Tài liệu Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services ppt

Study on the Development and Marketing of
Non-Market Forest Products and Services

DG AGRI, Study Contract No: 30-CE-0162979/00-21
Study Report - Annexes






-November 2008-

Disclaimer
This report was produced under contract from the European Commission. It solely reflects the views

of the authors, and it should not be interpreted as a position of the European Commission. Neither
the European Commission, nor any person acting on its behalf can be held responsible for the use of
this document or of the information contained within.













Prepared by:

European Forest Institute (EFIMED)
Robert Mavsar, Sabaheta Ramčilović, Marc Palahí

University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU)
Gerhard Weiss, Ewald Rametsteiner, Saana Tykkä

Alterra
Rob van Apeldoorn, Jan Vreke, Martijn van Wijk

Confederation of European Forest Owners (CEPF)
Gerben Janse
External experts

Irina Prokofieva (Forest Technology Center of Catalonia)
Mika Rekola & Jari Kuuluvainen (University of Helsinki)


Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Contents
ANNEX 1. INITIAL EXPERT INTERVIEWS 1
A
NNEX 2. COMMON INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE CASE STUDY DATA COLLECTION 2
A
NNEX 3. CLASSIFICATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 3
A
NNEX 4. CHARACTERISATION OF FOREST GOODS AND SERVICES (ACCORDING TO MEA 2005) 4
A
NNEX 5. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FOREST GOODS AND SERVICES CLASSIFICATIONS 7
A
NNEX 6. LISTS OF MARKET AND NON-MARKET FOREST GOODS AND SERVICES 8
A
NNEX 7. IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT FOREST SERVICES IN THE EU-27 COUNTRIES 13
A
NNEX 8. SUMMARY OF THE FORVALUE QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS 17
A
NNEX 9. FOREST MULTIPLE USES - COMPATIBILITY MATRIX 29
A
NNEX 10. PUBLIC ACCESS TO FORESTS AND PUBLIC USE OF NON-WOOD PRODUCTS NWFP 31
A
NNEX 11. QUESTIONNAIRE CONCERNING THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST GOODS AND SERVICES AND EXISTING
FINANCING MECHANISM

33
A
NNEX 12. THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC VALUE 43
A
NNEX 13. VALUATION APPROACHES 44
A
NNEX 14. GENERAL VALUE TYPOLOGY 45
A
NNEX 15. ECONOMIC VALUATION TECHNIQUES 46
A
NNEX 16. VALUATION TECHNIQUES AND FOREST GOODS AND SERVICES 47
A
NNEX 17. KEY STEPS IN THE VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND SERVICES 48
A
NNEX 18. SPATIAL RELEVANCE OF DIFFERENT FOREST GOODS AND SERVICES 50
A
NNEX 19. SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC VALUES 51
A
NNEX 20. OVERVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES FOR FINANCING INSTRUMENTS 52
A
NNEX 21. TYPOLOGY OF FINANCING INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE STUDY 54
A
NNEX 22. USE OF FINANCING INSTRUMENTS – RESULTS 55
A
NNEX 23. INNOFORCE DATABASE OF INNOVATION CASES IN FORESTRY 58
A
NNEX 24: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ADDITIONAL MCA INFORMATION 59
A
NNEX 25: SHORT DESCRIPTION OF COLLECTED EXAMPLES OF FINANCING MECHANISMS 64
A

