The nature of language and linguistics English Consonants and Vowels

English Consonants and Vowels
Answer to Ex. 2.2: English Consonants

1. (a) voiceless dental fricative
thesis
(b) velar nasal
thing
(c) voiced alveolopalatal fricative measure
(d) velarized alveolar lateral
pill
(e) alveolar retroflex
rough
(f) palatal glide
euphemism
(g) voiced velar stop
guilty

2. (a) /dʒ/ jam
(b) [ph] apart
(c) [ɾ] pretty
(d) [nn̪] tenth
(e) [m] monkey
(f) /f/ fun
(g) /h/ harm

3. (a) /ŋ/, /ʒ/, [ɾ], [ɫ], [nn̪]
(b) /j/, [ph], [ɾ], [nn̪], /h/
(c) [ph]
(d) [ɾ]
(e) [nn̪]
(f) /ʒ/, /r/

(g) /dʒ/
(h) [ɫ]
(i) /dʒ/, /ʒ/

4. (a) /r/ (f) /s/ (k) /s/ (p) /n/
(b) /w/ (g) /dʒ/ (l) /k/ (q) /r/
(c) /n/ (h) /j/ (m) /tʃ/ (r) /z/
(d) /t/ (i) /f/ (n) /ʃ/ (s) /ɡ/
(e) /ʃ/ (j) /θ/ (o) /ʃ/ (t) /s/
1


5. (a) /f/ (f) /w/ (k) /s/ (p) /θ/
(b) /z/ (g) /r/ (l) /m/ (q) /ð/
(c) /l/ (h) /ʃ/ (m) /b/ (r) /k/
(d) /s/ (i) /dʒ/ (n) /f/ (s) /tʃ/
(e) /ʒ/ (j) /ɡ/ (o) /ʒ/ (t) /j/

6. (a) /θ/ (f) /tʃ/
(k) /z/ (p) /l/
(b) /s/ (g) /n/
(l) /ð/ (q) /f/
(c) /k/ (h) /ʃ/ or /tʃ/ (m) /ŋ/ (r) /ʒ/
(d) /kt/ (i) /p/
(n) /m/ (s) /pt/
(e) /dʒ/ (j) /z/
(o) /ɡ/ (t) /m/

7.

In anger, finger, and wringer, the -er is part of the root of the word, whereas in
hanger, ringer and singer, the -er is a derivational suffix added to hang, ring, and
sing, where the ng is actually word final.

8. (a) right
leap
accent scepter backpack
(b) plotter muddy pattern
(c) madness maudlin sideline madly
(d) Carl
pal
kill

English Consonants and Vowels
Answer to Ex. 2.3: English Vowels

1. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

long/tense high back rounded monophthong
short mid front unrounded monophthong
short/lax high front unrounded monophthong
mid back to high front (lax) diphthong
low central to high back (lax) diphthong

2. (a) /æ/ sand (d) /eɪ/ pale
2

spoon
pet
silly
soil
mouse


(b) /ɔː/ corn (e) /ɜː/ shirt
(c) /ɪə fear
/

3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

/æ/, /e/, /ə/, /ɪ/
/aʊ/
/ɔ/
/ə/
/ɪə/
/eɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/
/ɔɪ/, /aʊ/, /uː/, /ɔː/

4. (a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

/ɪ/
(h)
/eɪ/
(i)
/e/
(j)
/æ/
(k)
/ɜː/
(l)
/ɔː/ or /ɑː/ (m)
/aʊ/
(n)

5.

A
/əʊ/
/uː/
/aɪ/
/eɪ/
/ɪ/
/æ/
/ɒ/ or /ɑː/

/e/

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

/ʌ/
/ɑ/ or /ɒ/
/uː/
/ʊ/
/uː/
/eɪ/
/æ/

(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)
(s)
(t)
(u)

/ɔː/
/aɪ/
/ɑː/

/ɔː/
/aʊ/
/eɪ/
/uː/

(v)
(w)
(x)
(y)
(z)
(aa)
(bb)

/əʊ/
/ɪ/
/eɪ/
/uː/
/eə/
/iː/
/eɪ/

(cc)
(dd)
(ee)
(ff)
(gg)
(hh)
(ii)

