Tìm hiểu một số phương pháp dạy học Vật lý ở trường phổ thông: Phần 2

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HƠo omjib icŽib h˚^ odÅp ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ kcÈó ocÜib g{
^cp«i ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ q{ fÐ i{ib ^∆i ocdŸo ß‹
cÊ ^Đ oc‹ ic\ic ^cĐib oc\h bd\ q{j ^z^ cj¡o ßƠib n√i spƒo ß\
_¡ib omjib s} cƠd cd‡i ß¡d* Omjib ocÙd ß¡d ib{t i\t( ]ƒo fØ
hƠo ib{ic cjĂo òễib s} cễd i{j ^ặib kcd n _ib icib
hzt hĐ^( ocdŸo ]‰ fÐ oc pÀo ß≥˘^ ^cŸ o¡j _ž\ omi ^z^ òic po
qo gả* >ẹ icdp gjĂd hzt hẹ^( ocdŸo ]‰ ơ§ÁZ nŠ _˚ib omjib mƒo
icd€p ib{ic n√i spƒo* >Ỉib ^Đ icd€p gj¡d hzt ^cptÅi _âib
omjib hƠo ib{ic ic≥ib ibptÅi g¶ qÀo g¶ ocÉ q»i g{ kcÏ ]dŸi(
^c‚ fcz^ omjib ^cd odŸo fÐ ocpÀo* >cœib c¡i ic≥ ßƠib ^± ßd‡i
omjib hzt od‡i( omjib lp¡o hzt c\t omjib hzt fcj\i m©ib ^˝\
]z^ n≠ ic\ fcj\ ocÉ q€ ibptÅi oÃ^ g{ bdÈib ic\p* ?˚ib ^˚ ßj
^≥Ùib ßƠ _Ưib ßd‡i( ßj cd‡p ßd‡i ocŸ ocÉ ^Ñ oc‹ _âib ß‹ ßj ^z^
ß¡d g≥˘ib ßÑ omjib ]ƒo fØ ib{ic n√i spƒo i{j* Ib{t i\t( omjib
hấd ib{ic ni spo( ibd g\j òễib ^ặib ^i ^ẹ icŽib fdŸi
ocˇ^ q{ fÐ i©ib nŠ _˚ib ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ßĐ*
Qd‡^ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo ib c˘k fcÜib ßƯd cÁd kc√d _¡t
^cj cÊ^ ndic oƒo ^√ ^z^ hzt hÑ^( ocdŸo ]‰( ic≥ib ßƯd cÁd kc√d
_¡t icŽib ^± nˆ ^˝\ ^Üib ibcdk cdi òĂd iẹd ^cpib* Ih
ụĐZ icib ibpti o^ ^cpib ßÑ( cÊ^ ndic n◊ _fi _{ib n\p i{t

ßd q{j nŠ _˚ib oŁib gj¡d hzt hÑ^ ^cptÅi _âib ^˚ oc‹ omjib
)/*


hÌd ib{ic n√i spƒo*
Opt icdÅi fcÜib oc‹ cd‹p _¡t cÊ^ fÐ ocp Ào oÏib c˘k ^c‚
ß±i ocp∆i g{ mÄi gpt‡i ^cj cÊ^ ndic fÐ i©ib ocž^ c{ic*
>càib o\ ^c‚ om\ib ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic icŽib oc\j oz^ ß±i bd√i
omÅi icŽib hzt hĐ^ _˚ib ^˚ ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib kcÏ ]dŸi* Ib\t ^
^z^ oc\j oz^ òẹ ^ặib kcd op|i oc`j ^z^ ibpti kứZ qo cũ ò
òh ]j \i oj{i( ^cầic sz^( ^ẹ cdp lp* Qầ _6 oc\j oz^ omi
^z^ hzt òdi ocẫ kc√d op|i oc˝ ^z^ l pt oÃ^ q€ \i oj{i ßd‡i( nŠ
_˚ib ^z^ hzt ßj ocÉ kc√d ^cà ¶ ߟi bdÚd c¡i ßj( ߟi oc\ib
^cd\ ßƠ ***
Qd‡^ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^{ib oÁ m\ lp\i omÊib
omjib ßd€p fd‡i fcj\ cÊ^ fÐ ocpÀo kczo omd‹i ic≥ qỈ ]}j cd‡i
i\t* IcŽib ˇib _˚ib ^˝\ qÀo g¶ q{j fÐ ocpÀo fcÜib icŽib o¡j
m\ icŽib kc≥±ib kczk n√i spƒo hÚd( _»i oÈd iâib npo g\j
òễib ^\j h{ icdp fcd ^ệi oc\t òẽd ^± ]√i ^cˇ^ i©ib ^˝\ ^ji
ib≥Ùd q{ ^˝\ hzt hĐ^ omjib ^z^ lpz omÉic n√i spƒo* >cœib
c¡i ic≥ omjib icd€p g≠ic qž^ n√i spƒo cd‡i i\t _} ß≥˘^ ož
ßƠib cĐ\ cj{i oj{i c\t hƠo kc∆i( hzt hĐ^ cj¡o ßƠib oc`j
hƠo ^c≥±ib omÉic cj{i oj{i sz^ ߉ic qÚd hƠo hˇ^ ßƠ ^cÇic sz^
^\j c±i ^√ fcd ^ji ib≥Ùd oc\j oz^ omž^ odŸk omÅi hzt* Q\d omƯ
^˝\ ^ji ib≥Ùd ˆ ß|t lpt q€ qd‡^ fd‹h om\ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ c‡
ocÜib ož ßÔib( kczo cd‡i q{ ßd€p ^c‚ic icŽib om˚^ om“^ nž ^Ö (
^cˇ fcÜib ^Öi kc√d oc\j oz^ omÅi qÀo gd‡p ^∆i bd\ ^Üib* IŸp
ic≥ om≥Ú^ ß|t( ib≥Ùd ^Üib ic|i ߡib omi hzt odi ^i kcd
om^ odk òdp fcdi cĐ` _\j ß‹ ^Ão bÊo hÔo ocÁd fdh gj¡d ocÉ
ib{t i\t( qÈd hzt hĐ^ ož ßƠib( ib≥Ùd ^Üib ic|i ^c‚ ^Ưi gÀk

^c≥±ib omÉic cj¡o ßƠib ^cj hzt( cj“^ g{ ^{d ß“o q{j hzt hƠo
^c≥±ib omÉic ß{ ß≥˘^ gÀk oŁ om≥Ú^( hzt ož ßƠib cj¡o ßƠib o¡j
m\ n√i kc«h ßàib ic≥ lpt ߉ic omjib ^c≥±ib omÉic* Ib≥Ùd
^Üib ic|i ^c‚ ^Öi kc√d ^cÊi ^c≥±ib omẫic ocầ^c ck ò\ q{j