NNEX 26: OVERVIEW MCA OF THE SELECTED CASES OF FINANCING MECHANISMS. 77



Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Annex 1. Initial expert interviews
List of experts for initial interviews, March 2008 (name of expert, organisation, date and place):
• Erik Kosenkranius, Eustafor, Brussels, 13 March, 2008 (Brussels)
• Pieter De Corte, ELO, Brussels, 13 March, 2008 (Brussels)
• Marilise Wolf-Crowther, Eurostat, 15 March, 2008 (Brussels)
• Hakan Nystrand, METO (Forestry Experts’ Association), Helsinki, 15 March, 2008 (Brussels)
• Jenny Wong, Wild Resources Limited, Bangor, 15 March, 2008 (Brussels)
• Joan Botey I Serra, CEPF/Agrofitor S.A., Barcelona, 14 March, 2008 (Brussels)
• Stefan Schenker, CEPF, Brussels/Mariensee, 20 February (telephone)
• Thomas Stemberger, COPA-COGECA, Brussels/Vienna, 15 March, 2008 (Brussels)
• Alexandra Vakrou, DG Environemtn, Brussels, 15 March, 2008 (Brussels)
Conferences used for further interviews:
• PARLAVIS WS 22. 2. 2008, Nasswald, AT;
• EFORWOOD WP2.3 meeting, 27. 2. 2008, Lisbon, PT;
• International Excursion on Forest Policy and Innovations in Forestry, 21 23. 4. 2008, AT;
• BEECH Project Meeting 6. 5. 2008, Freiburg, DE;
• EFI PC INNOFORCE meeting 11. 6. 2008, Edinburgh, UK;
• Seminar on Innovations for Rural Development, 11. 6. 2008, Dunkeld, UK;
• COST Action E51 meeting, 12 13. 6. 2008, Dunkeld, UK;
• FOPER International Master Programm Seminar, 30. 6. – 4. 7. 2008, Belgrade/Durmithor,
SB/MNE;
• FORTIS Seminar “Forests – Not Only Wood”, 3. 9. 2008, Trento/S. Michele, IT;
• FORVALUE Workshop and project meeting, 8 10. 9. 2008, Barcelona, ES;
• EESD Conference 23. 9. 2008, Graz, AT.

Annexes
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Annex 2. Common interview guide for the case study data collection

Case interview guide:
• name of case and carrier
• background information on institutional situation (e.g. legal framework and administrative
structure)
• characterisation of the activity (what is the business or project and why is it innovative?)
(including what type(s) of financing is/are employed)
• characterisation of the financing mechanisms involved
o Description of the financing mechanism
o Beneficiary of the payment (e.g. land owner, association, community, etc.)
o Who pays? (e.g. local, provincial, national government, user, etc.)
o Are there intermediary organisations involved?
o Use of legal, economic, communication, or voluntary instruments, or combinations
o Which investments or measures are necessary before the mechanism works?
o On which basis is payment fixed, e.g. market price, free negotiation, assessment of costs,
etc.?
• chronology of the case:
o problem situation before the innovation or start-up was started and motivation why it
was started;
o development and implementation incl. e.g. source of ideas and initiatives; critical stages
or milestones of the development possibly including challenges and strategies to
overcome problems;
o finally: state-of-progress and outcome incl. basic data on the business such as number of
staff, annual turnover, etc. as far as available. (including: amount of compensation from
specific financing instruments)

• actors involved (e.g. authorities; extension services; NGO’s; research institutions; firm networks
and cooperation)and their role, particularly:
o knowledge (which kind of knowledge came from whom?),
o financing (who contributed which financial sources incl. public grants and private
money)
o relation of actors and coordination (which cooperations where important and who was
particularly important for coordinating actors?)
• relevance of public policies and programmes (e.g. through subsidies but also through advice,
knowledge, coordination, legal regulations, etc.)
• analysis/evaluation:
o Outcomes in relation to the objectives of the innovation
o Role of the innovation in the overall economic strategy of the organisation (e.g.
specialisation, diversification, rationalisation, outsourcing, marketing, cooperation,
expansion)
o relevance of the institutional setting for the innovation
o Positive and negative results and outcomes of the innovation (economic performance and
other changes)
o Challenges and problems, strategies to overcome these
o Fostering and impeding factors
o Future plans
o feasibility of and requirements for an application of the financing mechanism in other
countries
Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Annex 3. Classification of Ecosystem Services
Provisioning Regulating Cultural
Food
Fiber
Genetic resources