/ɜː/

/ʊ/
/uː/
/ʌ/
/aɪ/
/əʊ/
/uː/

B
/ə/
/ə/
/ə/
/ə/
/ə/
/ə/
/ə/
/ə/

English Consonants and Vowels
Answer to Ex. 2.4: Transcription (Elementary)

1. (2.2) 4. (a) /ˈretərɪk/
(b) /wʌn/
(c) /nəʊ/

(f) /ˈsɪəriəl/
(k) /sɑːm/ (p) /næt/
(g) /ˈdʒæɡjʊər/ (l) /ˈkɔːrəs/ (q) /rɒŋ/
(h) /ˈjuːnəti/
(m) /tʃeɪst/ (r) /ˈzɪərəʊ/
3

(d) /ˈtɒməs/
(i) ˈ/fezənt/
(e) /ʃɔːr/ or /ʃʊr/ (j) /θiːm/

(n) /ʃəˈreɪd/ (s) /ɡəʊst/
(o) /ʃeɪv/
(t) /ˈsaɪəns/

5. (a) /ˈtʌfən/
(b) /ˈvɪzədʒ/
(c) /ˈælɔɪ/
(d) /dɪˈsent/
(e) /ˈæʒər/

(f) /əˈweɪ/
(k) /ˈlɪsən/ (p) /ˈɔːθər/
(g) /ˈerənd/
(l) /ˈplʌmər/ (q) /ˈlæðər/
(h) /ˈəʊʃən/
(m) /ˈkʌbərd/ (r) /ˈsaɪki/
(i) /əˈdʒɜːn/
(n) /ˈsɒfən/ (s) /ˈfjuːtʃər/
(j) /əˈɡɑːst/ or /ə (o) /ˈmeʒər/ (t) /ˈlɔɪjər/
ˈɡæst/

6. (a) /frɒθ/
(b) /mɪs/
(c) /ˈstʌmək/

(d) /ɪnˈdaɪt/
(e) /ledʒ/

(f) /ɪtʃ/
(g) /saɪn/
(h) /nɪʃ/ or /nɪtʃ/
(i) /ˈhɪkʌp/
(j) /uːz/

(2.3 4.)

(a) /bɪld/
(b) /ɡeɪdʒ/
(c) /θret/
(d) /plæd/
(e) /ɜːn/
(f) /brɔːt/
(g) /taʊn/
(h) /jʌŋ/
(i) /stɑp/
/stɒp/

(j) /fruːt/
(k) /wʊlf/
(l) /fjuːd/
(m) /veɪn/
(n) /flæks/
(o) /mɔːrn/
(p) /staɪl/
(q) /hɑːrt/

(r) /wɔːr/

(k) /feɪz/
(l) /leɪð/
(m) /tʌŋ/
(n) /kəʊm/
(o) /brəʊɡ/

(p) /mɔːl/
(q) /rʌf/
(r) /beɪʒ/
(s) /hɒpt/
(t) /ˈsɒləm/

(s) /praʊd/ (bb) /feɪs/
(t) /breɪk/ (cc) /bɜːn/
(u) /kjuːt/ (dd) /hʊk/
(v) /θrəʊ/ (ee) /guːs/
(w) /slɪm/ (ff) /blʌd/
(x) /weɪ/ (gg) /daɪ/
(y) /θruː/ (hh) /təʊ/
(z) /ðeər/ (ii) /ʃuː/
(aa) /piːs/

2. (a) /klɪk/ (b) /ˈkændɪd/ (c) /ˈtaɪərd/ (d) /swet/ (e) /beɪd/
/kliːk/
/ˈkændid/
/tɑːrd/
/swiːt/
/bæd/

/ˈtaɪreɪd/

3. (a) carrot, carat, caret (e) urn, earn
(i) hostel, hostile (also /ˈhɒstaɪl/)
(b) fryer, friar
(f) knows, nose (j) great, grate
(c) course, coarse
(g) grown, groan (k) time, thyme
(d) daze, days
(h) through, threw
4


4.

