Chemistry and Chemistrical Engineering

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CHEMISTRY AND

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Best Practices and Research Directions


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Innovations in Physical Chemistry: Monograph Series

CHEMISTRY AND

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Best Practices and Research Directions

Edited by
Miguel A. Esteso, PhD

Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD

A. K. Haghi, PhD



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First edition published [2021]
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Chemistry and chemical engineering for sustainable development : best practices and research directions / edited by
Miguel A. Esteso, PhD, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD, A.K. Haghi, PhD.
Names: Esteso, Miguel A., editor. | Ribeiro, Ana Cristina Faria, editor. | Haghi, A. K., editor.
Description: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20200280406 | Canadiana (ebook) 20200280511 | ISBN 9781771888707 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9780367815967 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Green chemistry. | LCSH: Chemical engineering. | LCSH: Materials—Environmental aspects.
Classification: LCC TP155.2.E58 C54 2020 | DDC 660.028/6—dc23
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

CIP data on file with US Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-1-77188-870-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-36781-596-7 (ebk)


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ABOUT THE EDITORS

Miguel A. Esteso, PhD
Emeritus Professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry,

Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Spain

Miguel A. Esteso, PhD, is Emeritus Professor in Physical Chemistry at the
University of Alcalá, Spain. He is the author of more than 300 published
papers in various journals and conference proceedings, as well as chapters in
specialized books. He has supervised several PhD theses and master degree
theses. He is a member of the International Society of Electrochemistry
(ISE), the Ibero-American Society of Electrochemistry (SIBAE), the
Portuguese Society of Electrochemistry (SPE), and the Biophysics Spanish
Society (SEB). He is on the editorial board of various international journals.
His research activity is focused on electrochemical thermodynamics. He
developed his postdoctoral work at the Imperial College of London (UK)
and has made several research-stays at different universities and research
centers, including the University of Regensburg, Germany; CITEFA
(Institute of Scientific and Technical Research for the Armed Forces),
Argentina; Theoretical and Applied Physicochemical Research Institute, La
Plata, Argentina; Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Chile; University
of Zulia, Venezuela; University of Antioquia, Colombia; National University
of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; University of Coimbra, Portugal; and
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD
Researcher, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD, is a researcher in the Department of
Chemistry at the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Her area of scientific
activity is physical chemistry and electrochemistry. Her main areas of
research interest are transport properties of ionic and nonionic components
in aqueous solutions. She has experience as a scientific adviser and teacher
of different practical courses. Dr. Ribeiro has supervised master degree
theses as well as some PhD theses and has been a theses jury member. She
has been referee for various journals as well an expert evaluator of some

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vi

About the Editors

of the research programs funded by the Romanian government through
the National Council for Scientific Research. She has been a member of
the organizing committee of scientific conferences and she is an editorial
member of several journals. She is a member of the Research Chemistry
Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.
A. K. Haghi, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Engineering Sciences, Former Editor-in-Chief,
International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering
and Polymers Research Journal; Member, Canadian Research and
Development Center of Sciences and Culture
A. K. Haghi, PhD, is the author and editor of 165 books, as well as 1000
published papers in various journals and conference proceedings. Dr. Haghi
has received several grants, consulted for a number of major corporations,
and is a frequent speaker to national and international audiences. Since
1983, he served as professor at several universities. He is former Editor­
in-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical
Engineering and Polymers Research Journal and is on the editorial boards
of many international journals. He is also a member of the Canadian
Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures (CRDCSC),
Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He holds a BSc in urban and environmental
engineering from the University of North Carolina (USA), an MSc in
mechanical engineering from North Carolina A&T State University (USA),
a DEA in applied mechanics, acoustics, and materials from the Université

de Technologie de Compiègne (France), and a PhD in engineering sciences
from Université de Franche-Comté (France).