Biochemicals, natural
medicines, pharmaceuticals
Freshwater
Air quality regulation
Climate regulation
Water regulation
Erosion regulation
Water purification and waste
treatment
Disease regulation
Pest regulation
Pollination
Natural hazard regulation
Cultural diversity
Spiritual and religious values
Knowledge systems
Educational values
Inspiration
Aesthetic values
Social relations
Sense of place
Cultural heritage values
Recreation and ecotourism
Supporting
Soil formation, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Nutrient cycling and Water cycling
Adopted from MEA (2005)
Annexes
4 | Page
Annex 4. Characterisation of forest goods and services (according to MEA 2005)
Resources: This category refers to the forest ability to provide “tangible” wood and non-wood forest

products.
Industrial wood serves as the basis for the production of a vast number of products, like industrial
round wood, sawn wood, wood-based panels, pulp and paper, particleboard, fibreboard, and
plywood, engineered lumber components, softwood lumber, flooring, pallets, veneer, etc.
Fuel wood includes the provision of wood for energy generation from direct use of woody material
(e.g. twigs, branches and stems used as fuel or charcoal); indirect use (e.g. wood processing
residues); recovered wood-fuels (used wood) and wood-derived fuels (e.g. methanol) (Mead, D.
2001).
Non-wood forest products (NWFP) serve various purposes, ranging from food, medicines, spiritual,
aesthetic, construction and clothing materials. Forest provides a great diversity of NWFP. According
to the Millennium Environmental Assessment (MEA, 2005) “At least 150 NWFPs are of major
significance in international trade”. For a comprehensive overview of NWFP see Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1. Example of Non-Wood Forest Products Classification
Food Products
Decorative &
Aesthetic Pr.
Health & Care Pr.
Landscape &
Garden Pr.
Materials &
Manufacturing Pr.
Environmental Pr.
berries
beverages-
essential oils
flavouring agents
herbs and spices
honey
maple syrup,
sugar

taffy, butter
mushrooms
nuts
seeds
teas
vegetables
adhesives
alcohol
candles
cloth
dyes
essential oils
fragrances
incense
lignosulfonates
resin
specialty wood pr.
stuffing material
thread & rope
turpentine
aromatherapy oils
cosmetics
drugs
essential oils
herbal health pr.
nutraceutials
perfumes and
fragances
pet care pr.
shampoos

soaps
Christmas tree
cone crafts
bark crafts
carvings
floral
arangements
wreaths
garlands,
swags
natural
dyes
biofuels
biopesticides
recycled pr.
landscape trees
shrubs
wildflowers
grasses
mulches
soil amendments

Adopted from: CMRN (1999)
Ecological Services: The main ecological services are related protection and regulation of water, soil
and health.
Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Water protection is based on the forest’s ability to capture and store rainfall and moisture, maintain
natural irrigation, drainage, regulate river flow, reduce sedimentation, prevent land slides, regulate
water quality, etc. (FAO, 2003). In particular it refers to:

• Water regulation is related to the forest’s capacity to regulate the hydrological flows on the
surface. (e.g. maintenance of natural irrigation, buffering extremes in discharge of rivers and
regulation of run-off).
• Water supply refers primarily to the forest’s storage capacity. It is related to the consumptive
use of water (e.g. households, agriculture, and industry).
Soil protection is mainly based on the structural aspects of forests. The vegetation root system and
cover play an important role in soil retention and formation.
• Soil retention is assured by the root system, which stabilises the soil, and foliage, which
intercepts rainfall, preventing soil compaction and erosion.
• Soil formation is also supported by the root system that disintegrates the rocky material,
while the vegetation cover plays an important role in the fertilisation processes.
Health protection is tightly related to many other forest goods and services important for human
survival and well-being. Services contributing to health protection are:
• Disturbance prevention refers to the ability of vegetative structures to alter potentially
catastrophic effects, such as floods, storms and droughts.
• Waste treatment is related to forest’s potential to neutralise, to a certain level, the pollution
(e.g. dust filtering, assimilation of substances (pollutants) and their chemical re-composition).
• Medical resources relate to direct disease treatment (e.g. respiratory diseases) or provision of
medical plants, which can be used in traditional medicine or as pharmaceuticals or drugs.
Biospheric Services
: The main services in this group, according to the MEA classification, are
biodiversity protection and climate regulation.
Biodiversity is an essential factor in sustaining the functioning of the ecosystem and hence
underpinning for many other forest goods and services. It generally it refers to three levels:
• Genetic diversity or differences of genes among populations/individuals of the same species
(e.g. varieties of crops).
• Species diversity refers to the variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms in an ecosystem.
• Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of different ecosystems.
According to Mayer (1995) forests are the most important terrestrial ecosystems for conservation
and protection of biodiversity.