Word

(a) citation (g) magical
(m) orthopedic
(b) century (h) oxygen
(n) punitive
(c) sunflower (i) breathed
(o) question
(d) tomcat
(j) strength
(p) customary
(e) oysters (k) faintly
(q) perplexed
(f) umbrella (l) neighborhood (r) sphinx
Correction

(a) /saɪˈteɪʃən/ (g) /ˈmædʒɪkəl/ (m) /ɔːθəˈpiːdɪk/
(b) /ˈsentʃəri/ (h) /ˈɒksədʒən/ (n) /pjuːnətɪv/
(c) /ˈsʌnflaʊər/ (i) /briðd/
(o) /ˈkwestʃən/
(d) /ˈtɒmkæt/ (j) /streŋkθ/
(p) /ˈkʌstəməri/
(e) /ˈɔɪstərz/ (k) /ˈfeɪntli/
(q) /pəˈplekst/
(f) /əmˈbrelə/ (l) /ˈneɪbərhʊd/ (r) /sfɪŋks/

5


English Consonants and Vowels
Answer to Ex. 2.5: Reading Phonetic Transcription

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)

(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)

The road to Hell is paved with good intentions.
Birds of a feather flock together.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A watched kettle never boils.
Charity begins at home.
Every cloud has a silver lining.
Great minds run in the same channels.
Many hands make light work.
Still waters run deep.
The early bird catches the worm.
Time and tide wait for no man.
Opportunity knocks but once.
A fool and his money are soon parted.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A stitch in time saves nine.
It takes two to make a quarrel.
You can't turn a sow's ear into a silk purse.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

English Consonants and Vowels
Answer to Ex. 2.6: Transcription (Advanced)

1. (a) /pəˈrəʊkiəl/
(o) /ˈmæskjʊlɪn/ (bb) /æθˈletɪk/
(b) /ɪˈnelɪdʒəbəl/ (p) /dɪˈbɔːtʃəri/

(cc) /ˈmɔɪstʃəraɪz/
(c) /kwɪntɪˈsenʃəl/ (q) /sækrɪˈlɪdʒəs/ (dd) /əˈkjuːmjʊleɪt/
(d) /həˈbɪtʃu(ə)l/ (r) /dɪˈsɪdʒuəs/
(ee) /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/
(e) /skweltʃt/
(s) /əθɔːrɪˈteriən/ (ff) /ˈdʒuːəlri/
(f) /pɑːlɪˈmentəri/ (t) /ˈlɪtərɪtʃər/
(gg) /ˈmæsəkɪzəm/
(g) /həluːsɪˈneɪʃən/ (u) /dɪˈlɪŋkwənt/ (hh) /ɔːθəˈɡræfɪk/
(h) /ɪnˈfjʊərieɪtɪŋ/ (v) /ˈkjuːkʌmbər/ (ii) /ˈsæŋktʃʊəri/
(i) /ɪmˈbærəsmənt/ (w) /kwestʃəˈneər/ (jj) /məˈlekjʊlər/
(j) /rɪlækˈseɪʃən/ (x) /saɪkəlˈɒdʒɪkəl/ (kk) /sə(ɡ)ˈdʒestʃən/
(k) /ekˈsplɒrətəri/ (y) /ˈθæŋkfəli/
(ll) /dɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/
r
(l) /kəˈlaɪdəskəʊp/ (z) /ˈɔːkwə dnəs/ (mm) /kælkjʊˈleɪʃən/
(m) /ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/
(aa) /rekˈtæŋɡjʊlər/ (nn) /θerəˈpjuːtɪk/
(n) /mjuːˈziːəmz/
6


2. (a) /əɡeɪn/
/əɡen/
(b) /tuːzdeɪ/
/tjuːzdeɪ/

(p) /biːn/
/bɪn/
(q) /prɑːses/

/prəʊses/

(c) /prɑːɡres/ (N) (r)
/prəʊɡres/ (N)
/prəgres/ (V)
(d) /skedʒəl/
(s)
/ʃedʒuːl/
(e) [təmeɪɾəʊ]
(t)
/təmɑːtəʊ/
[təmæɾəʊ]
(f) [dæɾə]
(u)
/deɪtə/
(g) /ɑːnt/
/ænt/
(h) /rɪsɔːrsəz/
/risɔːrsəz/
/rɪzɔːrsəz/
(i) /sɔːri/
/sɑːri/
(j) /pleɪkeɪt/
/pləkeɪt/
(k) /kætʃ/
/ketʃ/
(l) /təmɑːrəʊ/
/təmɔːrəʊ/
(m) /kæpsəl/
/kæpsjuːl/