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INNOVATIONS IN PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY: MONOGRAPH SERIES
This book series offers a comprehensive collection of books on physical
principles and mathematical techniques for majors, non-majors, and chemical
engineers. Because there are many exciting new areas of research involving
computational chemistry, nanomaterials, smart materials, high-performance
materials, and applications of the recently discovered graphene, there can
be no doubt that physical chemistry is a vitally important field. Physical
chemistry is considered a daunting branch of chemistry—it is grounded in
physics and mathematics and draws on quantum mechanics, thermodynamics,
and statistical thermodynamics.
Editors-in-Chief
A. K. Haghi, PhD
Former Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Chemoinformatics and
Chemical Engineering and Polymers Research Journal; Member, Canadian
Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures (CRDCSC),
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
E-mail:
Lionello Pogliani, PhD
University of Valencia-Burjassot, Spain
E-mail:
Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD
Researcher, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal
E-mail:

BOOKS IN THE SERIES
• Applied Physical Chemistry with Multidisciplinary Approaches
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, and
Sabu Thomas, PhD


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viii

Innovations in Physical Chemistry: Monograph Series

• Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Chemistry: Applied
Research and Interactions
Editors: Francisco Torrens, PhD, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, PhD, and
A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Chemistry and Industrial Techniques for Chemical Engineers
Editors: Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Suresh C. Ameta, PhD, and
A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Chemistry and Chemical Engineering for Sustainable
Development: Best Practices and Research Directions
Editors: Miguel A. Esteso, PhD, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, and
A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Chemical Technology and Informatics in Chemistry with
Applications
Editors: Alexander V. Vakhrushev, DSc, Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc,
and Heru Susanto, PhD
• Engineering Technologies for Renewable and Recyclable
Materials: Physical‑Chemical Properties and Functional Aspects
Editors: Jithin Joy, Maciej Jaroszewski, PhD, Praveen K. M.,

and Sabu Thomas, PhD, and Reza Haghi, PhD
• Engineering Technology and Industrial Chemistry with
Applications
Editors: Reza Haghi, PhD, and Francisco Torrens, PhD
• High‑Performance Materials and Engineered Chemistry
Editors: Francisco Torrens, PhD, Devrim Balkưse, PhD,
and Sabu Thomas, PhD
• Methodologies and Applications for Analytical and Physical
Chemistry
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD, Sukanchan Palit,
and Priyanka Main
• Modern Green Chemistry and Heterocyclic Compounds:
Molecular Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation
Editors: Ravindra S. Shinde, and A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Modern Physical Chemistry: Engineering Models, Materials, and
Methods with Applications
Editors: Reza Haghi, PhD, Emili Besalú, PhD,
Maciej Jaroszewski, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD, and Praveen K. M.


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Innovations in Physical Chemistry: Monograph Series

• Molecular Chemistry and Biomolecular Engineering: Integrating
Theory and Research with Practice
Editors: Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Francisco Torrens, PhD, and
A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Physical Chemistry for Chemists and Chemical Engineers:
Multidisciplinary Research Perspectives

Editors: Alexander V. Vakhrushev, DSc, Reza Haghi, PhD,
and J. V. de Julián-Ortiz, PhD
• Physical Chemistry for Engineering and Applied Sciences:
Theoretical and Methodological Implication
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, PhD,
Sabu Thomas, PhD, and Praveen K. M.
• Practical Applications of Physical Chemistry in Food Science and
Technology
Editors: Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, PhD, Jose Sandoval Cortes, PhD,
Juan Alberto Ascacio Valdes, PhD, and A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Research Methodologies and Practical Applications of Chemistry
Editors: Lionello Pogliani, PhD, A. K. Haghi, PhD,
and Nazmul Islam, PhD
• Theoretical Models and Experimental Approaches in Physical
Chemistry: Research Methodology and Practical Methods
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD, Praveen K. M.,
and Avinash R. Pai

ix


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CONTENTS


Contributors.......................................................................................................... xiii

Abbreviations ........................................................................................................xvii

Preface ...................................................................................................................xxi

1.

LimitingDiffusionCoefficientsofBovineSerumAlbuminin
Aqueous Solutions of Sulfonated Resorcinarenes ..................................... 1

Diana M. Galindres, Ana C. F. Ribeiro , Edgar F. Vargas, Luis M. P. Veríssimo,

Artur J. M. Valente, and Miguel A. Esteso


2.

Notes on the Barometric Formula ............................................................. 15

Lionello Pogliani

3.

Green Technology Products for Sustainable Development ...................... 29

Elvin Thomas

4.

Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Amino Acids in

Aqueous Solution ......................................................................................... 83

Carmen M. Romero and Miguel A. Esteso

5.

Nature’s Green Catalyst for Environmental Remediation,

Clean Energy Production, and Sustainable Development ..................... 107

Benny Thomas, Divya Mathew, and K. S. Devaky

6.

Green Catalysis, Green Chemistry, and Organic Syntheses for

Sustainable Development .......................................................................... 139

Divya Mathew, Benny Thomas, and K. S. Devaky

7.