)/+


hzt( ƒi iào m\ g‡ic ^cj hzt cj¡o ßƠib q{ oc`j _ád fd‹h om\
s`h ^Đ om˚^ om“^ bÉ ocÉ ßd€p ^c‚ic( bdàk ^cj hzt cj¡o ßƠib
]Éic oc≥Ùib ßàib ic≥ _ž ߉ic* Omjib icd€p g≠ic qž^( ^Üib
qd‡^ ^˝\ ^Üib ic|i oz^ ßƠib omž^ odŸk gÅi n√i kc«h ß} ß≥˘^
^z^ mÜ]Üo ß√h icÀi( ^√ hÔo kc|i s≥ˆib ^c‚ ^∆i q{d ]\ ib≥Ùd
oc`j _ỏd ^z^ òẻib cẻ fdh om\ cjĂo òễib ^\ ^z^ mÜ]Üo*
=≥Ú^ q{j oc◊ f¦ .-( n◊ spƒo cd‡i icd€p ^Üib ibc‡ n√i
spƒo cd‡i ß¡d( omjib ßĐ ož ßƠib cĐ\ bdŽ hƠo q\d omƯ lp\i omÊib(
ib≥Ùd g\j ßƠib ^∆i kc√d ^Đ fdŸi ocˇ^ ^± ]√i q€ ož ßƠib cĐ\*
Omjib ic cÉic kczo omd‹i mƒo ic\ic ^˝\ fcj\ cÊ^ fÐ
ocpÀo cd‡i i\t( mo icdp kczo hdic qo gả ò^ ic\ic ^cẹib
ib _ib q{j fÐ ocpÀo n√i spƒo* Opt icdÅi( qd‡^ ^cpt‹i oŁ
fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ n\ib ˇib _˚ib fÐ ocpÀo fcÜib kc√d g{ omž^
odŸk h{ kc√d om√d lp\ hÔo lpz omÉic nzib oĂj oc^ n* Qo gả
cấ^ ibcdi ^p icib oầic ^co( icŽib lpt gpÀo ^cpib ^˝\
hƠo gÚk ßÈd o≥˘ib( ic≥ib fcd ˇib _˚ib q{j fÐ oc pÀo g{ ˇib
_˚ib q{j hÔo om≥Ùib c˘k ^˚ oc‹( omjib icŽib ßd€p fd‡i mdÅib
cj{i oj{i sz^ ߉ic* Omjib icŽib ßd€p fd‡i ^˚ oc‹ ßĐ( cd‡i
o≥˘ib qo gả ò^ ]dp cdi ò mỏ( ò hĂic ò ^Đ oc‹ ß≥\ q{j
n√i spƒo q{ kc√d nŠ _˚ib hƠo ^z^c ocpÀi od‡i( oc\j oz^ _fi
_{ib* Cd‡i i\t( omjib ic{ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib( ^Đ icỈib hÜi
cÊ^ mdÅib ic≥ fÐ ocpÀo ^Üib ibcd‡k( fÐ ocp Ào iÜib ibcd‡k*

Omjib icŽib hÜi cÊ^ i{t( cÊ^ ndic ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^c˝ tŸp fŸo
^ƒp( qÀi c{ic ^˝\ ^z^ hzt hÑ^ ocdŸo ]‰ _âib omjib ^Üib
ibcd‡k( iÜib ibcd‡k( icŽib lpt omÉic oc\j oz^ omÅi ^z^ hzt
hÑ^ ^˚ oc* >ệi qo gả cấ^ gĂd lp\i o|h ^cầic òi cd‡i o≥˘ib
qÀo g¶( lpz omÉic qÀo g¶ s√t m\ omjib ^z^ hzt ßĐ g{h ^± nˆ ^cj
nž ^cŸ o¡j( qÀi c{ic ^z^ hzt òẹ* Qầ _6 ^ hĩi qo gả q{ hÜi
fÐ ocpÀo ^Üib ibcd‡k ߀p ibcdÅi ^ˇp hzt kczo ßd‡i sj\t
^cd€p* QÀo g¶ cÊ^ ocÉ spƒo kczo oŁ ߉ic gpÀo ^√h ˇib ßd‡i oŁ(

)/,


^cj o\ ]d‹o ^z^c o¡j _Ưib ßd‡i omjib hƠo fcpib _|t _»i fÇi
fcd ^cj fcpib _|t lp\t omjib oŁ om≥Ùib( ic≥ib _Ưib ßd‡i ^√h
ˇib h{ o\ ^Đ oc‹ kczo cd‡i ụĐZ omjib ^z^ ocầ ibcdh omi
gk c\t omjib kcệib ocầ ibcdh ocib ^ẹ ^ib òễ mo tp q{
ico g{ fcĐ h{ ^Đ ocŸ gƒt m\ ibj{d ß‹ nŠ _˚ib fcd h{ fcpib
_|t lp\t gdÅi o˚^* Fcd ibcdÅi ^ˇp hzt kczo òdi sj\t ^cdp
omjib hĩi qo gả( kcd ^c m\ ibptÅi ^ _âib ^Ï bĐk ß‹ gƒt
ß≥˘^ _Ưib ßd‡i m\ ibj{d q{ oâib nẩ qệib _|t( oâib oẩ^ òễ lp\t
icếh o¡j m\ hƠo _Ưib ßd‡i ^√h ˇib ß˝ h¡ic ^Đ oc _õib ò
ock nzib ]ẹib òi( ò ^cĂt ụĐZ hzt* Icib qo gả cấ^
fcĩib òd n|p q{j fo ^p ^\ mÜoj( ^z^c ^pÈi _|t( fŸo ^ƒp ^˝\
mÜoj ß‹ bd√h c\j kcầ iâib gib( oâib cdp npo ^\ hzt* ^z^
òdp fdi \i oj{i fcd nŠ _˚ib hzt( qÀo gd‡p ß‹ ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ ^cd
odŸo ^˝\ hzt* IcŽib iƠd _pib i{t ß≥˘^ ߀ ^Àk ˆ hÜi fÐ ocpÀo
^Üib ibcd‡k*

0)-) HBÛHA HAOSéH N;=

= Í ; A Cè I > Ë = E ˜ N B O Ω N

N HA BÊJ
NLIHA >≤S
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=Yk^ TƒS ZÕ cXd¶c c∫]W X√_ _ X°Y ZØc X√_ èY WYk^ TƒS
_ X º cXv]W% _XƒS eƒ \ƒS cYqd SXd]W S≈Q WYk^ TƒS _ X º cXv]W'
Om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib ^Ñ icd‡h q˚ bdzj _˚^ oj{i _d‡i( ^pib
^ƒk ^cj cÊ^ ndic icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ kcÏ ocÜib ^± ]√i( ^Đ c‡
ocÈib ß‹ n\p i{t ^Ñ oc‹ odŸk o˚^ cÊ^ gÅi ^\j _fƒZ ož cÊ^* Ic≥
qÀt( fcÜib oc‹ lpz ocž^ _˚ib ßd ib\t q{j hƠo g≠ic qž^ fÐ
ocpÀo n√i spƒo i{j ßĐ( ^cj _â mÕib g≠ic qž^ ßĐ g{ kcÏ ]dÅi ˆ
߉\ kc≥±ib hÉic* >c≥±ib omẫic qo Xả qằi kcd ]\j bẻh
icib fdi oc^ qo g¶ ^Đ c‡ ocÜib( ^càib ^Đ icd€p ˇib _˚ib
omjib icd€p ib{ic ni spo( icdp gic q^ fé ocpo* Qầ _6
òễib ^± g{ hÔo gj¡d hzt ^∆i _âib omjib mƒo icd€p g≠ic qž^ n√i
spƒo icÕh o¡j m\ gž^ kczo ßƠib ß‹ ocž^ cd‡i icŽib icd‡h q˚
)/-