(n) /ruːt/
/raʊt/
(o) /n(j)uklɪər/
/nuːkulər/

(v)
(w)

(ee) /steriəʊ/
/stɪriəʊ/
(ff) /prɒd(j)uːs/ (N)
/prɑːd(j)uːs/ (N)
/prəd(j)uːs/ (V)
/levər/
(gg) /veɪs/
/liːvər/
/vɑz/
/veɪz/
/dʒenjuɪn/
(hh) /blaʊsəz/
/dʒenjuaɪn/
/blaʊzəz/
/ɑːmən(d)/
(ii) /mɪsɪl/
/ɑːlmən(d)/
/mɪsaɪl/
/æmən(d)/
/ɪnt(ə)restɪŋ/ (jj) /æsfɔːlt/
/ɪnərestɪŋ/
/æsfælt/

/ɪntrəstɪŋ/
/æʃfɑːlt/
/beri/
(kk) /ɑːrtɪk/
/bɜːri/
/ɑːrktɪk/
/spiːʃiːz/
(ll) /viːɪkəl/
/spiːsiːz/
/viːhɪkəl/

(x) /lɒndʒət(j)uːd/ (mm) /lʌkʃəri/
/lɒŋɡətuːd/
/lʌɡʒəri/
(y) /prestiʒ/
(nn) [bæɾəri]
/prestɪdʒ/
/bætri/
(z) /gərɑːʒ/
(oo) /bruːtʃ/
/gərɑːdʒ/
/brəʊtʃ/
/gərædʒ/
/gærɪdʒ/
(aa) /əfens/
(pp) /baɪlɪŋɡwəl/
/əʊfens/
/baɪlɪŋɡuəl/
(bb) /st(j)uːdənt/ (qq) /eɪprɪkɒt/
/æprɪkɑːt/

(cc) /wɪðaʊt/
(rr) /kuːpɒn/
/wɪθaʊt/
/kjuːpɑːn/
(dd) /kɑː(l)m/
(ss) /leʒər/
/liːʒər/

English Consonants and Vowels
7


Answer to Ex. 2.7: Distinctive Features

1. (a) [+BACK]
(d) [+ANTERIOR], [+CONSONANTAL]
(b) [+VOICE]
(e) [+HIGH]
(c) [+CONTINUANT] (f) [+SONORANT], [+VOICE]

2. (a) [±REDUCED]
(f) [±CONSONANTAL]
(b) [±VOICE]
(g) [±TENSE]
(c) [±ANTERIOR], [±SYLLABIC] (h) [±SIBILANT]
(d) [±CORONAL]
(i) [±SONORANT], [±NASAL]
(e) [±BACK], [±ROUND]
(j) [±CONTINUANT], [±SIBILANT]

8


English Phonology, Phonotactics, and
Suprasegmentals
Answer to Ex. 3.1: Phonemic Rules

1. (a)

[ɡw] [ ] [ɡ]
(b) [ɡw]
occurs before rounded vowels
occcurs before front vowels
[ ]
[ɡ]

occurs initially before consonants and central and back unrounded vowels,
word medially and word finally
(c) /ɡ/ → [ɡw]
/ — Vorounded
[ ]
[ɡ]

/ — Vofront
/ elsewhere

2. (a) [rr̥] [rw] [rr̩] [r]
(b) [rr̥]
occurs following voiceless consonants
w

[r ]
occurs before rounded vowels
[rr̩]
occurs following consonants word finally
[r]
occurs before front and central vowels, word medially in the environment of
front vowels, preconsonantally, and word finally
(c) /r/ → [rr̥]
/ Cvl—
w
[r ]
/ — Vorounded
[rr̩]
/C—#
[r]