Climate regulation refers to maintenance of favourable climate and weather conditions. It is based
on complex interactions of regional and global circulation patterns with local topography, vegetation,
and hydrological configuration. The service directly links to forests are :
• Gas regulation referring to the bio-geochemical reactions influencing the composition and the
chemical balance of the atmosphere and oceans (e.g. CO
2
/O
2
balance, maintenance of O
3
level
and SO
X
level). This service includes clean air provision and prevention of diseases.
• One of the specific services, related to gas regulation, is carbon sequestration. It is considered,
that by capturing and storing the excessive carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, forest
contribute to the mitigation of global warming. In the last decade, this service attracted
significant attention of policy makers.
Annexes
6 | Page
Social Services: There is vast array of opportunities that forest provides for recreation and leisure.
However, the three main groups of services are:
Ecotourism refers to the form of tourism where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary or
important attractions.
Recreation refers to organised or free activities that contribute to human health and well-being.
These services are including numerous activities, like, walking, hunting, mountain biking, etc.
Sport activities imply organised, usually group, activities, mainly related to competition.
It should be noted, that the boundaries between these groups are not always clear.
Amenity Services
: Amenity services are largely associated to the aesthetic aspects of forests and

landscapes (e.g. urban parks, sacred landscapes, and recreational sites). Therefore they directly link
to the social, spiritual, cultural and historic services
Spiritual services refer to the spiritual values placed on certain ecosystems (e.g. holy forests),
species (e.g. sacred plants and animals), and landscapes (e.g. mountains, waterfalls). It is about the
peoples’ connections to their environment, through personal reflection, or more organised events
(e.g. religious gathering, rituals).
Cultural services refer to the cultural linkages between humans and their environment. It includes
cultural heritage and cultural identity (e.g. “memories” in the landscape from past cultural ties, forest
elements in the national symbols, folklore, etc.)
Historical services mainly refer to the valuable history-related and educational information
embedded in the forest. A large part of peoples’ history is associated with ecosystems and landscapes
(special landscapes, old trees, remains of traditional cultivation systems, historic artefacts).

Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Annex 5. Comparison of different forest goods and services classifications
Classification Scheme Forest good / service
MEA (2005) Total Economic
Value
Market/
non-market
Public/private
Industrial wood Resources Direct use Market Private
Fuel wood Resources Direct use Market Private
Cork Resources Direct use Market Private
Food Resources Direct use Market Private
Fodder and forage Resources Direct use Market Private/pool
Decorative material Resources Direct use Market Private
Hunting and game
products

Resources Direct use Market Private/pool
Pharmaceuticals Resources Direct use Market Private
Biodiversity
protection
Biospheric Indirect use, Non-
use
Non-market Public
Climate regulation Biospheric Indirect use Non-market Public
Air quality regulation Biospheric Indirect use Non-market Public
Carbon sequestration Biospheric Indirect use Non-market Public
Health protection Ecological Indirect use Non-market Public
Water regulation Ecological Indirect use Non-market Public
Water purification Ecological Direct/Indirect
use
Non-market Public
Soil protection Ecological Indirect use Non-market Public
Recreation Social Direct use Market/Non-market Club/Public
Sports Social Direct use Market/Non-market Club/Public
Tourism Social Direct use Market/Non-market Club/Public
Spiritual and cultural
services
Amenities Direct/Indirect
use, Non-use
Market/Non-market Club/Public
Historical and
educational services
Amenities Direct/Indirect
use, Non-use
Market/Non-market Club/Public
Aesthetic services Amenities Direct/Indirect