^˚ oc‹ fcz^ ic\p ic≥ hzt ]±h i≥Ú^( hzt opÈo gà\( hzt s\t
szo omjib iÜib ibcd‡k( hzt od‡i( hzt ^≥\ omjib ^Üib ibcd‡k(
lp¡o hzt omjib ßƯd nÜib *** Ic≥ib fcÜib kc√d qÉ oc Ÿ h{ omjib

hÜi qÀo g¶ cÊ^( cÊ^ ndic ßd ib\t q{j ibcdÅi ^ˇp ßƠib ^± ßd‡i
ic≥ hƠo ßÈd o≥˘ib ßÔ^ gÀk* >càib o\ kc√d ]Ão ß∆p ibcdÅi ^ˇp
oŁ icŽib lpt gpÀo ^± ]√i ^cd kcÈd6 oz^ _˚ib o≥±ib cÌ bdŽ\ oŁ
om≥Ùib q{ _Ưib ßd‡i( ^± ^cŸ ^cpt‹i cẹ\ o òdi iâib n\ib ^
iâib* ễib ^ òdi ^c g{ hƠo ˇib _˚ib omjib icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^
qÀo g¶ ib lpzo i{t* >Đ icd€p gj¡d ßƠib ^± ßd‡i omjib fÐ ocp Ào
^Ñ ^ƒp omà^ mƒo fcz^ ic\p ic≥ib ibptÅi oÃ^ cj¡o ßƠib q»i
_ž\ omÅi lpt gpÀo ^cpib ßĐ* H“o fcz^( icŽib lpt gpÀo ^cpib
ßĐ ^Ưi ß≥˘^ ˇib _˚ib omjib qd‡^ ^cÅ o¡j icŽib ocdŸo ]‰ fÐ
ocpÀo fcz^ ibj{d ßƠib ^± ßd‡i( QÇ _˚ g{h hzt ßj ßd‡i( g{h gj\
ßd‡i ßƠib( g{h hzt kczo òdi***
+'
Sả_ ]Xảc'

=Yk^ TS Zế cXdảc c]W X_ _XY \Q]W cr]X XYƠ] ồỹY%

HĂ^ òầ^c ^\ bdzj _^ fé ocpo oẽib ck g{ ò ^cpôi ]
^cj cấ^ ndic ^ẹ oc‹ ic\ic ^cĐib oc\h bd\ ß≥˘^ q{j ^z^ cj¡o
ßƠib n√i spƒo ^˝\ s} cƠd ib{t i\t* =ˆd qÀt( icŽib ßÈd o≥˘ib
߀ ^Àk ߟi kc√d g{ icŽib ßÜd o≥˘ib ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib mƠib m}d* QÇ
_˚6 e^tp eXp kife^ cüe_ mˆZ kilp»e k`e' e^_\ e_{e' e^§‚` kX
_âib _˚ib ^˚ ]zi _»i( om\iudoj* H“^ _â cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ßÄi
ßd‡i oŠ ]\ ^ž^ _fi lp\i nzo( _fi cd‹p c±i qÚd cÊ^ ndic( ic≥ib _j
cd‡i i\t fcÜib ^Öi _âib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib fÐ oc pÀo ii omjib
^cib omẫic qo gả( kcd ] òi òdi o ]\ ^ž^ h{ oc\t ]Õib
om\iudoj ]zi _»i*
>Ỉib qÉ op|i oc˝ ibpti o^ oầic cdi òĂd( ^k ico i{t
h{ icdp fcd ^i kcd ò\ q{j ^cib omẫic qo gả icib ò
o{d hÚd h’ ^Đ gdÅi lp\i ߟi fÐ ocpÀo cd‡i ß¡d( fcÜib ß≥˘^ ߀
^Àk h{ omjib ^c≥±ib omÉic ompt€i ocÈib om≥Ú^ ß|t* QÇ _˚

)/.


icib ibpti gả qo gả ^\ o òễib cẹ\( ^\ ßd€p fcd‹i oŁ s\(
nŠ _˚ib hzt oÇic*** g{ icŽib fdŸi oc^ q ^z^ gic q^ hd ^i
òè ^k icếh ^cpôi ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic odŸk ocp ^Üib ibc‡ hÚd
omjib n√i spo cdi òĂd*
,' =Yk^ TS Zế cXdảc c]W X_ _XY [l\ SX^ X∏S bs]X
XY≤d åì√S ]X…]W ]Wdhq] [ã Sí R°] SQ cÂc S SkS `dk cas]X
b] gdÂc% ồê]W cXY _XY ap] [dh¥] SX^ X∏S bY]X cXtY L∂dU] RỲc
Ty]W ]X…]W Tƒ]W Sƒ åí] WY°] _ Xº RỲ] ca^]W SkS ]Wl]X b°]
gd¢c'
Ic≥ qÀt( bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^Ñ c\d h“o6 hễo
ho( òệd cd cấ^ ndic kcd ]do ụĐZ icib ^ nÁ# fcj\ cÊ^
^cpib ^˝\ ^z^ ib{ic n√i spƒo ^Üib ibcd‡k q{ iĩib ibcdk ^c
tp ico( cdp ò^ ibpti gả qi c{ic ^Š\ ^z^ hzt hĐ^ ocdŸo
]‰ ^Ỉib ic≥ lpz omÉic fÐ ocpÀo kcÏ ]dŸi icƒo omjib i€i fdic
oŸ lpÈ^ _|i7 h“o fcz^( kc√d mÄi gpt‡i ^cj cÊ^ ndic ^Ñ fÐ iâib(
fé sj n _ib icib ^ĩib ^ òi bdi ico ^\ ^z^ ib{ic
ni spo( fé iâib g\j òễib omjib ^z^ ib{ic n√i spƒo ßĐ* Qd‡^
g{h i{t n◊ o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj cÊ^ ndic n\p i{t ^Đ oc‹ ic\ic
^cĐib ßd n|p q{j ]ƒo fØ hƠo ib{ic n√i spƒo i{j ßĐ*
-' >∏S bY]X _X°Y St JMb+ cXtY `dU] e¶] Tƒ]W bk]W cü^
]X…]W ZỲ] cX∆S e¶c [ã ån cỲ_ cXd åì√S å ≤ cà\ XYqd ]Wdhq]
còS SÂd cỹ^ el X^ỹc ồổ]W SQ SkS åvY cì√]W `dQ] ca∏]W ]X¢c
ca^]W ]∞] ZY]X cØ `d∫S Tm] S≈]W ]Xì åq WY°Y `dhØc SkS ]XY¥\
eƒ [Q^ åỉ]W Xl]W ]Wlh'
HpÈi qÀt( _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ kc√d gpÜi gpÜi bÃi qĐd ßÙd nÜib
q{ n√i spƒo( g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic ocƒt ụĐZ icib ib _ib ^\

fdi oc^ qo gả omjib òệd nẩib q{ fé ocpo( òẻib ocd ici m\
ò^ icib òệd cÁd kc√d bd√d lptŸo icŽib qƒi ߀ hÚd ^˝\ ^pƠ^
nÈib ^\ òd nĩib q{ fé ocpo òĩd qẹd qo gả cÊ^( qÚd ib≥Ùd cÊ^
qÀo g¶*
-33


H_§ qÀt( bdzj _˚^ b˘ ocpÀo ib _Ág ơ}` _’` g_à` bôk _g
^co ^c qd _Ăt cấ^ qo gả( qẹd ocž^ odfii g\j ßƠib n√i spƒo*

0).) H›C >£HA =Í; ACèI 9áO E˜ NBOΩN N€HA B fi g
NLIHA >≤S
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DX…]W ZỲ] cX∆S e¶c [ã St ã ]WXêQ cXÀS cY≥]% St ]XY∞d
∆]W Tƒ]W ca^]W Zế cXdảc el Sv]W ]WXƠ XS
Icib oc{ic op q qo gả cấ^ cdi i\t mo kcjib kc(
ò\ _Ăib* >ẹ icib fdi oc^ qo gả bdk o\ cdp ò^ ]i jco
^\ ^z^ cdi oib( bdd ocầ^c ò^ icib cdi oib kc^ oĂk
q{ ]ầ ôi ^\ o icdi* Icib fdi oc^ i{t ^Đ bdz om‰ g¶ ocptŸo
n|p nÃ^( ^càib ^cj kc~k o\ oct ụĐZ n ocĩib ico omjib ^zd
ò\ _Ăib ^\ ocÅ bdÚd qÀo ^cƒo* >Đ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ fcz^
g¡d ^Đ ¶ ibc≠\ ocž^ odfii gÚi g\j( ^Đ oc‹ ˇib _˚ib hƠo ^z^c cd‡p
lp√ ß‹ ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ ocdŸo ] hzt hẹ^( g{h bdh ic g\j òễib(
o{ib iâib npo( ^co gib ni kcôh( ^d ocdi òd nĩib qo

