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Cabling
The Complete Guide to
Copper and Fiber-Optic
Networking
Fourth Edition
77076ffirs.indd 1 6/11/09 9:11:08 AM
77076ffirs.indd 2 6/11/09 9:11:08 AM
Cabling
The Complete Guide to
Copper and Fiber-Optic
Networking
Fourth Edition
Andrew Oliviero
Bill Woodward
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Acquisitions Editor: Agatha Kim
Development Editor: Stef Jones
Technical Editors: Charlie Husson, Paul Neveux
Production Editor: Elizabeth Campbell
Copy Editor: Liz Welch
Production Manager: Tim Tate
Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley
Vice President and Publisher: Neil Edde
Book Designers: Maureen Forys and Judy Fung
Compositor: Craig W. Johnson, Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Proofreader: Josh Chase, WordOne
Indexer: Nancy Guenther
Cover Designer and Illustrator: Richard Miller, Calyx Design
Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-0-470-47707-6
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oliviero, Andrew, 1966-
Cabling : the complete guide to copper and fiber-optic networking / Andrew Oliviero, Bill Woodward. — 4th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-470-47707-6 (pbk.)
1. Telecommunication cables. 2. Copper wire. 3. Fiber optic cables. 4. Computer networks. I. Woodward, Bill. II. Title.
TK5103.15.O43 2009
621.382’3—dc22
2009016551
TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its
affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property

of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
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Dear Reader
Thank you for choosing Cabling: The Complete Guide to Copper and Fiber-Optic Networking, Fourth
Edition. This book is part of a family of premium quality Sybex books, all written by outstanding
authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching.

Sybex was founded in 1976. More than thirty years later, we’re still committed to producing con-
sistently exceptional books. With each of our titles we’re working hard to set a new standard for
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Neil Edde
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Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley
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In loving memory of my brother Maurice. I miss you.
And to my parents, Mario and Colomba, and my
brother Dominick. Thank you for all of your support,
encouragement and great memories throughout the

years. Although we are miles apart, you are with me
every step of the way.
—AO
To Marc K. Boustany, Biswa Bhattacharyya,
Matthew M. Tignor, and Nasrollah Fatehi for
making this project possible!
—BW
77076ffirs.indd 6 6/11/09 9:11:10 AM
Acknowledgments
First, I would like to thank David Barnett, David Groth, and Jim McBee, the authors of the last
edition of Cabling—The Complete Guide to Network Wiring. They provided a strong foundation
for this new edition. Thank you to the staff at John Wiley & Sons and Sybex for the opportunity
to work on this book. Specifically, I would like to thank Agatha Kim, Pete Gaughan, Stef Jones,
and Elizabeth Campbell for their support and patience. I thank our technical editor, Paul Neveux
of Superior Essex, for doing an excellent job on the editing process and making this book well bal-
anced. Thanks to Bill Woodward for helpful discussions before embarking on this work. Applause
goes to Herb Congdon of Tyco-AMP, and chair of TIA’s TR-42 committee, in managing the suc-
cessful revision leading to the ANSI/TIA-568-C series standard. I think anyone involved with
the revision of this standard would agree. I also thank John Kamino and Andy Ingles of OFS for
providing some of the figures used in Part 1. I would like to thank my employer OFS for their
support and encouragement on this project; specifically, my manager Pete Roberts. And finally,
thanks to all of my friends for their unfailing loyalty and interest in this project.
—Andrew Oliviero
Writing a book is a team effort that takes a dedicated group of professionals. I am very fortunate
to have been able to work with this team of talented and dedicated individuals.
First, I would like to especially thank Sybex for giving me the opportunity to write this
book. Special thanks to Acquisitions Editor Agatha Kim, Production Editor Elizabeth Campbell,
Developmental Editor Stef Jones, Editorial Manager Pete Gaughan, and Connor O’Brien and
Jenni Housh of the Editorial department for the outstanding job you did guiding me through
this project from start to finish.