/ elsewhere

3. (a) [kw] [kk̚] [kk̟] [k]
(b) [kw]

occurs before rounded vowels

[kk̚]

occurs before other stops and word finally

[kk̟]
[k]

occurs before front vowels
occurs initially and medially before central vowels and consonants and
following /s/

(N.B. We are ignoring aspiration. All of the allophones with the exception of [kk̚]
would also be aspirated in the proper environment.)
(c) /k/ → [kw]
[kk̚]

/ — Vorounded
/ — #, — Cstop
9


[kk̟]
[k]

/ — Vofront
/ elsewhere

4. (a) [ ] [lw] [ ] [ɫ] [l]
(b) [lr̥]
occurs following voiceless consonants
w
[l ] occurs before rounded vowels
[lr̩]
occurs following obstruents and nasals word finally
[ɫ]
occurs following vowels and approximants, medially in the environment of
back vowels

[l]
occurs before front and mid vowels, medially in the environment of mid and
front vowels
(N.B. syllabic [ḷ] is probably "dark" as well, hence [ɫr̩].)
(c) /l/ → [lr̥]
/Cvl —
w
[l ]
/ — Vorounded
[]
/C — #
[ɫ]
/Vo —, Approx. —
[l]
/ elsewhere

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals
Answer to Ex. 3.2: Phonological Processes

1.

Word
(a) toothbrush
(b) symphony
(c) curly
(d) appointment
(e) rapture
(f) prairie
(g) totter
(h) octopus

(i) pancake
(j) belittle
(k) kitchen
(l) healthy
(m) Tuesday
(n) laundry
(o) lightning
(p) cutlass
(q) plural
(r) bellow
(s) panther

Phonological Process
labialization
nasalization
velarization
aspiration
unreleased/palatalization
devoicing
flapping
unreleased
velarization
syllabic consonant
fronting
dentalization
monophthongization
nasalization
nasal release
lateral release
devoicing

velarization
dentalization
10


(t)
(u)
(v)
(w)
(x)
(y)

digestion
mighty
loiter
optimal
guitar
harden

palatalization
flapping
labialization
unreleased
fronting
syllabic consonant

2. (a) Cstop → C k̚/ — Cstop, — #
(b) [juː] → [uː]/ C alveolar —

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals

Answer to Ex. 3.3: Word Stress

1. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

papýrus
féminine
mìllionáire
harmónicà
pélican
gmetry
vocábulàry
cómpliment

(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(p)

pédigrèe

hypótenùse
súmmery
mèmorándum
árchitècture
díscipline
cáterpillar
pènetrátion

(q)
(r)
(s)
(t)
(u)
(v)
(w)
(x)

vìgilánte
perípheral
màcaróni
impérialìsm
sátellìte
cháracterìze
chrómosịme
àccidéntal

2. (a) /kəˈtỉstrəfi/
/kỉtəˈstrɑːfɪk/
(b) /ˈsɪnənɪm/
/səˈnɒnəməs/

(c) /rəˈpiːt/
/rəˈpetətɪv/
/ˌrepəˈtɪʃən/
In repetitive, the first t is flapped [rəˈpʰeɾətɪv] because the accent immediately precedes, but in
repetition, flapping does not occur because the accent follows. In repeat [rəˈpʰiːt] and
repetitive [rəˈpʰeɾətɪv], the /p/ is aspirated because it occurs before a stressed vowel, but in
repetition it is not aspirated. Note that the same principles for flapping and aspiration would
apply in 2(a) and 2(e). Also, the same principle for aspiration would apply in 2(f).
11


(d) /ˈmaɪɡreɪt/
/ˈmaɪɡrəˌtɔːri/
/maɪˈɡreɪʃən/
(e) /ˈɪntəˌlekt/
/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/
/ɪnˈtelədʒənt/
(f) /əˈplaɪ/
/ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/
[əˈplɪkəbḷ] or [ˈæplɪkəbḷ]
/əˌplɪkəˈbɪlɪti/ or /ˌæplɪkəˈbɪləti/
(g) /eɡˈzɪbɪt/
/eksɪˈbɪʃən/
Voicing occurs when the consonants are not stressed. Compare of /əv/, an unstressed
preposition, and off /ɑf/, a stressed adverb.