^c| o q{ odic oc∆i ^ji ib≥Ùd* >c≥±ib omÉic qÀo g¶ kc√d ^|i ßÜd
^√ c\d gj¡d fdŸi ocˇ^ ßĐ* Opt icdÅi( qÉ icd€p g¶ _j( icd€p fcd
ib≥Ưd o\ lpz ocdÅi q€ fdŸi ocˇ^ g¶ ocptŸo fcdŸi ^cj hÜi qÀo g¶
omˆ oc{ic s\ mệd òd nĩib( ni spo( fcĩib ^ệi ^ẹ oz^ _ib
^cpôi ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic ]≥Ï^ q{j cj¡o ßƠib n√i spƒo g{ gj¡d cj¡o
ßƠib ^c˝ tŸp ^˝\ s} cƠd*
>âib hƠo qƒi ߀ qÀo g¶( ^Đ oc‹ icƒi h¡ic h“o g¶ ocptŸo
c\t icƒi h¡ic h“o fÐ ocpÀo h{ _»i ߟi ^z^c omÉic ]{t iƠd
_pib q{ sz^ ߉ic kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ fcz^ ic\p* QÇ _˚6 qÚd
^cƒo ]zi _»i( iŸp icƒi h¡ic h“o gả ocpto ocẫ kcd gả bdd ^
^c _ằi òdi ^\ ^z^ gÚk odŸk bdzk i)kìi c\t kìiìk* ™d€p i{t
fcÜib ß±i bd√i( fcÜib oc‹ cÊ^ ˆ ompib cÊ^ ^± nˆ h{ kcd òd
gi gk --* >ệi ip ^c ả òi ho fÐ ocp Ào ^˝\ iÑ ocÉ o\ ^Ñ oc‹
fc√j nzo icib ò^ oầic q hĩ ^ẹ oc lp\i nzo ụĐZ ^˝\ ^z^
-34


om\iudoj c\t ^˝\ ßdÜd ß≥˘^ ^cŸ o¡j ]Õib ^cƒo ]zi _»i* Ic≥ ocŸ(
cÊ^ ndic ib\t ˆ ompib cÊ^ ^± nˆ ^ặib ^ẹ oc ici ]do ò^
icib oầic ^co q hĩ ^˝\ om\iudoj( ^˝\ ßdÈo( cd‹p ß≥˘^ ˇib
_˚ib ^˝\ ^càib omjib fé ocpo ò ^cic gp c\t fcpt^c òĂd
oầi cdp òdi* Cd‡i i\t( _˚ib ^˚ ]zi _»i g{ kc∆i oŠ fcÜib oc‹
ocdŸp ß≥˘^ omjib ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ßd‡i* ?j ßĐ( fdŸi ocˇ^ q€ _˚ib ^˚
]zi _»i ^∆i ocdŸo ^cj hÊd ib≥Ùd g\j ßƠib( fcÜib oc‹ ߢd ߟi
gÚk -- hÚd cÊ^7 c±i iŽ\( cd‡i i\t ^Ưi ^Đ icd€p ib≥Ùd fcÜib ^Đ
ßd€p fd‡i ß‹ cÊ^ ߟi gÚk --* Qƒi ߀ ß“o m\ Á ß|t g{ sz^ ߉ic
ßàib tÅp ^∆p ^∆i ß¡o ß≥˘^ q{ kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ ^cƒo ]zi
_»i n\j ^cj ocÇ^c c˘k*
+'
=Yk^ cas]X e¶c [ã ¡ c¿]W _ X º cXv]W å∞ Sả_ cứY ]XYd

ZXkY ]YƠ\% ồ]X [dảc [l Sớ bĂ ZX^Q XS SQ ]Wl]X ]ỗ]W [ỡ]W
XS
Qầ _ ^z^ fczd idh ^ĩib( oc iâib( òễib iâib( iễd iâib(
^z^ lpz omẫic ]di òẽd icd‡o oc{ic ^Üib ^± cÊ^( ߉ic gpÀo Epi )
G`is_( cd‡i o≥˘ib ^√h ˇib ßd‡i oŁ( ߉ic gpÀo ]√j oj{i q{
^cpt‹i cĐ\ i©ib g≥˘ib***
?ž\ omÅi icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ i{t( bdzj omÉic ^ặib ibcdi
^p ^ ibpti o^ ^p oĂj q{ cjĂo òễib ^\ ^z^ hzt hẹ^ fc\d
ocz^( ]di òĩ iâib g_ib _õib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib i€i fdic
lpÈ^ _|i*
Q€ ^z^ ßƠib ^± icd‡o( ^càib o\ ^Đ oc‹ f‹6 hzt ]±h i≥Đ^(
ßƠib ^± ßÈo omjib( op\ ]di i≥È^( op\ ]di c±d( ßÔib ^± kc√i gž^*
>± nˆ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt i{t g{ ^z^ òic gpo icdo òễib
g^ cấ^* ò|t( iễd iâib ^\ ^co òẩo ò^ ^cpti cẹ\ oc{ic
^ iâib*
Q ^z^ òễib ^± ßd‡i ocÉ bdzj omÉic ^Đ ibcdÅi ^ˇp6 ^z^ hzt
kczo ßd‡i hÔo ^cd€p( sj\t ^cd€p( ^z^ ic{ hzt icd‡o ßd‡i q{
oc˝t ßd‡i( ic{ hzt ßd‡i ibptÅi oŠ( ^z^ gj¡d ßƠib ^± ßd‡i* Nž
-35


cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ß\ b∫ ^z^ hzt i{t _ž\ omÅi ߉ic gpÀo ^√h ˇib
ßd‡i oŁ( nž ^cpt‹i cĐ\ i©ib g≥˘ib ˆ ß|t oc‹ cd‡i om≥Ùib c˘k
mdÅib ^˝\ ߉ic gpÀo ]√j oj{i q{ ^cpti cẹ\ iâib gib*
N ompti iâib gib òd s\ ]Õib _Ưib ßd‡i ^\j oc Ÿ ^Đ q\d
omƯ lp\i omấib omjib qd^ n _ib iâib gib òdi q{ òdi fcầ
cẹ\*
di fcầ cẹ\ ^ẹ q\d omệ ^c òĂj omjib qd^ s|t _žib ^± nÁ
qÀo ^cƒo fÐ ocpÀ o ^˝\ ^c˝ ibc\ s} cễd* Iâib gib òdi ò^
n _ib kcẽ ]di omjib i€i ^Üib ibcd‡k q{ iÜib ibcd‡k cd‡i