Characterization of Some Carbohydrates in Aqueous Solutions as

Seen by Mutual Diffusion ......................................................................... 167

M. Melia Rodrigo, Ana C. F. Ribeiro, Luis M. P. Verissimo, Ana M. T. D. P. V. Cabral,
Artur J. M. Valente, and Miguel A. Esteso

8.

Advancements in Bioremediation and Biotechnology—A Critical

Overview ..................................................................................................... 179

Sukanchan Palit

9.

Porous Materials, Metal‑Organic Frameworks and Conduction.......... 195

Francisco Torren and Gloria Castellano


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Contents

xii

10. Chemical Mesoscopics for Description of Magnetic Metal

Carbon Mesoscopic Composites Synthesis .............................................. 207

V. I. Kodolov, V. V. Trineeva, Yu. V. Pershin, R. V. Mustakimov, D. K. Zhirov,
I. N. Shabanova, N. S. Terebova, and T. M. Makhneva

11. Analysis of Fumes Arising During Fabrication of Hybrid

Adhesive‑Laser Joints................................................................................ 229

Milan Maronek, Igor Novák, Ivan Michalec, Ján Matyašovský, Peter Jurkovič,
Katarína Valachová, and Ladislav Šoltés

12. Application of Green Technology for Energy Conservation and

Sustainable Development .......................................................................... 253

E. P. Aparna and K. S. Devaky

13. Immunomodulatory Molecules from Himalayan Medicinal Plants...... 267

Francisco Torrens and Gloria Castellano

14. Superconductors, Magnetism, Quantum Metrology and Computing......279

Francisco Torrens and Gloria Castellano

15. Drug‑Delivery Systems: Study of Quaternary Systems
Methylxanthine + Cyclodextrin + KCl + Water at
(298.15 and 310.15) K. ............................................................................... 293

Cecília I. A. V. Santos, Ana C. F. Ribeiro, and Miguel A. Esteso

Index .................................................................................................................... 331



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CONTRIBUTORS

E. P. Aparna

Research Scholar, School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Ana M. T. D. P. V. Cabral

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal

Gloria Castellano

Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y Matemáticas, Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias
Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Guillem de Castro-94,
E-46001 València, Spain

K. S. Devaky

School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Miguel A. Esteso

U.D. QuímicaFísica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

Diana M. Galindres

Universidad de los Andes, Department of Chemistry, Bogotá, Colombia
Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
U.D. QuímicaFísica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

PeterJurkovič

VIPO, Partizánske, Slovakia

V. I. Kodolov

Basic Research – High Educational Centre of Chemical Physics & Mesoscopics, Izhevsk, Russia
Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia

Ivan Michalec

Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology,
Trnava, Slovakia

T. M. Makhneva

Udmurt Federal Research Centre, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia

Milan Maronek

Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology,
Trnava, Slovakia

Divya Mathew

FDP Substitute, Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College, Changanassery, Kerala, India

Ján Matyašovský

VIPO, Partizánske, Slovakia

R. V. Mustakimov

Basic Research – High Educational Centre of Chemical Physics & Mesoscopics, Izhevsk, Russia
Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia


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xiv

Contributors

Igor Novák

Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Sukanchan Palit

43, Judges Bagan, Post-Office - Haridevpur, Kolkata-700082, India

Yu. V. Pershin

Basic Research – High Educational Centre of Chemical Physics & Mesoscopics, Izhevsk, Russia

Lionello Pogliani

Facultad de Farmacia, Dept. de Química Física, Universitat de València,
Av. V.A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain

Ana C. F. Ribeiro

Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal

M. Melia Rodrigo

U.D. Química Física, Universidad de Alcalá28871. Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

Carmen M. Romero

Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

Cecília I. A. V. Santos

Department of Chemistry, Coimbra University Centre, University of Coimbra,
3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
U.D. Química Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

I. N. Shabanova

Basic Research – High Educational Centre of Chemical Physics & Mesoscopics, Izhevsk, Russia
Udmurt Federal Research Centre, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia

Ladislav Šoltés

Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Bratislava, Slovakia

N. S. Terebova

Basic Research – High Educational Centre of Chemical Physics & Mesoscopics, Izhevsk, Russia
Udmurt Federal Research Centre, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia

Benny Thomas

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College, Changanassery, Kerala, India

Elvin Thomas

School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O.,
Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India