use, Non-use
Non-market Public

Annexes
8 | Page
Annex 6. Lists of market and non-market forest goods and services
Table 6.1: List of market forest goods and services
Group Good/Service Sub-group End product
Boards
Cants
Flitches
Lumber/industrial
Timber
Primary products
Veneer
Chopsticks
Pillings
Poles
Posts
Log homes
Shakes
Shingles
Treated pilings
Treated poles
Treated posts
Log products
Wood novelties
Building components
Cut stock
Door stock

Edge glued components
Finger-jointed stock
Furniture components
Joinery stock,
Ladder stock
Laminated components
Laminated stock
Metric stock
Moulding panels
Panel blanks
Pallets
Crating stock
Medium density fiberboard
Particleboard
Pattern stock
Sawmill speciality products
Staircase components
Turning squares
Intermediate
products
Window stock.
Wafer board
Stand board
Fibber board
Particle board
Softwood plywood
Panels
Wood cement
Laminated veneer lumber Engineered
Lumber

Components
Oriented stand lumber
Dimension boards
Machine stress/rated
Softwood Lumber
Timber
Sawn wood
Plywood
Hardwoods
Veneers
RESOURCES
Industrial wood
Processed Wooden furniture
Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Group Good/Service Sub-group End product
Builders joinery and carpentry and profiled
wood products
Continuously shaped wood
Glued products
Treated products
Pulp and Paper
products
Other wood including products
Charcoal
Fuelwood
Firewood
Fruits
Honey
Mushrooms

Nuts
Berries
Herbs
Saps
Roots
Carob
Beverages-alcoholic essential oils
Ferns
Ramps (wild onion)
Flavouring agents
Spices
Maple syrup
Sugar
Taffy
Butter
Seeds
Teas
Vegetables
Oils
Edible plant
products
Wild rice
Game meat and products
Hides
Wool
Skins and trophies
Beeswax
Honey
Snails
Furs

Animal products
Pelts
Nettle
Common elder-blossom
Lime-blossom
Dog-rose hip
Different medicines
Herbs
Aromatherapy oils
Cosmetics
Drugs
Essential oils
Herbal health products
Nutraceutials perfumes
Fragrances
Medical plants
and
heath/personal
care products
Shampoos and Soaps
Bark
Fodder
Forage
Non-wood forest
products
Plant products
Cork
Annexes
10 | Page
Group Good/Service Sub-group End product

Carvings
Wreaths
Garlands
Swags
Natural dyes
Pine boughs
Moss
Ferns
Flowers and floral arrangements
Mistletoe and holly
Cone crafts
Grazing
Gums
Resin
Compost
Adhesives
Dyes
Incense
Lignosulfonates
Stuffing material
Ropes
Materials and
Manufacturing
products
Turpentine


Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Table 6.2: List of non-market forest goods and services

Remark: The list of non-market forest goods and services reflects the general situation. However,
there are cases (see part 1 of Deliverable 2) where some of the goods and services from this list are
market or at least some financial mechanisms have been developed and applied to compensate for
their provision.
Good/service End service
Water quality improvement
Drainage and natural irrigation
Medium for transport
Provision of water (drinking, irrigation and industrial use)
Protection of avalanches
Reduction of surface erosion and sedimentation
Filtering water pollutants
Water yield and flow regulation
Flood moderation
Enhancing precipitation (e.g. "cloud forests")
Salinity mitigation
Mass wasting
Watershed protection
Water retention
Regulation of hydrological cycle
Regulation and redistribution of surface and below-ground run off
Water
Protection
Increasing of the total annual river run off.
Flood protection
Maintenance of arable land
Wind and shoreline erosion
Siltation prevention
Maintenance of productivity on arable land
Maintenance of natural productive soils