ß¡d* >z^ omd oc^ q{ fé iâib q òdi g{ icib tp oẩ lp\i
omÊib icƒo ^˝\ qd‡^ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocp Ào oÏib c˘k* Qd‡^ ibcdÅi
^ˇp icd€p ߀ o{d omjib bdzj omÉic qÀo gq ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib g{
kc≥±ib od‡i g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic ih ò^ gả gpi q{ oc^ odi
òdi fcầ cẹ\*
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]X]W \kh \tS ZXkS ]XQd
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kcÏ ]dŸi icƒo6 ]zic s` m©ib ^≥\( _|t ^p\ mj\( ompt€i ]Õib h\
nzo* Bdzj omẫic ^ặib ò^ ]do ^c ả òi q\d omÖ ^˝\ ^z^ gj¡d h\
nzo6 h\ nzo ibc‚( om≥˘o q{ gâi ^ặib ic qd^ zk _ib ^z^ ẽ ]d*
Cấ^ ndic ^ặib ò^ g{h lp`i qĩd ibpti o^ cjĂo òễib
^\ icdp hzt6 ^∆i om˚^( hzt sà^( hzt n\i ߃o( h “o kcib
ibcdib ò^ _õib icdp omjib ib{ic s|t _ib* Ibpti gả
^c tŸp cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt i{t g{ lpt ^ q{ib ^˝\ ^± cÊ^
$߉ic gpÀo ]√j oj{i ^Üib%*
Fcd ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^cpti òễib omệi cấ^ ndic ^ặib ụĐZ g{h
-4,


lp`i qÚd icd€p gj¡d hzt lp\t gt o|h _âib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib ^Üib
ibcd‡k q{ iÜib ibcd‡k*
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^Đ ß≥\ m\ ^Üib ocˇ^ I 9 Aq ß‹ ^cˇib oÁ ^cj cÊ^ ndic oc|Q mếib6
qd hễo hzt ^ẹ ^ĩib npo ico òic( fcd oâib gž^ oz^ _˚ib( ocÉ
kc√d bd√h ^ ßƠ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ hzt*

GdÅi c‡ hÀo ocdŸo qÚd nž ^± fcÇ cĐ\ ^z^ lpz omÉic n√i
spƒo g{ nž o©ib cd‡p npƒo q{ o©ib ^ĩib npo* N oâib cdp npo
^\ ^z^ òễib ^ icdo ß≥˘^ lpt ßdic ]ˆd ^Üib ocˇ^6

Qd‡^ i|ib ^\j cd‡p npƒo ụĐZ bdd lpto oc`j ^z^ kcib
cib6 i|ib ^\j icdo òễ ^\ ibpẻi iẹib( cĂ ock icdo òễ
ibpẻi gĂic q{ lpt omÉic ocp cÑ\ icd‡o* >z^ hzt c±d i≥Ú^ ^Ñ
cd‡p np o ock ụĐZ oc\t _i ]ếib ^z^ op\ ]di( òễib ^ òd_`i
c\t òễib ^ òdi*
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gÏi omjib bdzj omÉic qÀo g¶ Á ic{ om≥Ùib* CÊ^ ndic ơ§ÁZ ibcdÅi
^ˇp ^z^ gj¡d hzt ocp ]dŸi( m±g` $icdo( òdi( o q{ lp\ib òdi%*
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_˚ib ^˝\ ^càib q{j qd‡^ ^c‚ic É≥p _Ưib ßd‡i( fcptŸ^c ß¡d q{
ocp kczo nĐib qÜ optŸi7 ibcdÅi ^ˇp cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ oŸ ]{j
lp\ib ßd‡i( hÔo _˚ib ^˚ _âib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ o
òễib cẹ\*
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fcj\ cÊ^ ^˝\ icd€p ib{ic lp\i omÊib ic≥ bd\j ocÜib qÀi o√d(
-4-


ocÜib odi gdÅi g¡^ ***
.' Cv] e¶c [ã S≈]W St ]XYd ồYd ZYƠ] ap] [dhƠ] SX^ XS
bY]X ]X]W Zế ]ỗ]W% Zế g^ cXS Xl]X% ]X]W [^ỹY Zế ]ỗ]W
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SQ ]XYd ]Wl]X b] gdÂc'

ẹ g{ ^z^ gjĂd fé iâib6 òấ^ q{ q ^z^ cẫic( n òẻ( òẻ oc7
n _ib ^z^ _˚ib ^˚ ßj g≥Ùib ic≥ k\ih`( oc≥Ú^ f”k( gž^ fŸ(
^|i7 nŠ _˚ib ^z^ hzt ßj ßd‡i q{ ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ kc~k òj òi
bdi( n _ib ^z^ ibpẻi òdi( gk ^z^ h¡^c ßd‡i fcÜib kcˇ^
o¡k7 ocž^ cd‡i icŽib ^Üib qd‡^ gÃk mzk ß±i bd√i q€ fÐ oc pÀo
ßd‡i q{ fÐ ocpÀo qÜ optŸi ßd‡i7 ]dŸo nŠ _˚ib ^z^ ßƠib ^± kcÏ
]dŸi ico*
Icib òdp kc|i oầ^c omi ^cj oct6 qd^ _Ăt cấ^ qo gả
omib kcẽ ocĩib oĂj icdp fc iâib ^cj bdzj qdÅi odŸi c{ic
bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^cj cÊ^ ndic* Icd‡h q˚ ^˝\ bdzj
qdÅi g{ kc√d ]dŸi icŽib fc iâib òẹ oc{ic cdi oc^*

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Kc≥±ib kczk ^± ]√i bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocp Ào oÏib c˘k omjib
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ib\t omjib lpz omÉic bdzj qdÅi oÏ ^cˇ^ qd‡^ cÊ^ oÀk ^˝\ cÊ^
ndic ˆ omÅi gÈk( ˆ ic{ q{ omjib ^z^ cjĂo òễib ibjĂd fcẹ\ q qo
gả* Ocĩib lp\ qd‡^ _¡t cÊ^ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶( bdzj qdÅi
^cj cÊ^ ndic cd‹p ơ§ÁZ icŽib ˇib _˚ib lp\i omÊib ^˝\ ^càib(

ß“^ ]d‡o g{ ^z^ ˇib _˚ib ^˝\ ^z^ ߉ic gpÀo( ^z^ ocptŸo qÀo g¶
omjib fÐ ocp Ào q{ omjib ßÙd nÜib* IcŽib ˇib _˚ib i{t kc√d
o¡j
q{ ^Đ gdÅi c‡Ư ^c“o
É oc{ic hƠo
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f sz^ ߉ic
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-4.


omÊib ^˝\ ^z^ ßÈd o≥˘ib fÐ ocpÀo ßÈd qÚd i€i fdic oŸ lpÈ^ _|i(
ß“^ ]d‡o g{ ßÈd qÈd oÉic cÉic ni spo ^\ ò\ kcib( oầic kcẽ
]di q{ oầic òdi cÉic ^˝\ ^càib ßÈd qÚd icd€p ib{ic n√i
spƒo( √ic c≥ˆib ^˝\ qd‡^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^z^ ßÈd o≥˘ib ßĐ ßÈd qÈd
qd‡^ kczo omd‹i o≥ _pt fcj\ cÊ^ fÐ oc pÀo q{ Ñ^ nzib o¡j ^˝\
cÊ^ ndic7 oz^ _˚ib bdzj _˚^ o≥ o≥Áib ^˝\ o{d gd‡p ßĐ*
IcŽib tÅp ^∆p f‹ omÅi ^Đ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ơ§ÁZ iŸp ^càib
o\ gž\ ^cÊi o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k g{h nzib oÁ ^± nˆ fcj\
cÊ^ ^˝\ icŽib ib{ic n√i spƒo ^Ỉib ic≥ icŽib kc≥±ib c≥Èib
lp\i omÊib ^˝\ nž kczo omd‹i i‹i fdic oŸ lpÈ^ _|i h{ ^càib
o\ ß} iÅp* Omjib lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶( bdzj qdÅi kc√d
oc≥Ùib sptÅi ^cà ¶ oÚd ^z^ ]d‡i kczk icếh g{h ^cj hèd ]{d
cấ^ q qo gả òp bÃi gd€i qÚd ocž^ odfii fÐ oc pÀ o n√i spo q{
òd nẩib( òẻib ocd ^c ả oâib ^ib ^z^ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ cÊ^
ndic ^Đ bÃi gd€i qÚd ocž^ odfii n√i spƒo q{ ßƯd nÈib* N\p ß|t g{
hƠo nÜ ]d‡i kczk bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k omjib nž _¡t cấ^

