Fantastic experiments with forces

www.pdfgrip.com


www.pdfgrip.com


www.pdfgrip.com

MIND-BLOWINGSCIENCEEXPERIMENTS

NA F T

STIC

EXPERIMENTS

WITH



FORCES


www.pdfgrip.com

WITH


www.pdfgrip.com

Pleasevisitourwebsite,www
.gar
ethstevens.com.

o

F

rafreecolorcatalogofallourhigh-qualitybooks,

calltollfree1-800-542-2595orfax1-877-542-2596.

Cataloging-in-PublicationData

Names:Canavan,Thomas.

antasticexperimentswithfor
Title:F
ces/ThomasCanavan.

Description:NewY
ork:GarethStevensPublishing,2018.|Series:Mind-blowingscienceexperiments|Includesindex.

Identifiers:ISBN9781538207
499(pbk.)|ISBN9781538207
437(librarybound)|ISBN9781538207314(
6pack)

Subjects:LCSH:F
orceandenergy--Experiments--Juvenileliterature.|Science--Experiments--Juvenileliterature.|

Scienceprojects--Juvenileliterature.

Classification:LCCQC73.
4C3172018|DDC531.113--dc23

Publishedin2018by

GarethStevensPublishing

111East14thStreet,Suite349



ork,NY10003
NewY

Copyright©ArcturusHoldingsLimited

Author:ThomasCanavan

Illustrator:AdamLinley

ExperimentsCoordinator:AnnaMiddleton

Designer:ElaineWilkinson

Designerseriesedition:EmmaRandall

Editors:JoeHarris,RebeccaClunes,F

rancesE
vans

PhotographsbyShutterstock.

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmayber
eproducedinany

formwithoutpermissionfr
omthepublisher
,exceptbyareveiwer.

PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

CPSIAcomplianceinformation:BatchCS17GS

orfurtherinf
:F ormationcontact




GarethStevens,NewY
ork,NewY
orkat1-800-542-2595.

Insidethisbookyou’llfindawholerangeofexcitingscienceexperiments

thatcanbeperformedsafelyathome.Nearlyalltheequipmentyou

needwillbefoundaroundyourownhouse.Anythingthatyoudon’t


www.pdfgrip.com




www.pdfgrip.com

e

s

t



n

n

t

C

o

Some Light Reading

...........................................................................

Last Man Standing

.............................................................................

Up to the Water Mark

.........................................................................

The Attractive Balloon

......................................................................

Faling Prices

......................................................................................

Arch Power

.........................................................................................

Low Pressure Affront

........................................................................

Crater Making

kaT e Pen for

No

—

Hey

....................................................................................

a Spin

...........................................................................

Pressure!

............................................................................

The Balancing Forks

..........................................................................

The Last Straw

...................................................................................

Prepare for
akeoff
T

...........................................................................

Glossary & Further Information

Index

......................................................

..................................................................................................

31


www.pdfgrip.com

s



4

...........................................................................

6

.............................................................................

8

.........................................................................

10

......................................................................

12

14

16

........................................................................

18

20

...........................................................................

22

............................................................................

24

..........................................................................

26

28

...........................................................................

......................................................

31

32


www.pdfgrip.com


n

g

i
e
t

d

a

R

h

i

L

g
m

e

o

S

Apelioftextbookssipretyheavytocarry

aroundsi,nti’?Butcanyouimagineliftingthat

samepeliusn
igu
jstyourbreath?Itseemseasy

enoughtoliftasheetofpaperorafeatherwith

u
jstyourbreathb,utsomethn
igasheavyasa

Halff
llaw
STEPONE

at
erbottle

stackofbooks?Isthereascientifctrickwaiting

tobelearned?

Halff
llawaterbot
tle
STEPONE

1

2

Halff
llawat
STEPONE

erbottle

Halff
llawaterbot
tle
STEPONE

Halff
llawat
STEPONE

erbottle

Halff
llaw

Halff
llaw

STEPONE

STEPONE

at
erbottle

a
t
erbottle

a

T

pethehandleandopenendof

Placethebagclosetotheedge

thebagshut,leavingjustenough

ofthetable,withthetapedend

Halff

llawaterbot
tle
STEPONE

spacetoslideastrawinsideit.

facingyou.

Halff

Halff

ottle

llawaterbot
tle
STEPONE

4

llawaterb

5

STEPONE


www.pdfgrip.com

YOUWILLNEED

Halff

llaw

STEPONE

a

terbottle

d

a

Halff

llawa

STEPONE

t

erbottle

Halff

llaw

STEPONE

at

erbottle

Halff

llawat

STEPONE

erbottle

llawat

llawat

STEPONE

STEPONE

erbottle

erbottle

Halff

llawaterbot

tle

STEPONE

llaw

STEPONE

a

t

erbottle

llawaterbot

tle

STEPONE

6

3hardbound
•

Maskingtape
•

Plasticdrinkingstraw
•

Asmallplasticbag
•

T
able
•


books(about200

llawaterb

Halff

STEPONE

ottle

Halff

STEPONE

ottle

Halff

Halff

Halff

llawaterb

Halff

g
i

n









pageseach)

2

3

Pilethebooksonthebag.

llaw
Halff


www.pdfgrip.com

u o Y ’vejustdemonstratedP
ascal’sLaw
,firstnotedb
yFrench

scientistBlaiseP
ascalintheseventeenthcentury
.Itdealswith

fluids

,thetermthatscientistsusetodescribeboth

W
liquids

and

gases

O

H

ifanoutside

force

S
T

I

O

D

E

appliedtoanenclosedfluid(theairinsidethebag).