3. (a) The N has initial-syllable stress (próverb, réflex), while the A has stress on the
second syllable (provérbial, refléxive).
(b) The A has initial-syllable stress (pérfect, tránquil), while the N has stress on the
second syllable (perféction, tranquílity).

(c) The V has initial-syllable stress (ínjure), énter, while the A has stress on the second
syllable (injúrious) or third syllable (entertáin).

4. (a) strong:

[ðæt]

I want that one. (demonstrative)
That is the best one. (pronoun)
weak:
[ðət]
I know that I am right. (conjunction)
(b) I saw him this afternóon.
I attended an áfternoon cóncert.

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals
Answer to Ex. 3.4: Intonation

1. (a) one tone group
(b) stressed syllable in movie
(c) long falling

12


2. (a) one tone group
(b) stressed syllable in night
(c) long falling

3. (a) one tone group

(b) stressed syllable in movie
(c) long rising

4. (a) one tone group
(b) stressed syllable in tonight
(Note that the definite article with movie tells you that this is given information.)
(c) long rising

5. (a) two tone groups: should we see the movie tonight // or tomorrow
(b) stressed syllable in tonight
stressed syllable in tomorrow
(c) long rising
short rising

6. (a) two tone groups: should we see the movie tonight // or tomorrow
(b) stressed syllable in tonight
stressed syllable in tomorrow
(c) long rising
short falling

7. (a) two tone groups: we could see a movie tonight // or go out for ice cream
(b) stressed syllable in movie
13


stressed syllable in ice cream
(c) short rising
long falling

8. (a) two tone groups: we could visit a museum this afternoon // or go to the zoo

tomorrow
(b) stressed syllable in museum
stressed syllable in zoo
(c) short rising
long falling

9. (a) two tone groups: we could go to a movie // couldn't we
(b) stressed syllable in movie
stressed syllable in couldn't
(c) short falling
short rising

10. (a) one tone group
(b) stressed syllable in when
(c) long falling

11. (a) one tone group
(b) stressed syllable in movie
(c) long falling

12. (a) two tone groups: you liked that movie // didn't you
(b) stressed syllable in movie
stressed syllable in didn't
(c) long falling
short rising
14


13. (a) two tone groups: you liked that movie // didn't you
(b) stressed syllable in movie

stressed syllable in didn't
(c) long falling
short falling

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals
Answer to Ex. 3.5: Syllabification

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

24.
25.

a.rom.a/a.ro.ma
al.ge.bra (al.geb.ra)
*lg not a possible initial cluster
ad.vo.cate (ad.voc.ate)
*dv not a possible initial cluster
kan.ga.roo
*ng not a possible initial cluster
ob.sti.nate (ob.stin.ate)
*bst not a possible initial cluster
cod.i.fy/co.di.fy (co.dif.y/cod.if.y)
al.ti.tude (al.tit.ude)
*lt not a possible initial cluster
du.pli.cate/dup.li.cate (du.plic.ate/dup.lic.ate)
ge.o.me.try/ge.om.e.try (ge.om.et.ry/ge.o.met.ry)
tem.per.ate/tem.pe.rate
*mp not a possible initial cluster
whi.skey/whis.key
in.teg.ri.ty/in.te.gri.ty (in.teg.rit.y/in.te.grit.y)
a.ppro.pri.ate/a.pprop.ri.ate
se.clu.sion/se.clus.ion
a.rith.me.tic (a.rith.met.ic)
*θm not a possible initial cluster
di.sci.pline/disc.i.pline (di.scip.line/disc.ip.line)
per.i.o.dic/pe.ri.o.dic (per.i.od.ic/pe.ri.od.ic)
ba.na.na/ba.nan.a
in.sin.u.ate/in.si.nu.ate
*ns not a possible initial cluster

nigh.ten.gale/night.en.gale
*ng not a possible initial cluster
in.stru.ment (in.strum.ent)
*ns not a possible initial cluster
ek.skla.ma.tion/ek.skl.mat.ion
(x = ks)
al.rea.dy/al.read.y
*lr not a possible initial cluster
con.dem.na.tion/con.dem.nat.ion
es.thet.ic/es.the.tic
*sθ not a possible initial cluster
15


16