qo gả6
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]{d cấ^ q o gả

ỳĐX kt` c`l b k_lổk n√i ol∑k mt [‚` j◊e^ mtf

™≥\ o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo ni spo q{ òd nĩib q{j ]{d cấ^
qo gả g{ qd‡^ bdzj qdÅi kczd g{h oc≥Ùib sptÅi* >c‚ ^Ñ ic≥ ocŸ
ocÉ ]{d cÊ^
hÚd g{h ^cj cÊ^
f
2 ndic _fi cd‹p( _fi icÚ q{ ^c‚ ^Đ ic≥
ocŸ( cÊ^ ndic hÚd cd‹p ß≥˘^ hÔo ^z^c c‡ ocÜib icŽib ˇib
_˚ib lp\i omÊib ^˝\ ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ omjib ^z^ ib{ic n√i
spƒo lp\i omÊib icƒo q{ hÚd ^Ñ ^± nˆ qÀi _˚ib nzib o¡j fdŸi
ocˇ^ ß} odŸk ocp q{j ocž^ odfii*
IcŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ ocž^ oŸ( icŽib o{d gd‡p fÐ ocp Ào ß≥\ q{j
]{d cÊ^ om≥Ú^ cŸo g{ icŽib o{d gd‡p ^Đ ic ^cƒo fÐ ocp Ào oÏib
c˘k( icŽib o{d gd‡p mào m\ oŁ ocž^ o g\j òễib ni spo ^\ cấ^
ndic ^ặib ic icib o{d gd‡p q€ i€i n√i spƒo ^˝\ i≥Ú^ o\*
-4/


QÉ i€i fdic oŸ i≥Ú^ o\ ^Öi ibcÄj i{i q{ g¡^ cÀp( n√i
spƒo icÁ h\ib i“ib oÇic ^cƒo oc˝ ^Üib iÅi icŽib o{d gd‡p fÐ
ocpÀo iÅp m\ omjib bdzj omÉic qo gả kcẽ ocĩib icdp fcd ^ệi s\
gĂ òẩẫ qd cÊ^ ndic* QÉ qÀt( ]Åi ^¡ic qd‡^ bdÚd ocd‡p qÚd cÊ^ ndic
icŽib c≥Úib kczo omd‹i ^˝\ i€i n√i spƒo i≥Ñ^ o\ omjib hÔo
o≥±ib g\d fcÜib s\( ^∆i kc√d oÉh icŽib qầ _ oc^ g{ bi bd
qd òd nĩib cấ^ ndic( kc√d oÀi _˚ib hÊd ßd‹p fd‡i fÐ ocpÀo n√i

spƒo q{ ^√ icŽib ßd€p fd‡i ož icdÅi n—i ^Đ ¡ ߉\ kcib ò
^cpôi ] ^cj cấ^ ndic cdp ò^ ^z^ òẩd o≥˘ib cd‡i ß¡d*
Bdzj qdÅi ^Đ oc‹ ß≥\ o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo q{j ]{d cÊ^ qÀo g¶
oc`j icd€p ^z^c* OcÜib oc≥Ùib ico g{ ò\ q{j _d cẫic oc^
qầ _ hdic cấ\ ˇib _˚ib ocž^ oŸ ^˝\ fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ qŁ\
ibcdÅi ^ˇp sjib* >Ỉib ^Đ oc‹ _âib o{d gd‡p fÐ oc pÀo n√i spƒo
ß‹ ߀ spƒo qƒi ߀ ibcdÅi ^ˇp( icÕh o¡j m\ icp ^∆p cÊ^ oÀk*
Omjib fcd bdÚd ocd‡p o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo n√i spƒo( bdzj qdÅi
^cà omÊib om≥Ú^ cŸo ߟi ibptÅi oÃ^ qÀo g¶ ^˝\ ^z^ lpz omÉic*
Qd‡^ hÜ o√ ^z^ ^cd odŸo fÐ ocpÀo fcÜib kc√d g{ h˚^ òầ^c ^\ ]{d
cấ^ qo gả( bdzj qdi ^c ò ^k d fcd ^∆i ocdŸo q{ d hˇ^ ßƠ
qŁ\ ß˝ ß‹ cấ^ ndic cdp ò^ ibpti o^ qo gả ^\ ^z^ lpz
omÉic fÐ ocpÀo ß\ib ibcdÅi ^ˇp* QÉ ocƯd bd\i ibcdÅi ^ˇp ]{d
hÚd ˆ omÅi gÚk ^Ñ c¡i iÅi qd‡^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp hƠo nÜ qƒi ߀ fÐ
ocpÀo ^∆i ocdŸo kc√d _{ic ^cj cjĂo òễib ibjĂd fcẹ\*
O\ c}t s~o hễo nĩ qầ _ n\p ò|t6
>cib omẫic qo gả gk -, ^ẹ lpt ߉ic cÊ^ q€ ^z^ gj¡d h\
nzo( g˘d Ç^c q{ oz^ c¡d ^˝\ h\ nzo* O{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo q€ ߀ o{d
i{t mƒo kcjib kcà* Njib bdzj qdÅi ^c‚ ^Ñ oc‹ ^cấi gấ^ hễo nĩ
o{d gdp i{j òẹ q{ ^ặib kcd ß≥\ m\ icŽib o{d gd‡p i{t q{j ]{d
cÊ^ _∆i _∆i hƠo ^z^c ocÇ^c c˘k* >cœib c¡i ic≥ fcd iĐd q€ g˘d
Ç^c ^˝\ h\ nzo( bdzj qdÅi ^Đ oc‹ _ž\ omÅi cd‡i o≥˘ib ib≥Ùd ßd
omÅi h“o ß≥Ùib gà^ ß≥Ùib om±i ß‹ iÅp gÅi mÕib6 cd‡i o≥˘ib h\

-40


nzo g{ ibptÅi ic|i ^˝\ gž^ f~j ^˝\ s` ^Ô q{ bdÚd ocd‡p qÈd cÊ^
ndic hƠo kc≥±ib kczk g{h o©ib gž^ f~j h{ cÊ ^Đ oc‹ ß} b“k6
ib≥Ùd o\ mÃ^ ^zo spÈib ß≥Ưib m\t cj“^ gĐo m±h m¡( ^{ic ^|t