Maintenance of soil vitality and ecosystem productivity
Soil Protection
Land and landscape conservation
Flood protection
Storm protection
Protection of human habitation and infrastructure
Waste treatment
Pollution control
Filtering of dust particles
Abatement of noise pollution
Pollination of wild plant species and crops
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
Health
Protection
Food production
Biodiversity conservation
Habitat conservation
Pest and disease control
Reduction of herbivores (crop damage control)
Maintenance of biological and genetic diversity
Biodiversity
Protection
Maintenance of commercially harvested species
Carbon balance
Carbon storage and sequestration
Stabilization of macro climate
Mitigation of global climate change
UV protection by O
3
layer

Maintenance of good air quality
Influence on climate
Maintenance of favourable climate
Human habitation protection
Health protection
BIOSPHERIC SERVICES
Climate
Regulation
Cultivation
Annexes
12 | Page
Good/service End service
Travel to nature ecosystem
Enjoyment of scenery
Nature tourism
Cultural tourism
Rural tourism
Tourism
Sustainable tourism
Walking
Hiking
Camping
Bird-watching
Hunting
Orienteering in nature
Horseback riding
Mountain biking
Enjoyment of scenery
War games
School excursions

Organized NWFP collection
Recreation
Huts and cottage renting
Outdoor sports
Organized sport competitions
Hunting
SOCIAL SERVICES
Sport activities
Fishing
Sacred, religious, or other forms of spiritual inspiration
Site of worship for ancestral spirits
Spiritual fulfilment
Notion of heritage of natural ecosystems
Holy forests
Sacred plants and animals
Landscape features (mountains and waterfalls)
Spiritual
Services
Intellectual development
Nature as a motive in film, books, painting, folklore, national symbols, architecture
Cultural identity and values related to forest,
“Memories’’ in the landscape from past cultural ties
Cultural
Services
Aesthetic enjoyment and inspiration
Special landscapes
Old trees
Remains of traditional cultivation systems
AMENITY SERVICES
Historical

Services
Historic artefacts

Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Annex 7. Importance of different forest services in the EU-27 countries
Table 7.1: The share of forest for soil and water protection, in 2005 (source: MCPFE 2007)
Country Protective forest
(in %)
Austria
1
17.7
Belgium 25.7
Bulgaria 11.6
Czech Republic 5.8
Denmark 6.8
Estonia 10.6
Finland 3.1
France 2.8
Germany 34.1
Hungary 7.7
Italy 5.0
Ireland 0.0
Latvia 4.3
Lithuania 15.0
Luxembourg 1.4
Cyprus 0.0
Netherlands 0.0
Portugal 5.7
Poland 21.1

Romania 25.1
Slovakia 17.3
Slovenia 7.5
Spain 13.1
Sweden 11.5
United Kingdom 0.2
EU-27 11.2



1
Data for Austria and Luxembourg includes also the area of other wooded land.
Annexes
14 | Page
Table 7.2: Carbon stock in woody biomass, period 1990-2005 (source: MCPFE 2007)
Total Carbon stock (in 1000 tC) Country
1990 2000 2005
Average
2

tC/ha
Austria
3
323000 358000 375500 97,2
Belgium 51732 62094 66691 99,2
Bulgaria 188000 244000 263000 72,0
Cyprus 2550 2730 2760 15,8
Czech Republic 277352 308142 316692 119,6
Denmark 22065 25418 25971 51,9
Estonia n.a. 178594 179182 79,1

