The logical metafunction and its realizations through the systems of Expansion and Projection

The logical meta-function and its
realizations through the systems
of Expansion and Projection

Supervisor:

Prof. Dr. Hoàng Văn Vân

Group 2:

Trịnh Thị Hương Giang
Trần Thị Phượng
Nguyễn Thị Thuỷ Tiên
Trần Thị Thu Hiền
Nguyễn Thị Miền
Trần Khương Liên


I.

Types of relationship between
clauses

Expansion

II.

III.

Projection

Clause and Sentence
1

Sentence can be interpreted as a
clause complex: a Head clause
together with other clauses that
modify it.

2

Sentence has evolved by expansion
outwards from the clause.

3

Sentence will be defined as a clause
complex. The clause complex will be
the only grammatical unit which we’ll
recognize above clause.


Types of relationship in
clause complex

Interdependency
system

logical- semantic
system

Logical
Logicaldependency
dependencyrelationship
relationship

Modifying
Modifying
element
element

Equal status

Modified
element

Logical structures in language are either
paratactic or hypotactic


Logical dependency
relationship
1

2

Parataxis

Hypotaxis

Paratactic
Paratactic relationship
relationship

nitiating
nitiating clause
clause
primary, free)
(primary,
free)

Equal

Continuing claus
( secondary, free

The linking of two equal clauses makes
a hypotactic relationship


Parataxis Structure
- numerical notation 1 2 3 …and double
slash are used
- the paratactic relationship can be
exemplified by the “and” relation
Example:
Why don’t we look at some and I can have
1

2
them set for you here.


Hypotactic
Hypotactic relationship
relationship

ominant
ominant clause
clause
primary, free)
(primary,
free)

Unequal

Dependent claus
(secondary,
not free)

Binding of clauses makes
a hypotactic relationship


Hypotactic Structure
The dependent clause can either follow or
precede the dominant clause, so it is needed to
have different type of labeling for unequal
relations.

The Greek letter notation α and β are exploited to
show dependency, with α as the dominant clause
and β as the dependent clause, and the clauses
with such relation is separated with single slash.
Example:
If wishes were horses / beggars would ride.
β
α
Beggars would ride / if wishes were horses.
α
β


Parataxis vs. Hypotaxis
Parataxis

Hypotaxis

linking of clauses of
equal status

biding of clauses of
unequal status

symmetrical and
transitive

non- symmetrical and
non- transitive

no dependence of
dependence of
either element on the element on the other
other
numerical notation 1
2 3 …and double
slash are used

notation α and β and
single slash are used


Expansion


Three kinds of expansion
3 kinds

Elaboration

Extension

Enhancement

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225


Three kinds of expansion
3 kinds

Elaboration

Extension

Enhancement

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225


Elaboration
Elaboration

The
The secondary
secondary
The primary
Clarifying, describing
clause
clause
clause

The second clause
elaborates the
primary clause


The ways of elaborations :
Paratactic
Clarification
Exemplification

Exposition


Exposition

For example :
That clock doesn’t go ;
The primary clause

restates
the thesis

it’s not worki

The secondary clau


Exemplification

gives more information
/ examples

For example :
ur face is the same as everybody else has – the two ey
nose in the middle, mouth under


Clarification

gives explanation

/ explanatory comment

For example :
I wasn’t surprised – it was what I expected


The ways of elaborations :
Hypotactic
Finite

From then on we
started winning
prizes, which
turned out to
be very easy

Non – finite

I was scared of
the changes,
not knowing
what life
would be like.

Hypotactic


Three kinds of expansion
3 kinds

Elaboration

Extension

Enhancement

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225


Categories of extension :
Paratactic
•

Category
1. Addition
- “ and” additive
positive
- “ nor” negative
positive
- “ but” adversative
2. Variation
- “ instead” , replacive
- “ except”, subtractive
- “ or”, alternative

• Meaning
- X and Y
- Not X and not Y
- X and conversely Y
- not X but Y

- X but not all X
- X or Y


Example
1. Addition :
-

I breed the poultry, and my husband looks after
the garden. ( X and Y)
They don’t give any instructions, nor would it help
if they did. ( Not X and not Y)
It was wet and rainy, but Peter went to the beach.
( X >
2. Variation
-

Don’t stand there chattering to yourself like that,
but tell me your name and your business. ( Not X
but Y)
They did a good job, only they were so slow about
it. ( X but not all X)
You do your job immediately or you will be fired.
( X or Y)


Categories of extension : Hypotactic

Hypotactic

Finite - While his
disappearance was
proof that he hadn’t
wanted her, the five
hundred pounds he had
spent on the ring was
indication that he had
wanted something else.
Non – - Apart from attracting
finite business, it will
undertake research and
development for the two
companies


Three kinds of expansion
3 kinds

Elaboration

Extension

Enhancement

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225