Francisco Torrens

Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d’Instituts de Paterna,
PO Box 22085, E-46071 València, Spain

V. V. Trineeva

Basic Research – High Educational Centre of Chemical Physics & Mesoscopics, Izhevsk, Russia
Udmurt Federal Research Centre, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia

Katarína Valachová

Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Bratislava, Slovakia


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Contributors

Artur J. M. Valente

Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal

Edgar F. Vargas

Universidad de los Andes, Department of Chemistry, Bogotá, Colombia

Luis M. P. Veríssimo

Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal

D. K. Zhirov

Udmurt Federal Research Centre, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia

xv


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ABBREVIATIONS

ABH

AO
AOA
AP
BBs
BBR
BD
BHs
BHF
CA
CAT
CD
CERN
CF
CMB
CN
CPs
CT
DE
DM
DSC
EF
FRs
FTIR
EFG
EM
EO
EP
FD
FM
GFTs

GHZ
GS
GTR

analog black hole
antioxidant
antioxidant activity
atomic physics
building-blocks
blackbody radiation
big data
black holes
Brueckner–Hartree–Fock
cluster analysis
computerized axial tomography
cyclodextrin
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
central field
cosmic microwave background
coordination number
conservation principles
critical temperature
dark energy
dark matter
differential scanning calorimetry
electric fields
free oxygen radicals
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
electric field gradient
electromagnetic

essential oil
exclusion principle
Fermi–Dirac
ferromagnetism
gauge fields theories
Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger
ground state
general theory of relativity


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xviii

GWs
HEP
HF
HMs
HR
HT
IHC
ILs
IPPs
JCs
KN
LDHs
LHC
LIGO
MA
MF

MOs
MOFs
MPs
NSs
NCs
NFs
NPs
NRs
NSs
NTs
NWs
OMCs
PBHs
PBI
PCA
PCT
PEE
PMs
PP
PT
PV
PVA
QFs

Abbreviations

gravitational waves
high-energy physics
Hartree–Fock
hybrid materials

Hawking radiation
Hawking temperature
Israel–Hawking–Carter
ionic liquids
ion pair potentials
Josephson currents
kilonova
layered double hydroxides
Large Hadron Collider
Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory
meta-analysis
magnetic fields
metal oxides
metal–organic frameworks
medicinal plants
neutron stars
nanocomposites
nanofibres
nanoparticles
nanorods
nanostructures
nanotubes
nanowires
ordered mesoporous Cs
primordial black holes
polybenzimidazole
principal component analysis
Patent Co-operation Treaty
photoelectric effect
porous materials

particle physics
perturbation theory
parity violation
polyvinyl alcohol
quantum fluctuations


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Abbreviations

QFI
QM
RA
RPA
RR
SCF
SG
SM
SN
SO
SRs
SSA
STEM
STLs
SVs
SWNTs
TEM
TFs
TMs

TRS
UC
VDW
VMs
WHs
WL
WMAP
WN
WS
ZIFs

quantum Fisher information
quantum mechanics
radioactivity
random-phase approximation
Rydberg–Ritz
self-consistent field
sol–gel
standard model
strong nuclear
spin–orbit
selection rules
specific surface area
science–technology–engineering–mathematics
sesquiterpene lactones
symmetry violations
single-wall carbon NTs
transition electron microscopy
tide forces
traditional medicines

time-reversal symmetry
unit cell
van der Waals
variational methods
wormholes
wavelength
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
weak nuclear
Weinberg–Salam
zeolitic imidazole frameworks

xix


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PREFACE

This volume brings together innovative research, new concepts, and novel
developments in the application of new tools for chemical and materials engi­
neers. It is an immensely research-oriented, comprehensive, and practical
work. Postgraduate chemistry students would benefit from reading this book
as it provides a valuable insight into chemical technology and innovations.
It should appeal most to chemists and engineers in the chemical industry and
research, who should benefit from the technological, scientific, and economic
interrelationships and their potential developments. It contains significant
research, reporting new methodologies, and important applications in the

fields of chemical engineering as well as the latest coverage of chemical
databases and the development of new methods and efficient approaches for
chemists.
This volume should also be useful to every chemist or chemical engineer
involved directly or indirectly with industrial chemistry. With clear explana­
tions, real-world examples, this volume emphasizes the concepts essential
to the practice of chemical science, engineering and technology while intro­
ducing the newest innovations in the field.
The book also serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are
directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and
activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for
important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting
topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through
observing the tenets and applying the methodologies covered in individual
chapters.
This authoritative reference source provides the latest scholarly research
on the use of applied concepts to enhance the current trends and productivity
in chemical engineering. Highlighting theoretical foundations, real-world
cases, and future directions, this book is ideally designed for researchers,
practitioners, professionals, and students of materials chemistry and chemical
engineering. The volume explains and discusses new theories and presents
case studies concerning material and chemical engineering.
This book is an ideal reference source for academicians, researchers,
advanced-level students, and technology developers seeking innovative
research in chemistry and chemical engineering.