Finland 738500 797600 855857 38,7
France 983158 1066667 1165511 74,9
Germany 981000 1193000 1283000 115,8
Greece 51600 56300 58700 15,6
Hungary 146271 161807 169026 86,8
Ireland 16100 18300 20000 29,9
Italy 476291 636587 715585 71,7
Latvia 191260 228561 243280 80,2
Lithuania 113000 130700 139400 65,7
Luxembourg 7030 9235 9235 106,5
Malta 60 60 60 172,9
Netherlands 20970 25330 27780 76,1
Poland 578885 673462 736199 80,0
Portugal 77400 101700 113800 30,1
Romania n.a. n.a. n.a. -
Slovakia 175200 204300 218600 113,2
Slovenia 130740 160360 171210 135,5
Spain 276000 353000 392000 21,9
Sweden 1112417 1205548 1233691 44,3
United Kingdom 98600 106600 115100 40,5
EU-27 7039181 8308096 8897830 57,2




2
Calculated for 2005.
3
Data for Austria includes also the area of other wooded land.
Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services

15 | Page
Table 7.3: Share of forest area devoted to biodiversity protection, in 2005 (source: MCPFE 2007)
Country No or minimal
management
Active
management
Landscape
protection
Austria 0.7 2.3 23.4
Belgium 0.8 1.0 4.1
Bulgaria 4.1 0.1 3.5
Cyprus 000
Czech Republic 0.6 2.5 22.1
Denmark 2.2 16.2 0
Estonia 7.7 5.1 7.3
Finland 6.4 1.1 2.2
France 0.7 0.5 20.4
Germany 1.4 23.8 45.2
Greece 0 0 0
Hungary 0.6 3.1 18.0
Ireland 0 0 0
Italy 15.4 14.0 10.2
Latvia 5.4 4.4 4.6
Lithuania 1.2 7.9 4.4
Luxembourg 2.3 32.1 0
Malta 000
Netherlands 8.5 6.3 9.0
Poland 0.8 2.5 15.3
Portugal 0.3 0 24.8
Romania 0 2.8 2.2

Slovakia 5.0 12.3 25.9
Slovenia 0.8 0.5 4.1
Spain 0 0 0
Sweden 4.1 0.2 0.2
United Kingdom 0.4 4.8 22.7
EU 27 3.3 3.8 10.2

Annexes
16 | Page
Figure 7.1: Share of forest for biodiversity protection in EU-27 countries in 2005 (source: MCPFE 2007)

Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
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Annex 8. Summary of the FORVALUE Questionnaire Results
1. Introduction
The purpose of the FORVALUE study (“Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market
Forest Products and Services” [Contract number: 30-CE-0162979/00-21]) is to acquire summary
information on the state-of the-art for the importance, valuation and compensation for non-market
forest goods and services. This study is financed by the European Commission and is part of the
implementation of the EU Forest Action Plan and is being undertaken by a consortium led by the
European Forest Institute.
The study seeks to find out whether developments in the theoretical aspects of forest valuation over
the last few decades have been, or could be, translated into operational mechanisms for financial
transactions for non-market forest goods and services. The ultimate goal of this exercise is to create a
foundation for discussion of the feasibility of economic instruments for encouraging and supporting
the supply of non-market forest goods and services from which policy conclusions will be drawn.
Thus, a questionnaire was developed to obtain relevant data on the current situation concerning
mechanisms in use to compensate for the provision of non-market goods and services at the national
level. The questionnaire covered three thematic areas (see also the questionnaire in Annex 9):
• importance of forest goods and services

• financing mechanisms used for forest goods and services
• questions regarding most innovative financing mechanisms
The questionnaire was distributed to all the EU Member States (MS). To compare the opinion of
different stakeholder groups, it was also sent to the members of Confederation of European Forest
Owners (CEPF), European State Forest Association (EUSTAFOR) and some national environmental
non-governmental organizations (ENGOs).