spÈib h“o ß≥Ùib fcd omÙd h≥\ om±i cj“^ fcd s` gŠ\ q{ ÜoÜ gÅi
ßÜ^* N\p fcd cÊ^ ndic ß} ibcdÅi ^ˇp qŠ߉ic gpÀo ocˇ ]\ ^˝\
Idpo±i( bdzj qdÅi ^Đ oc‹ om gĂd qi ò i{t( kc|i oầ^c hễo ^z^c
^ oc n spo cdi g^ f~j ^\ s` ^ễ( òẻib ocd ߀ ^Àk oÚd ^z^
^z^c o©ib gž^ f~j ^˝\ s`6 o©ib c‡ nÈ h\ nzo ibc‚ q{ o©ib gž^ ~k
ˆ ^z^ ]zic s` kczo ßƠib( q € icŽib o{d gd‡p ^Đ gdÅi lp\i ߟi
g\j ßƠib n√i spƒo ^˝z cÊ^ ndic ocÉ bdzj qdÅi ^Đ oc‹ kc|i ^c
cd‡i o≥˘ib h\ nzo ibc‚ bdŽ\ ßdic q{ bÌ g{h ^cj ßdic ]zh ^cÃ^
q{j bÌ q{ bdd ocầ^c qẫ n\j hễo ^zd òdic òẹib q{j qo òdic ^ặ
gĂd fcĩib bd ò^ ^c^* Fcd iẹd q ^z^c bd√h h\ nzo ]Õib
^z^c _âib Ï ]d( bdzj qdÅi ^Đ oc‹ iÅp gÅi icŽib o{d gd‡p ^˚ oc‹
q€ o©ib iâib npo g\j òễib ic _õib ẽ ]d omjib ^z^ ^Üib ^˚ ^√d
odŸi ^˝\ ߉\ kc≥±ib( ^˝\ bd\ ßÉic*
HÜi qÀo gả ^ặib ^ẹ icdp fc iâib bdd ocdp qd cấ^
ndic hƠo b∫ qƒi ߀ q€ fÐ ocpÀo ^cdŸi om\ic* Omjib fcd bdd
ocdp kcd ^c ả òi oầic o oib ^\ icŽib qƒi ߀ omÉic
]{t( ß“^ ]d‡o g{ omzic g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic fcÜib ocƒt ß≥˘^ q\d omƯ
^˝\ ^ji ib≥Ùd omjib ^pƠ^ ^cdŸi om\ic ic|i _|i* QÇ _˚6 cÊ^
ndic ^Đ oc‹ qÀi _˚ib icŽib cd‹p ]dŸo q€ ߉ic gpÀo Idpo±i ocˇ
c\d q{ ^cpti òễib ]di òẽd òp ò bdd ocầ^c qẫ n\j icŽib ^Ì
kczj ]Ãi o∆h s\ oc≥Ùib ^Đ iƯib nàib _{d* Bdzj qdÅi ^Ñ oc‹
bdÚd ocd‡p qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib ibptÅi o^ ^cpti òễib ]ếib kci g^
omjib ^z^ gjĂd qặ fcầ o òễib q{ qặ fcầ kci g^ fcd cấ^ òic
gpo ]√j oj{i ßƠib g≥˘ib* Fcd ߀ ^Àk ibptÅi ^ ocp kczo nĐib
qÜ optŸi ßd‡i( ^Đ oc‹ iĐd ߟi qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib qÜ optŸi ßd‡i omjib
^cdŸi om\ic( ic|i ßĐ bdÚd ocd‡p icŽib h«p ^cpt‡i ^cˇib oÁ
oz^ _˚ib ^˝\ icŽib kc≥±ib od‡i fÐ ocpÀo ßĐ kc˚ ocpƠ^ q{j

-41

0)/)/) Nõe^ Z§‚e^ ZsZ _f≥k ơfie^ e^f≥` b_|X mÀ mỉk cị
SIGN  IĖĦMH K Ỵ   SI T ĜS  SĤ MH  IÌO

>Đ oc‹ ^Ñ ^z^ cÉic ocˇ^ n\p6
) Oc{ic gÀk ^z^ icÑh ibj¡d fcĐ\ ^cŸ o¡j _˚ib ^˚ qÀo g¶*
CÉic ocˇ^ cj¡o ßÔib i{t ibj{d oz^ _˚ib bdzj _˚^ fÐ oc pÀo
oÏib c˘k q{ o≥ o≥ˆib ^cj cÊ^ ndic( ^Ưi ^Đ oz^ _˚ib om\ib ]‰
_˚ib ^˚ ocÇ ibcd‡h ^cj ic{ om≥Ùib* Qd‡^ ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ hÜ cÉic
cj¡o ßƠib ß≥˘^ ^Đ oz^ _˚ib oÈo ßÈd qÏd qd‡^ kczo omd‹i o≥ _pt
nzib o¡j ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic* Fcd ^cŸ o¡j hÜ cÉic( qÇ _˚ hÜ cÉic hzt
odŸo ^cŸ Jzo( hÜ cÉic nÑib ib\ib( nÑib _Ê^( hÜ cÉic ßƠib ^±
ßd‡i / kc\( cÊ ocƒt má ß≥˘^ ibptÅi ^ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ ßÈd
o≥˘ib fÐ ocpÀo ^˚ oc ^ặib ic icib fdi oc^ qo gả ò}
ò^ qi _ib q{j òẹ*
) >i ò^ ]do ^c ả òi cjĂo ßƠib ibj¡d fcĐ\ q€ ßd‡i fÐ
ocpÀo q{ qÜ optŸi ßd‡i fÐ ocpÀo* >Đ oc‹ ^cj ^z^ icĐh ßĐ q◊ g¡d
n± ßỴ h¡^c ßd‡i omjib ^z^ ic{ icd€p cƠ ˆ fcp kcẩ q{ ò spo ả
fdi n\ gĂd icib ^cè fcĩib ck gả ^ặib ic odi c{ic n\
^c\ ò òh ]j \i oj{i òdi* >ặib ^ẹ oc ^cj cấ^ ndic gk n
òẻ òib _|t ompti oc\ic omjib ocĩi sẹh( òh icdh qd‡^
hÃ^( ]√j lp√i( nŠ\ ^cŽ\ ß≥Ưib _|t ^cj c˘k oz^ s}*
) HƠo cÉic ocˇ^ cj¡o ßƠib ibj¡d fcĐ\ cƒk _»i g{ cÔd qpd
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^z^ fŸo lp√ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ icÑh ibj¡d fcÑ\ ^cŸ o¡j _˚ib ^˚
ic≥ hzt ocp oc\ic òi bdi( icib omệ ^cd qo gả7 ho fcz^(
omjib lpz omÉic qŁ\ ^c±d qŁ\ cÊ^( fdŸi ocˇ^ q{ fÐ iâib fé
ocpo oẽib ck ^\ cấ^ ndic ^ặib ò^ h mƠib*
1*0*1* Oc\h l p\ i n√i spƒo ^Đ iÜd _pi b qÀo g¶
Oc\h lp\i n√i spƒo ^Đ iƠd _pib qÀo gả ò^ ^jd g{ ]di

kczk lp\i omấib bdzj _^ fé ocp Ào oÏib c˘k ^cj cÊ^ ndic*
IcŽib ]pÏd oc\h lp\i ^z^ ic{ hzt q{ iÜib om≥Ùib bdàk ^cj
-44


cÊ^ ß≥˘^ ß‹ bd√d lptŸo hƠo qƒi ߀ i{j ßĐ ^˝\ n√i spƒo* QÇ _˚6
) O¡d kc∆i s≥ˆib gÃk mzk ^˝\ hƠo ic{ hzt kc√d ß≥\
_Ưib ßd‡i d hƠo ßƠib ^± ^˝\ hƠo hzt od‡i ^Đ ^Üib npƒo g{
3(/fR* >cÊi _|t òẻib ^ẹ odo òdi g{ ]\j icdp( ip ]ib
kc|i kcÜd ßd‡i ˆ ^z^c hzt od‡i g{ /,h* Ọi c\j ^Üib npƒo omÅi
_|t ^cj kc~k g{ 0! ^Üib npƒo odÅp oc˚* ™d‡i zk ^˝\ h¡ib g{
/4,Q* =dŸo ßd‡i omˆ npƒo ^\ _|t òẻib g{ -3*-,x4óẫ*h*
) OĂd ^ĩib omib s|t _ib om¡h ]±h S( ib≥Ưd o\ ^∆i _d
^cpt‹i hƠo fcÈd g≥˘ib gi òo o ò\ òdh i{t n\ib ò\ òdh
fcz^ ]ếi`ầ s`* C}t ibcdÅi ^ˇp hƠo kc≥±ib zi qÀi ^cpt‹i c˘k
g¶ oâib ò^ iâib npo* Ocĩib lp\ oc^ o g\j òễib ^\ cấ^
ndic( bdzj qdi bdk cấ^ ndic kc|i oầ^c ò ocƒt ß≥˘^ bdz om‰ ^˝\
^ji ß≥Ùib gzo qzi ibcdÅib _âib ߟ qÀi ^cpt‹i o¡d ^Üib
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k_ ụp ụĐZ [ế [te^)
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Nõe^ Z§‚e^ ixe clpœe b˘ ẽe^ k_ˆZ _te_ Z_f