Thanks to Chuck Schue, Randy Hall, Jim Moore, and Pat McGillvray at UrsaNav, Inc. for all
your support with this project.
Thanks, Charlie Husson, for the outstanding job with the technical edits. You are an excep-
tional engineer, great mentor, and friend. I have learned so much from you over the years and
look forward to working with you on future projects.
Many companies also provided technical information, equipment, and photographs. Special
thanks to Donald Stone from KITCO Fiber Optics, Harvey Stone and Mike Jones from MicroCare,
Mark Messer from Carlisle Interconnect Technologies, Manish Sharma from Corning Optical
Fiber, Ryan Spillane from Corning Cable Systems, Bob Scharf from Protokraft, Mark Roehm from
Amphenol Fiber Systems International, Chris Pegge from Stran Technologies, Scott Kale from
Norfolk Wire, Christine Pons from OptiConcepts, and Dave Edwards from W.R. Systems.
Dick Glass has been a friend, mentor, and co-worker for many years; he has spent many
hours guiding me through various writing projects. I feel very blessed to have met Dick and
greatly appreciate his guidance over the years and assistance with this project.
Thanks to the host of people behind the scenes who I did not mention for all your efforts to
make this book the best that it can be.
Last but not least, thank you to my family—to the love of my life, my beautiful wife Susan,
for making this possible; and to my children, Mike, Brandon, Eric, Nathan, and Kathryn, for
your patience, inspiration, encouragement, and prayers. I am the luckiest man alive to have all of
you in my life.
—Bill Woodward
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About the Authors
Andrew Oliviero is Senior Product Manager of optical fiber products at OFS (formerly Lucent
Technologies), a supplier of optical fiber, cable apparatus and specialty products. He is respon-
sible for developing global product strategies for the Enterprise, FTTX, Metro, Long Haul, and
Submarine markets. Andrew is presently focused on new product development for single-mode
fiber and is leading OFS’s product development teams in developing advanced bend-insensitive
single-mode fiber for Central Office and FTTX applications
Andrew began his career in Research and Development and has worked in single-mode

and multimode optical fiber Product Management, Research & Development, Engineering
and Manufacturing Operations for the last fourteen years with OFS, Lucent Technologies, and
SpecTran Corp.
Andrew has presented world-wide at a variety of seminars, conferences and symposiums and
is involved in the development of optical fiber and cabling architecture standards in TIA, IEC, ISO
and IEEE. He is an active member of TIA’s TR-42 committee where he was involved in the develop-
ment of the ANSI/TIA-568-C standard, 10Gbps Multimode fiber specifications and measurement
processes. He has held the Chair position of TIA’s Fiber Optic LAN Section in 2007.
Andrew holds a B.S.E and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from University of Pennsylvania
and University of Massachusetts.
Bill Woodward is a principal electrical engineer with UrsaNav, Inc. an engineering services
company. Bill has been teaching fiber optics and other technical courses since 1992. He has more
than 25 years of experience in the operation, maintenance, troubleshooting and repair of elec-
tronic and electrical systems.
Bill is licensed in the Commonwealth of Virginia as a professional electrical engineer.
He is a member of SAE International and serves on three committees within the Aerospace
Avionic Systems Division. He is vice-chairman of the AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics
Committee, co-chairman of the AS-3B Fiber Optic Supportability Subcommittee, and chairman
of the AS-3B2 Education and Design Working Group. He recently received SAE International’s
Technical Standards Board Outstanding Contribution Award. He is also a member of the
Electronics Technicians Association (ETA) International; he has served three tours as chairman
of the ETA and currently chairs the Fiber Optic Committee.
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction xxxiii
Part I

•

LAN Networks and Cabling Systems 1

Chapter 1  •  Introduction to Data Cabling 3
Chapter 2
  •  Cabling Specifications and Standards 57
Chapter 3
  •  Choosing the Correct Cabling 101
Chapter 4
  •  Cable System and Infrastructure Constraints 129
Chapter 5
  •  Cabling System Components 153
Chapter 6
  •  Tools of the Trade 177
Chapter 7
  •  Copper Cable Media 207
Chapter 8
  •  Fiber-Optic Media 247
Chapter 9
  •  Wall Plates 273
Chapter 10
  •  Connectors 291
Chapter 11
  •  Network Equipment 317
Chapter 12
  •  Wireless Networks 335
Chapter 13
  •  Cabling System Design and Installation 357
Chapter 14
  •  Cable Connector Installation 389
Chapter 15
  •  Cable System Testing and Troubleshooting 421
Chapter 16