Figure 8.1: Questionnaire responses (responded are marked in blue)
Annexes
18 | Page
Completed questionnaires were received, from all EU Member States
4
but one, which indicated
difficulties in responding to the questionnaire (see also Figure 8.1). For some Member States,
responses from different sources were received (e.g. ministry, forest owner association, state forest
companies, ENGO). However, in the evaluation of the “Importance of forest goods and services” (the
first thematic area), only the data coming from the official source was used. The data from other
sources was used for comparison only. The full list of all questionnaires received is provided
hereafter:
Official Responses:

1. Austria - Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management,
Division IV/1 - Forest Policy and Forest Information
2. Belgium (Wallon) - Nature and Forest Division of the Ministery of the Walloon Region
3. Bulgaria - State Foiestry Agency
4. Cyprus - Department of Forest
5. Czech Republic - Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences. Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague
6. Denmark - University of Copenhagen
7. Estonia - Ministry of Environment, Forest Department

8. Finland - Finnish Forest Research Institute
9. France - Ministry of agriculture / forest and wood department
10. Germany - Institute for World Forestry
11. Greece - Ministry Of Rural Development And Food / Directorate Of Forest Resources
Development
12. Hungary - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
13. Ireland - Irish Forest Service
14. Latvia - Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Latvia
15. Lithuania - Ministry of Environment Department of Forests
16. Luxemburg - Administration des Eaux et Forêts
17. Malta: Nature Trust
18. Poland - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW; Faculty of Forestry
19. Portugal - DG Forest Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries
20. Romania - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
21. Slovakia - Natioanl Forest Centre - Forest Research Institute in Zvolen
22. Slovenia - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food
23. Sweden - The Swedish Forest Agency
24. Spain - Regional Govern of Spain: Castilla-La Mancha
25. Spain- Catalonia: Department of Environtment and Housing (Government of Catalonia)
26.
Spain - Conselleria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Vivienda y Urbanismo. Directora General de
Gestión del Medio Natural
27. Sweden - The Swedish Forest Agency
28. The Netherlands - LEI
29. UK - Forestry Commission
EUSTAFOR - “State forest companies”



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In the case of Belgium the response came only from Wallonia, while in the case of Spain only autonomous
communities of Castilla- La Mancha, Catalonia and Valencia responded.
Study on the Development and Marketing of Non-Market Forest Products and Services
19 | Page
1. Czech R.: Forests of the Czech Republic, state enterprise
2. Estonia: State Forest Management Centre (RMK)
3. Latvia: SC Latvijas valsts mezi
4. Poland: PGL Lasy Państwowe
5. Romania: National Forest Administrtion - Romsilva
6. UK: Forestry Commission England
CEPF - “Private forest owners associations”

1. Austria: Landwirtschaftskammer Österreich
2. Estonia: Estonian Private Forest Center
3. Finland: Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners MTK
ENGOs (Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations”

1. Greece: WWF Greece,
2. Sweden: Swedish Society for Nature Conservation
3. UK: Confor, Glos Wood Fuels, Woodland Improvement
4. UK: Coetir Mynydd

Please consider that the results, presented in this report, are based upon the opinion of the
respondents and might differ from results cited in other sources.
2. Results
The results presented in this report are summarizing the findings of the first part of the
questionnaire, which inquired about the current importance level and trend, as well as about the
area important for the provision and accessibility of different forest goods and services.
The respondents were presented a list with 18 forest goods and services
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, and asked to specify:
• Importance – the importance of the good or service in the respective country in comparison
to other forest goods and services (1- not important…5-very important)
• Trend of importance – how the importance of a product/service is evolving (1 – constant; 2 –
increasing; 3 – decreasing)
• Area - area important for the production/provision of a certain forest good/service in % of
total forest
• Access – Is the access to the forest good/service public or limited (1 – public; 2 – limited to
forest owner; 3 – limited to permit holders)
• Following the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) Classification scheme, forest goods
and services are grouped into five main categories: Resources: industrial wood, fuel wood,
cork, food, fodder and forage, decorative material, hunting and game products and
pharmaceuticals.
• Ecological: biodiversity protection, climate regulation, air quality regulation, carbon
sequestration
• Biospheric: health protection, water regulation, water purification, soil protection
• Social: recreation, sports, tourism


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For a complete list and description of forest goods and services considered in the questionnaire, see Annex 2.