O©ib ^≥Ùib mÄi gpt‡i fÐ i©ib ocž^ c{ic ^cj cÊ^ ndic g{
]d‡i kczk g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic ỵ^Đ ocĐd lp`i ]dŸo _âib icŽib

^Üib ^˚ ß±i bd√i icƒo ^˝\ oo ^ ^z^ ib{ic ni spoù* >z^ fé
iâib ^ẹ oầic ^cƒo fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k h{ o\ ß} iÅp m\ ß≥˘^ mÄi
gpt‡i ^c˝ tŸp lp\ ^z^ ]{d ocÇ ibcd‡h ocž^ k ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic*
CÉic ocˇ^ i{t ^Ưi ^Đ ßd€p fd‡i mÄi gpt‡i o≥ _pt ßƠ^ gÀk ^cj
cÊ^ ndic q{ ^Đ oc‹ bd√d lptŸo ^√ icŽib qƒi ß‹ ocž^ nž fÐ oc pÀo
ß±i bd√i*

-43


0)/)/) Nõe^ Z§‚e^ ZsZ _f≥k ơfie^ e^f≥` b_|X mÀ mỉk cị
SIGN  IĖĦMH K Ỵ   SI T ĜS  SĤ MH  IÌO

>Đ oc‹ ^Ñ ^z^ cÉic ocˇ^ n\p6
) Oc{ic gÀk ^z^ icÑh ibj¡d fcĐ\ ^cŸ o¡j _˚ib ^˚ qÀo g¶*
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_˚ib ^˚ ocÇ ibcd‡h ^cj ic{ om≥Ùib* Qd‡^ ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ hÜ cÉic
cj¡o ßƠib ß≥˘^ ^Đ oz^ _˚ib oÈo ßÈd qÏd qd‡^ kczo omd‹i o≥ _pt
nzib o¡j ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic* Fcd ^cŸ o¡j hÜ cÉic( qÇ _˚ hÜ cÉic hzt
odŸo ^cŸ Jzo( hÜ cÉic nÑib ib\ib( nÑib _Ê^( hÜ cÉic ßƠib ^±
ßd‡i / kc\( cÊ ocƒt má ß≥˘^ ibptÅi ^ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ ßÈd
o≥˘ib fÐ ocpÀo ^˚ oc ^ặib ic icib fdi oc^ qo gả ò}
ò^ qi _ib q{j òẹ*
) >i ò^ ]do ^c ả òi cjĂo ßƠib ibj¡d fcĐ\ q€ ßd‡i fÐ
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n± ßỴ h¡^c ßd‡i omjib ^z^ ic{ icd€p cƠ ˆ fcp kcẩ q{ ò spo ả
fdi n\ gĂd icib ^cè fcĩib ck gả ^ặib ic odi c{ic n\
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òẻ òib _|t ompti oc\ic omjib ocĩi sẹh( òh icdh qd‡^

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IcŽib ]pÏd oc\h lp\i ^z^ ic{ hzt q{ iÜib om≥Ùib bdàk ^cj
-44


cấ^ ndic oct ò^ ^z^ cdi oib qo gả omjib hÈd gdÅi c‡
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òdi fcầ cẹ\( o òễib cẹ\*

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_¡t cÊ^ ^Ñ oc‹ ^âib hễo g^ òĂo ụĐZ icdp h^ òầ^c ip omi*

-5.


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g^ q{ mi gpti fé iâib ocầ ibcd‡h ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic*
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-5/


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omÉic Üi oÀk omÅi qÜ optŸi ompt€i cÉic ^c≥\ ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib fcd

ibcdÅi ^ˇp o{d gd‡p hÚd*
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ẽ* DW^lY XYƠd `d e \c [ã car% eY¥S b» Tƒ]W _Xìí]W cY¥]

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nŠ _˚ib ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi oc≥Ùib icÁ q{ ¡ h“o n\p*
™‹ fc\d ocz^ odŸh i©ib i{t ^˝\ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cấ^( ^i
n _ib icib ]di kczk n\p6
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) N _ib ^z^ ocầ ibcdh njib njib ò cấ^ ndic $icƒo g{
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lp\i nzo ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic*
1' D XY∞d _Xìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏S !\v Xs]X cXk^ [ß_ åì√S%
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odÅk( ibc≠\ ‚{ _ž\ omÅi nž omd bdz^ omž^ odŸk ^z^ nž fd‡i ^√h
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.* Kcib odi _Ăt cấ^ ^ặib oĂj òdp fdi ^cj lpz omÉic
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]Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\i bdzi odŸk( ibc≠\ g{ _ž\ omÅi ^z^ ]d‹p o≥˘ib
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odŸk om≥Ú^ ßĐ cj“^ g{ _ž\ omÅi nž omŁp o≥˘ib cĐ\ ^z^ nž fd‡i
i{t* >z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h hÜ cÉic( ^z^ kcdh cj¡o cÊ\( ^z^ kc∆i
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_d‡i omž^ lp\i bdzi odŸk*
/* Kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ $ß“^ ]d‡o g{ ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÇ
ibcd‡h _âib ^cj ocÇ ibcd‡h ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic% o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj
cÊ^ ndic omjib lpz omÉic g{h qd‡^ om^ odk qd ^cib odi c{ic
^z^ cjĂo òễib omầ op ) ocž^ odfii omÅi ]Éic _d‡i c{ic ßƠib ßÈd
o≥˘ib ocž^ odfii*
0* Kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ $nz^c bdzj f]j\( nz^c ]{d oÀk( ^z^
kc∆i h€h hzt qd oÇic _âib ^cj qd‡^ Üi ok***% ^ặib oĂj òdp
fdi ^cj cấ^ ndic cjĂo òễib ici ocˇ^ omÅi ]Éic _d‡i icÀi
ocˇ^ fczd id‡h ) ibÜi ibŽ( ibc≠\ g{ cj¡o ßƠib icÀi ocˇ^ ß≥˘^
odŸi c{ic ^c‚ omÅi ^± nÁ ^z^ fczd id‡h( ^z^ fŸo gpÀi fczd lpzo*
Omjib lpz omÉic cÊ^ k( cj¡o ßƠib icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^
ndic omÅi ^z^ ]Éic _d‡i fcz^ ic\p _dfii m\ fcÜib oc`j hÔo
omÉic ož ^ˇib icÃ^( h{ oc≥Ùib oc|h icÀk q{j ic\p* Qầ _6

Omjib lpz omẫic cjĂo òễib ici oc^ omi ]ẫic _d‡i fczd id‡h
) ibÜi ibŽ( cÊ^ ndic fcÜib ^c‚ odŸi c{ic ^z^ oc\j oz^ o≥ _pt

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