  •  Creating a Request for Proposal 455
Chapter 17
  •  Cabling @ Work: Experience from the Field 481
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Contents at a GlanCe
Part II

•

Fiber-Optic Cabling and Components 495
Chapter 18  •  History of Fiber Optics 497
Chapter 19
  •  Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission 505
Chapter 20
  •  Basic Principles of Light 523
Chapter 21
  •  Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 537
Chapter 22
  •  Optical Fiber Characteristics 553
Chapter 23
  •  Safety 577
Chapter 24
  •  Fiber-Optic Cables 591
Chapter 25
  •  Splicing 617
Chapter 26
  •  Connectors 645
Chapter 27

  •  Fiber-Optic Light Sources 697
Chapter 28
  •  Fiber-Optic Detectors and Receivers 723
Chapter 29
  •  Passive Components and Multiplexers 739
Chapter 30
  •  Passive Optical Networks 767
Chapter 31
  •  Cable Installation and Hardware 777
Chapter 32
  •  Fiber-Optic System Design Considerations 803
Chapter 33
  •  Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing 831
Chapter 34
  •  Troubleshooting and Restoration 871
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Contents at a GlanCe
|
xI
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Appendix A  •  The Bottom Line Solutions 899
Appendix B
  •  Cabling Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Appendix C  •  Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD)
Certification 957
Appendix D  •  Home Cabling: Wiring Your Home for Now and the Future 963
Appendix E
  •  Overview of IEEE 1394 and USB Networking 969
Appendix F
  •  The Electronics Technicians Association, International (ETA)

Certifications 975
Glossary 995
Index 1057
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Contents
Introduction xxxiii
Part I

•

LAN Networks and Cabling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1  •  Introduction to Data Cabling 3
The Golden Rules of Data Cabling 4
The Importance of Reliable Cabling 4
The Cost of Poor Cabling 5
Is the Cabling to Blame? 5
You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby: The Legacy of Proprietary Cabling Systems 6
Proprietary Cabling Is a Thing of the Past 7
The Need for a Comprehensive Standard 7
Cabling and the Need for Speed 8
Types of Communications Media 8
Cable Design 19
Plenum 21
Riser 24
General Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Limited Use 24
Cable Jackets 24
Wire Insulation 27
Twists 31

Wire Gauge 31
Solid Conductors vs. Stranded Conductors 32
Cable Length 33
Cable Length vs. Conductor Length 33
Data Communications 101 34
Bandwidth, Frequency, and Data Rate 34
What a Difference a dB Makes! 38
Speed Bumps: What Slows Down Your Data 42
Hindrances to High-Speed Data Transfer 43
Attenuation (Loss of Signal) 44
Noise (Signal Interference) 45
Types of Crosstalk 47
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) 48
Equal-Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT) 48
Pair-to-Pair Crosstalk 48
Power-Sum Crosstalk 49
Alien Crosstalk (AXT) 50
External Interference 50
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Contents
Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) 51
Propagation Delay 53
Delay Skew 53
The Future of Cabling Performance 53
The Bottom Line 54
Chapter 2  •  Cabling Specifications and Standards 57
Structured Cabling and Standardization 57

Standards and Specification Organizations 59
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 60
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 61
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) 61
Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA) 62
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 63
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 63
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 63
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 64
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 64
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 64
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 65
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 65
CSA International (CSA) 65
IP/MPLS Forum (ATM Forum) 66
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 66
Building Industry Consulting Services International (BICSI) 66
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 66
ANSI/TIA-568-C Cabling Standard 67
ANSI/TIA-568-C Purpose and Scope 68
Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System 70
Media and Connecting Hardware Performance 84
TIA-569-B 87
ANSI/TIA-607-B 94
ANSI/TIA-570-B 95
ANSI/TIA-942 96
Other TIA/EIA Standards and Bulletins 96
ISO/IEC 11801 96
Differences Between ANSI/TIA-568-C and ISO/IEC 11801 96