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CHAPTER 1

LIMITING DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS
OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN
IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF
SULFONATED RESORCINARENES
DIANA M. GALINDRES1,2,3, ANA C. F. RIBEIRO2*,
EDGAR F. VARGAS1, LUIS M. P. VERÍSSIMO2,
ARTUR J. M. VALENTE2, and MIGUEL A. ESTESO3
Universidad de los Andes, Department of Chemistry,
Bogotá, Colombia

1

Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry,
University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal

2

U.D. QuímicaFísica, Universidad de Alcalá,
28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

3

Corresponding author. E-mail:

*

ABSTRACT
Limiting binary mutual diffusion coefficients for bovine serum albumin
(BSA) were determined at 25ºC in aqueous systems of 5,11,17,23-tetrakis­
sulfonatomethylene-2,8,14,20-tetra (ethyl) resorcinarene (Na4ETRA) and
tetrasodium 5,11,17,23-tetrakissulfonatemethylen-2,8,14,20-tetra(propyl)
resorcinarene (Na4PRRA) at different concentrations, using the Taylor
dispersion technique. The results are compared with the limiting binary
mutual diffusion coefficients for BSA in water and discussed on the basis of
salting-in effect. In addition, the hydrodynamic radii were also determined,
contributing this way to a better understanding of the structure of such
systems.


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2

1.1

Chemistry and Chemical Engineering for Sustainable Development

INTRODUCTION

Proteins are biologically important compounds and also have relevance in
food, cosmetic, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries. Among them, we
have particular interest in albumin,1 considered one of the most important
proteins in the body because it has several important functions, such as
substrate transport, buffering capacity, free radical scavenging, coagulation,
and wound healing. Being a globular protein with useful functional proper­
ties, such as emulsifying and gelling, it possesses water-binding capacity

and high nutritional value. Furthermore, it has also emerged as a versatile
carrier for therapeutic and diagnostic agents, primarily for diagnosing and
treating cancer, infectious diseases, and diabetes. In addition, over the past
decades, it has been verified that an increasing number of albumin-based or
albumin-binding drugs are used in clinical trials.1,2
Conversely, the rapid evolution of supramolecular chemistry during the
last 30 years has offered to the scientific community a wide spread of host
molecules, capable of including an equally vast number of guest molecules.
These molecules that behave as carriers (e.g., resorcinarenes) are macrocycles that are characterized by their ability to preorganize and to accom­
modate guests in the cavities that can form, which allows them to behave as
hosts and form host–guest complexes.3,4
The macrocycles studies in this work were tetrasodium 5,11,17,23-tetrakis­
sulfonatemethylen-2,8,14,20-tetra(ethyl)resorcin[4]arene (Na4ETRA) and
tetrasodium5,11,17,23-tetrakissulfonatemethylen-2,8,14,20-tetra (propyl)
resorcin[4]arene (Na4PRRA)[4] were synthesized by a procedure similar to
that described by Hogberg.5–7
However, despite considerable work,8 the diffusion behavior of these
systems is still scarce. Because this information is essential for the design
of these systems in presence of biologically relevant compounds, such as
albumin, we propose a comprehensive study of the limiting diffusion of
albumin in aqueous solutions without and with sulfonated resorcinares.
That is, binary mutual diffusion coefficients at infinitesimal concentration
were determined at 25ºC for albumin in aqueous solutions, and in solutions
containing two resorcirarenes (Na4ETRA and Na4PRRA). The molecular
structures of the corresponding monomers of tetrasodium5,11,17,23-tetrakis­
sulfonatemethylen-2,8,14,20-tetra(ethyl)resorcin[4]arene (ETRA4-) and
tetrasodium 5,11,17,23-tetrakissulfonatemethylen-2,8,14,20-tetra(propyl)
resorcin[4]arene (PRRA4-) are reported in the literature.4