarshini, Women’s Empowerment and Livelihood Programme in the Mid Gangetic
Plains
 Innovative Work on Women and Children
 Scheme for Relief to and Rehabilitation of Victims of Rape
Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Education
 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
 District Primary Education Programme (DPEP)

 National Programme of Mid Day Meals in Schools
 The Scheme for Providing Quality Education in Madrassas
 Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Minority Institutions
 Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh (PSK)
 Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
 Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC)
 Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary School (IEDSS)
 Scheme of Vocationalisation of Education +2 Level
 Scheme for Universal Access and Quality at the Secondary Stage (SUCCESS)
 National Scheme for Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education (SUCCESS)
 National Means – cum – Merit Scholarship Scheme (NMMS)
 Scheme for Construction and Running of Girls Hostel for Students of Secondary and
Higher Secondary Schools
 Adult Education and Skill Development Scheme
 Development of Women’s Studies in Universities and Colleges
 Schemes for Promotion of Higher Education for SC/ST/Minorities/OBC