Classification of Applications and Links 98
The Bottom Line 98
Chapter 3  •  Choosing the Correct Cabling 101
Topologies 101
Hierarchical Star Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Bus Topology 104
Ring Topology 105
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XV
UTP, Optical Fiber, and Future-Proofing 106
Network Applications 107
Ethernet 108
Token Ring 121
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 123
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 124
The Bottom Line 126
Chapter 4  •  Cable System and Infrastructure Constraints 129
Where Do Codes Come From? 129
The Federal Communications Commission 129
The National Fire Protection Association 130
Underwriters Laboratories 132
Codes and the Law 134
The National Electrical Code 135
NEC Chapter 1 General Requirements 135
NEC Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection 136
NEC Chapter 3 Wiring Methods and Materials 140
NEC Chapter 5 Special Occupancy 141
NEC Chapter 7 Special Conditions 141

NEC Chapter 8 Communications Systems 144
Knowing and Following the Codes 151
The Bottom Line 151
Chapter 5  •  Cabling System Components 153
The Cable 153
Horizontal and Backbone Cables 153
Patch Cords 155
Picking the Right Cable for the Job 155
Wall Plates and Connectors 156
Cabling Pathways 157
Conduit 158
Cable Trays 158
Raceways 159
Fiber-Protection Systems 161
Telecommunications Rooms, Enclosures, and Equipment Rooms 161
TIA/EIA Recommendations for Telecommunications Rooms 163
Cabling Racks and Enclosures 165
Cross-Connect Devices 169
Administration Standards 173
The Bottom Line 175
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Contents
Chapter 6  •  Tools of the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Building a Cabling Toolkit 177
Common Cabling Tools 178
Wire Strippers 178
Wire Cutters 182
Cable Crimpers 183

Punch-Down Tools 185
Fish Tapes 188
Voltage Meter 190
Cable Testing 190
A Cable-Toning Tool 190
Twisted-Pair Continuity Tester 192
Coaxial Tester 192
Optical Fiber Testers 192
Cabling Supplies and Tools 194
Cable-Pulling Tools 195
Wire-Pulling Lubricant 199
Cable-Marking Supplies 200
Tools That a Smart Data Cable Technician Carries 202
A Preassembled Kit Could Be It 204
The Bottom Line 205
Chapter 7  •  Copper Cable Media 207
Types of Copper Cabling 207
Major Cable Types Found Today 209
Picking the Right Patch Cables 217
Why Pick Copper Cabling? 218
Best Practices for Copper Installation 219
Following Standards 220
Planning 222
Installing Copper Cable 224
Copper Cable for Data Applications 228
110-Blocks 228
Sample Data Installations 231
Copper Cable for Voice Applications 234
66-Blocks 234
Sample Voice Installations 238

Testing 241
Tone Generators and Amplifier Probes 242
Continuity Testing 243
Wire-Map Testers 243
Cable Certification 243
Common Problems with Copper Cabling 244
The Bottom Line 245
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XVII
Chapter 8  •  Fiber-Optic Media 247
Introducing Fiber-Optic Transmission 247
Advantages of Fiber-Optic Cabling 250
Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 250
Higher Possible Data Rates 250
Longer Maximum Distances 251
Better Security 251
Disadvantages of Fiber-Optic Cabling 251
Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Installation 252
Types of Fiber-Optic Cables 253
Composition of a Fiber-Optic Cable 253
Additional Designations of Fiber-Optic Cables 259
Fiber Installation Issues 265
Components of a Typical Installation 265
Fiber-Optic Performance Factors 267
The Bottom Line 271
Chapter 9  •  Wall Plates 273
Wall Plate Design and Installation Issues 273