Theforceistr
ansmittedequallythr
oughoutthefluid.Y
ou

W

O

K

?

R

mightthinkthatyourbreathisasmallforce,butitis

pressingequallyallacrossthebag.Thatmultipliedforce

thenbecomesstrongenoughtoliftthebooks!

WHAT



HAPPENS

TIP!
TOP

Makesurethatthe

strawfitssnuglyins

. F I ..?



idethe

inalldirections.

openingofthebag,

withno

That’sbecausetheforceof

oumightevenfindi
gaps.Y

t

yourfinger’s

easiertoslidethes

trawin



equallythroughtheairinsidetheballoon.

firstandthentape

the

Withenoughforce,itwillburst!

.
endofthebagshut


www.pdfgrip.com

demonstratedP
ascal’sLaw
,firstnotedb
yFrench

ascalintheseventeenthcentury
.Itdealswith

fluids

,thetermthatscientistsusetodescribeboth

liquids

and

gases

ifanoutside

.Thelawdescribeswhathappens

force

(inthiscase,yourbreath)is

appliedtoanenclosedfluid(theairinsidethebag).

Theforceistr
ansmittedequallythr

oughoutthefluid.Y
ou

mightthinkthatyourbreathisasmallforce,butitis

pressingequallyallacrossthebag.Thatmultipliedforce

thenbecomesstrongenoughtoliftthebooks!

Maybeyou’vedonea

variationofthis

WHAT

inreverse.
experiment
—



HAPPENS

Ifyoupoke

. F I ..?

ablown-up

balloon,you’ll

seeitbulgeout

inalldirections.

That’sbecausetheforceof

yourfinger’s

pressure

hasbeenspread

equallythroughtheairinsidetheballoon.

Withenoughforce,itwillburst!

R

E

A

L

-

L

I

F

E


SCIENCE


www.pdfgrip.com

n
n

i
d

t
a

S
a
M

n

s
t
L

a

Here’sachancetoscientificallydefine

theterm“pushover
” . Whichofthesethree

similarcartonsistheeasiesttoknockdown?

uoY mightbesurprisedattheresult!

1

2

”

4

Fillonecartonwithwater
,

-fHalfillasecond,replacethe

screwthecapbackonand

capandmarkit“Half
”
.

markit“F
ull.

5

g


www.pdfgrip.com

YOUWILLNEED



n

g

i

3emptyfruitjuice

•

d



cartonswith

screw‑oncaps


W
ater

•

F
elt‑tippen

•

T
able

•



Ruler

•

•

2

3

Screwthecapbackonto

thethirdcartonandmark

”it“Empty
.

5

6

Notepad


www.pdfgrip.com

Thisexperimentisallabout

anyobjectthatrepr
esentstheaver
agelocationofits

u o Y canimaginealloftheobject’smassbeingconcentrated

atthatpoint.Inpracticalterms,thecenterofmass

W

determineshowstableanobjectis.Ifitremains

O

H

abovetheobject’sbaseofsupport(likethebaseof


S
T

I

O

D

E

thecartons),thentheobjectremainsstable.The

cartonswas — andempty
centerofmassofthefull
—

W

O

K

?

R



abouthalfwayupthecarton.Butthehalf‑fullcarton’s

centerofmasswasinthelowerhalfbecausethetop

half(filledwithair)hadlessmass.



TIP!
TOP




Makesurethatyou



havethemeasuring

ing
stickactuallytouch

re
allthreecartonsbefo

youmovethem.

WHAT



HAPPENS


www.pdfgrip.com

Thisexperimentisallabout

centerofmass

u o Y canimaginealloftheobject’smassbeingconcentrated

atthatpoint.Inpracticalterms,thecenterofmass

determineshowstableanobjectis.Ifitremains

abovetheobject’sbaseofsupport(likethebaseof

thecartons),thentheobjectremainsstable.The

cartonswas — andempty
centerofmassofthefull
—

abouthalfwayupthecarton.Butthehalf‑fullcarton’s

centerofmasswasinthelowerhalfbecausethetop

half(filledwithair)hadlessmass.







mass

anyobjectthatrepr
esentstheaver
agelocationofits



thepointin —

.

www.pdfgrip.com

r
k

a

M

e


r

a

t

W
t

h

e
t
o

p

U

Wek nowthatfirefightersusehosesthatwork

underenormouspressuretosendthewater

highupintotallbuildings,
greatdistances
—

forexample.Butyoudon’tneedspecial

equipmenttounderstandhowwaterbehaves

whenit’sunderpressure.

