PowerPoint template CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE

LOGO

CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE
Group 4
1. Nguyễn Thị Hoàng My
2. Nguyễn Thanh Tâm
3. Nguyễn Thị Thanh
4. Lê Hương Thảo


Contents
1. The nature of dialogue
2. The Mood element
2
3. Other elements
of Mood structure
4. WH-interrogative, exclamative and imperative clauses
5. Modality
6. Absence of elements of the modal structure
7. Clause as Subject


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.1

Functions of a clause

 A message

Theme

A clause

Rheme

 An exchange
Grammatical system: MOOD


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.2

Speaker and listener in speech role

 Speaker: adopts himself a particular speech role
 Listener: adopts a complementary role in his turn.
e.g: In a question
Speaker: the seeker of information
Listener: the supplier of the information
demanded


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.3

Role in exchange

Speech role

Giving

Demanding

Inviting to receive

Inviting to give


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.4

Giving & Demanding

Role in exchange

Commodity
exchanged
Goods & services

Information

Giving

Offer
Would you like this
teapot?

Statement
He’s giving her the
teapot.

Demanding

Command
Give me that teapot!

Question
What’s he giving her?


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.5

Speech functions & Responses
Response
Expected
Goods &

services

Information

Offer
Shall I give in this teapot?

Acceptance
Yes, Please.

Command
Give me that teapot.

Undertaking
Here you are.

Statement
He’s giving her the teapot.

Acknowledgement
Is he?

Question
What’s he giving her?

Answer
A teapot.


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.5

Speech functions & Responses

Examples

Speaker

Listener

Would you like this teapot?

Yes, I would/No, I wouldn’t

Give me that teapot!

All right, I will / No, I won’t

He’s giving her the teapot?

Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t

What is he giving her?

A teapot. / I don’t know

4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.6

Information exchange and Goods-&-services
exchange
Listener
Information exchange

 A wide rage of different
responses to a question
 Carry out a command in
different ways
 Refuse to answer the question
 Provide the good & services
demanded

Goods-&-services exchange
 Accept or reject the offer
 Obey or refuse the
command


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.6

Information exchange and Goods-&-services
exchange

Examples
- It’s Tuesday
- Is it Tuesday
- What day is it?

– Oh, is it?
– Yes, it is.
– Tuesday.


4.1

THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE

4.1.7

Clause in information exchange & Goods-&services exchange
Information exchange

 Proposition
 Can be argued about.
(affirmed, denied, doubted,
contradicted, insisted on,
accepted with reservation,
etc.)
 A statement, a question

Goods-&-services exchange
 Proposal
 Cannot be affirmed or
denied.

 Offers and commands


2. THE MOOD ELEMENT
Structure of the Mood

1

2

The meaning of subject and finite


2.1 STRUCTURE OF THE MOOD


The man’s given away that 1. What are tossed back and
teapot, hasn’t he?
forth carrying the
Oh, has he?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.

argument?

He has/hasn’t/will/might
Subject + Finite = the MOOD

I wish he had.
He hasn’t, but he will.

2. What if simply left out?

Will he?

“given away that teapot”
Predicator + Residue

He might.


The MOOD

Subject
(a nominal group)

Finite
(part of verbal group)

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 72


Example
I

Am

Writing

Subject

Finite

Predicator Complement Adjunct

The MOOD

A letter

Residue

For her


2.2 THE MEANING OF
SUBJECT AND FINITE


THE MEANING OF SUBJECT
 The Subject supplies the rest of what it takes
to form a proposition, something by
reference to which the proposition can be
affirmed or denied.
e.g.:
He

has

given it to me.

Subject

Finite

Residue


THE MEANING OF FINITE
 Making the proposition finite.

1. Reference to time of speaking
An old man was crossing the road.
PRIMARY TENSE (TEMPORAL OPERATORS)
2. Reference to the judgment of the speaker
It can’t be true
MODALITY (MODAL OPERATORS)


TEMPORAL OPERATORS
Past

Present

Future

Positive

Did, was,
Does, is, has Will. Shall,
had, used to
would,
should

Negative

Didn’t,
Doesn’t,
wasn’t,
isn’t, hasn’t
hadn’t,
didn’t use to

Won’t,
shan’t,
wouldn’t,
shouldn’t


MODAL OPERATORS
Low

Median

High

Positive

Can, may,
Will, would,
could, might should,
is/was to

Must, ought
to, need,
has/had to

Negative

Needn’t,
Won’t,
doesn’t/didn wouldn’t,
’t, need to,
shouldn’t
have to

Mustn’t,
can’t,
couldn’t,
hasn’t


3. OTHER ELEMENTS OF
MOOD STRUCTURE

Structure of the RESIDUE

3.1

The RESIDUE consists of functional elements:
- Predicator
(can be only ONE)
- Complement (can be ONE or TWO)
- Adjunct
(indefinite number)
Sister Sue

‘s

sewing

shirts

for soldiers

Subject

Finite

Predicator

Complement

Adjunct

MOOD

RESIDUE


PREDICATOR
 Is present in all major clauses, except being
displaced by ellipsis
 Is realized by a verbal group, except temporal/
modal operator
e.g. was shining
=> predicator: shining
have been working
=> predicator: been working
may be going to be replaced
=> predicator: be going to be replaced


PREDICATOR
Four functions:
(i)Specifies time reference other than reference to
the time of the speech event.
(secondary tense relative to primary tense)
(i)Specifies various other aspects and phrases like
seeming, hoping, trying.
(ii)Specifies the voice: active/ passive
(iii)Specifies the process (action/ event/ relation/…)