Manufacturer System 274
Wall Plate Location 274
Wall Plate Mounting System 276
Fixed-Design or Modular Plate 280
Fixed-Design Wall Plates 281
Number of Jacks 282
Types of Jacks 282
Labeling 283
Modular Wall Plates 283
Number of Jacks 283
Wall Plate Jack Considerations 284
Labeling 287
Biscuit Jacks 287
Types of Biscuit Jacks 288
Advantages of Biscuit Jacks 289
Disadvantages of Biscuit Jacks 289
The Bottom Line 290
Chapter 10  •  Connectors 291
Twisted-Pair Cable Connectors 291
Patch-Panel Terminations 291
Solid- vs. Stranded-Conductor Cables 292
Modular Jacks and Plugs 293
Shielded Twisted-Pair Connectors 306
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Contents
Coaxial Cable Connectors 307
F-Series Coaxial Connectors 307
N-Series Coaxial Connectors 307

The BNC Connector 308
Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors 309
SC, ST, and FC Fiber-Optic Connector Types 309
The SFF Connector 312
Installing Fiber-Optic Connectors 313
The Bottom Line 315
Chapter 11  •  Network Equipment 317
Network Connectivity Devices 317
Workstation Ports 317
Network Interface Cards 318
Media Converters 319
Repeaters and Hubs 320
Bridges 323
Switches 325
Workgroup Switches 326
Blocking vs. Nonblocking 327
Core Switches 328
Pluggable Transceivers and Form Factors 329
Servers 330
Routers 331
The Bottom Line 333
Chapter 12  •  Wireless Networks 335
Infrared Transmissions 335
How Infrared Transmissions Work 336
Advantages of Infrared 339
Disadvantages of Infrared 340
Examples of Infrared Transmissions 340
Radio Frequency (RF) Systems 342
How RF Works 342
Advantages of RF 347

Disadvantages of RF 347
Examples of RF 347
Microwave Communications 350
How Microwave Communication Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Advantages of Microwave Communications 354
Disadvantages of Microwave Communications 354
Examples of Microwave Communications 355
The Bottom Line 355
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Contents
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XIX
Chapter 13  •  Cabling System Design and Installation 357
Elements of a Successful Cabling Installation 357
Proper Design 357
Quality Materials 359
Good Workmanship 360
Cabling Topologies 360
Bus Topology 361
Hierarchical Star Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Ring Topology 361
Mesh Topology 362
Backbones and Segments 363
Selecting the Right Topology 364
Cabling Plant Uses 364
Telephone 364
Television 365
Fire Detection and Security Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Choice of Media 366
Telecommunications Rooms 367

LAN Wiring 368
Telephone Wiring 369
Power Requirements 371
HVAC Considerations 371
Cabling Management 372
Physical Protection 372
Electrical Protection (Spike Protection) 374
Fire Protection 375
Data and Cabling Security 376
EM (Electromagnetic) Transmission Regulation 376
Tapping Prevention 376
Cabling Installation Procedures 377
Design the Cabling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Schedule the Installation 377
Install the Cabling 378
Terminate the Cable 385
Test the Installation 387
The Bottom Line 388
Chapter 14  •  Cable Connector Installation 389
Twisted-Pair Cable Connector Installation 389
Types of Connectors 389
Conductor Arrangement 391
Connector Crimping Procedures 392
Coaxial Cable Connector Installation 398
Types of Connectors 398
Connector Crimping Procedures 399
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Contents

Fiber-Optic Cable Connector Installation 403
Connector Types 403
Connectorizing Methods 403
Connector Installation Procedures 404
The Bottom Line 419
Chapter 15  •  Cable System Testing and Troubleshooting 421
Installation Testing 421
Copper Cable Tests 422
Fiber-Optic Tests 429
Cable Plant Certification 432
Creating a Testing Regimen 433
Copper Cable Certification 434
Fiber-Optic Certification 439
Third-Party Certification 440
Cable Testing Tools 441
Wire-Map Testers 441
Continuity Testers 442
Tone Generators 442
Time-Domain Reflectometers 443
Fiber-Optic Power Meters 445
Fiber-Optic Test Sources 445
Optical Loss Test Sets and Test Kits 446
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers 446
Fiber-Optic Inspection Microscopes 447
Visual Fault Locators 447
Multifunction Cable Scanners 448
Troubleshooting Cabling Problems 449
Establishing a Baseline 449
Locating the Problem 450
Resolving Specific Problems 451