1

2

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

01
11
21
31
41
51

Filleachbottlecompletelywith

Askanadulttomakeaholeas

tapwater
.

wideasthepencilinthefirst

bottle,about2inches(5cm)

fromthetop.Askafriendtoplug

theholewiththeirfinger
.

4

5


www.pdfgrip.com

YOUWILLNEED



r
k

a

M

e


r

t
3empty2‑literplastic

•

bottles

W
ater

•

Sharppencilornail

•

aPper

•

Rulerortapemeasure

•

•

3

2

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
01
11
21
31

41
51

Repeatstep2f
orthesecond

bottle,butwiththeholeabout

halfwaydown.

6

3 f r i e n d s


www.pdfgrip.com

OneofSirIsaacNewton’sgreatobservationswasthataforce

isacombinationofsomething’smassand

waterbottle,thewaterwasfallingwiththesameacceleration

becauseoftheforceof

gravity

W

O

H

threebottleswashowmuchmasswasbearing


S
T

I

O

D

E

downonthewaterbyeachhole.Thebottom

holehadnearlyafullbottleofwaterweighing

W

O

K

?

R

downonit.Allthatextramassmeantmor
e

force,whichiswhythisbottleshotitswater

thefarthest!



TOP
TIP!

Thingscange

ta



littlemessy,s

omake

sureyoudot
his

experimento
utside!

WHAT

uoY ’veworkedout


www.pdfgrip.com

OneofSirIsaacNewton’sgreatobservationswasthataforce

isacombinationofsomething’smassand

acceleration

waterbottle,thewaterwasfallingwiththesameacceleration

becauseoftheforceof

gravity

.Thebigdifferencebetweenthe

threebottleswashowmuchmasswasbearing

downonthewaterbyeachhole.Thebottom

holehadnearlyafullbottleofwaterweighing

downonit.Allthatextramassmeantmor
e

force,whichiswhythisbottleshotitswater

thefarthest!



R

E

A

L

-

.Ineach


www.pdfgrip.com



o
a

l

o

l

B
i

c

v

e

t
t

a

t

r

e
A

h

T

u o Y wantgueststostcikaroundatyourbrithday

partyb

,utplasticcupsstickingtoapartybaolon?

Thast’notherg
ihtd
iea.Howdidthosecupsend

upstucktothebalooninthefirstplace?Aparty

gamegonewrong?Tm
i eton
ivestg
iate.

1

4

2

Blowtheballoonupuntilit’s

Pinchtheballoonshut,but

aboutthesizeofagrapefruit.

don’ttieit.

5

n

www.pdfgrip.com

YOUWILLNEED



o
a

l

n

o
l

B

Apartyballoon

•



Atleastsixlight

•

plasticcups


•

3
2

Rubsomewaterontherims

ofsixplasticcups.

5

6

Somewater


www.pdfgrip.com

Thisexperimentisanexplorationofairpressureand

surfacetension

.First,thewetsurfacesoftherimshelped

thecupssticktothesurfaceoftheballoon.Thisisbecause

ofaforcecalledsurfacetension.Eachcupcontainedair.As

W

O

H

youinflatedtheballoonmore,thesurfaceoftheballoon


S
T

I

O

D

E
flattenedalittle,sothatthetrappedairtookup

volume

more

W

O

(space)inthecup.This

K

?

R

meantthetrappedairlostsomeofits



pressure.Buttheoutsideairpressure

remainedthesame,forcingthecups

againsttheballoon.

WHAT



HAPPENS

. F I ..?

TIP!
TOP

It’seasiertodothis

riend.
experimentwithaf

pswhile
Theycanaddthecu

n.
youblowtheballoo

R

E

A

L

-

L

I

F

E

SCIENCE


www.pdfgrip.com

Thisexperimentisanexplorationofairpressureand

surfacetension

.First,thewetsurfacesoftherimshelped

thecupssticktothesurfaceoftheballoon.Thisisbecause

ofaforcecalledsurfacetension.Eachcupcontainedair.As

youinflatedtheballoonmore,thesurfaceoftheballoon

flattenedalittle,sothatthetrappedairtookup

volume

more

(space)inthecup.This

meantthetrappedairlostsomeofits

pressure.Buttheoutsideairpressure

remainedthesame,forcingthecups

againsttheballoon.

Lotsofscience

experimentsworkifyou

“scaleup”or“scaledown.
”

WHAT

Thismeansusinglargeror

HAPPENS

smalleramountsofingredients

. F I ..?

toachievethesameresult

onadifferentscale.Canyou

imaginetryingthisexperimentat

theseaside,usingabeachball

andsomeplasticbuckets?

Whereelsecanyouimagine

performingaversionof

thisexperiment?