The Bottom Line 454
Chapter 16  •  Creating a Request for Proposal 455
What Is a Request for Proposal? 455
Setting the Tone for the Project 455
The Goals of the RFP 456
Developing a Request for Proposal 457
The Needs Analysis 457
Designing the Project for the RFP 460
Writing the RFP 468
Distributing the RFP and Managing the Vendor-Selection Process 470
Distributing RFPs to Prospective Vendors 470
Vendor Selection 471
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XXI
Project Administration 471
Project Management Tips 471
Planning for the Cutover 472
Technology Network Infrastructure Request for Proposal (A Sample RFP) 472
General 472
Cable Plant 474
The Bottom Line 479
Chapter 17  •  Cabling @ Work: Experience from the Field 481
Hints and Guidelines 481
Know What You Are Doing 481
Plan the Installation 482
Have the Right Equipment 483
Test and Document 483
Train Your Crew 484

Work Safely 484
Make It Pretty 485
Look Good Yourself 485
Plan for Contingencies 486
Match Your Work to the Job 487
Waste Not, Want Not 488
Case Studies 488
A Small Job 488
A Large Job 490
An Inside Job 492
The Bottom Line 494
Part II

•

Fiber-Optic Cabling and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Chapter 18  •  History of Fiber Optics 497
Evolution of Light in Communication 497
Early Forms of Light Communication 497
The Quest for Data Transmission 498
Evolution of Optical Fiber Manufacturing Technology 499
Controlling the Course of Light 499
Extending Fiber’s Reach 501
Evolution of Optical Fiber Integration and Application 502
The Bottom Line 503
Chapter 19  •  Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission 505
The Fiber-Optic Link 505
Transmitter 506
Receiver 506
Optical Fibers 506

Connectors 507
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XXII
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Contents
Amplitude Modulation 508
Analog Transmission 509
Digital Data Transmission 510
Analog Data Transmission vs. Digital Data Transmission 510
Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion 511
Sample Rate 511
Quantizing Error 512
Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 514
Multiplexing 515
Decibels (dB) 515
Calculating dB Loss and Gain 516
Expressing dB in Percentages 517
The Rules of Thumb 520
Absolute Power 520
The Bottom Line 522
Chapter 20  •  Basic Principles of Light 523
Light as Electromagnetic Energy 523
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 526
Refraction 528
What Causes Refraction? 529
Calculating the Index of Refraction 531
Total Internal Reflection 532
Fresnel Reflections 534
The Bottom Line 535

Chapter 21  •  Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 537
Optical Fiber Components 537
Core 538
Cladding 538
Coating 538
Standards 540
Materials 540
Tensile Strength 542
Manufacturing Optical Fiber 543
Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) 544
Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD) 544
Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD) 545
Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) 546
Mode 546
Calculating the Numerical Aperture and Modes 546
Refractive Index Profiles 547
The Bottom Line 551
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Contents
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XXIII
Chapter 22  •  Optical Fiber Characteristics 553
It All Adds Up 553
Dispersion 554
Modal Dispersion 555
Material Dispersion 556
Waveguide Dispersion 556
Chromatic Dispersion 557
Polarization-Mode Dispersion 560
How Dispersion Affects Bandwidth 561

Attenuation 562
Absorption 563
Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Total Attenuation 564
Bending Losses 565
Microbends 565
Macrobends 566
Numerical Aperture 566
Equilibrium Mode Distribution 568
Fiber Specifications 569
The Bottom Line 575
Chapter 23  •  Safety 577
Basic Safety 577
Engineering Controls 577
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 578
Good Work Habits 578
Light Sources 579
Federal Regulations and International Standards 579
Laser Safety 584
Handling Fiber 584
Chemicals 586
Isopropyl Alcohol 586
Solvents 587
Anaerobic Epoxy 587
Site Safety 587
Electrical 588
Ladders 588
Trenches 589
Emergencies 589
Injury 589

Chemical Exposure 589
Fire 590
The Bottom Line 590
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