RAPID WEIGHT LOSS A MEDICAL DICTIONARY, BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND ANNOTATED RESEARCH GUIDE TO INTERNET REFERENCES ppt

RAPID
WEIGHT
LOSS

A MEDICAL DICTIONARY, BIBLIOGRAPHY,
AND ANNOTATED RESEARCH GUIDE TO
I
NTERNET REFERENCES



JAMES N. PARKER, M.D.
AND PHILIP M. PARKER, PH.D., EDITORS



ii
ICON Health Publications
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Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc.

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Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1


Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D.
Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D.

Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or
treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical
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Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Parker, James N., 1961-
Parker, Philip M., 1960-

Rapid Weight Loss: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References /
James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index.
ISBN: 0-597-84060-1

1. Rapid Weight Loss-Popular works. I. Title.






iii
Disclaimer


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iv
Acknowledgements


The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in
various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a
comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official
agencies which produce publications on rapid weight loss. Books in this series draw from
various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health
and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human
Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on
Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing
Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the
Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the
Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the
National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their
related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work
represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at
INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to
Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v
About the Editors


James N. Parker, M.D.

Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the
University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San
Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various
academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health
Publications.


Philip M. Parker, Ph.D.

Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at
INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the
University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong
Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health
Publications.



vi
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Fax: 858-546-4341
Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health


vii
Table of Contents

F
ORWARD 1
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RAPID WEIGHT LOSS 3
Overview 3
The Combined Health Information Database 3
Federally Funded Research on Rapid Weight Loss 4
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed 6
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RAPID WEIGHT LOSS 13
Overview 13
Finding Nutrition Studies on Rapid Weight Loss 13
Federal Resources on Nutrition 15
Additional Web Resources 15
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND RAPID WEIGHT LOSS 17
Overview 17

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Additional Web Resources 22
General References 23
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON RAPID WEIGHT LOSS 25
Overview 25
Dissertations on Rapid Weight Loss 25
Keeping Current 26
CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON RAPID WEIGHT LOSS 27
Overview 27
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers 27
Chapters on Rapid Weight Loss 28
CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RAPID WEIGHT LOSS 29
Overview 29
News Services and Press Releases 29
Newsletter Articles 31
Academic Periodicals covering Rapid Weight Loss 31
CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS 33
Overview 33
U.S. Pharmacopeia 33
Commercial Databases 34
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES 37
Overview 37
NIH Guidelines 37
NIH Databases 39
Other Commercial Databases 41
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES 43
Overview 43
Patient Guideline Sources 43
Finding Associations 47
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES 49

Overview 49
Preparation 49
Finding a Local Medical Library 49
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada 49
ONLINE GLOSSARIES 55
Online Dictionary Directories 55
Contents
viii
RAPID WEIGHT LOSS DICTIONARY 57
INDEX 77


1
FORWARD

In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number
of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable
information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."
1

Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can
be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information
dealing with rapid weight loss is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or
others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but
also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of
the general public who want to know as much as possible about rapid weight loss, using the
most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so.

In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow
will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related

to rapid weight loss, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public,
academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various
abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date
on rapid weight loss. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary
research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when
some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to rapid weight loss,
these are noted in the text.

E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet
sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site
indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web
site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find
it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases.
NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links
may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet.

For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access
electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive
glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical
libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will
prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on rapid weight loss.

The Editors


1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI):


3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RAPID WEIGHT LOSS

Overview

In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on
rapid weight loss.

The Combined Health Information Database

The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal
agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and rapid weight loss, you will need
to use the advanced search options. First, go to From there,
select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink:
The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop
boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the
dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the
search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and
check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “rapid weight loss”
(or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in
record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a
particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these
fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search:
• Rapid Weight Loss Involves Risk
Source: Healthy Weight Journal. p.56-58. July/August 2000.
Contact: B.C. Decker, Inc. 4 Hughson St. South, O.O. Box 620, LCD1, Hamilton, Ontario
L8N 3K7, Canada. 800-568-7281. 905-522-7017.
Summary: This article reviews the risks and consequences of rapid weight loss that
occurs among athletes competing in sports that have weight classifications. By

competing in the lowest possible weight class, the athletes aim for a strength and
leverage advantage over their smaller opponents. Many resort to drastic measures to
drop weight temporarily and quickly before each competition. This up-and-down
weight cycle is repeated before each competition and may occur more than 10 times in a
season. The article describes the potential negative effects of weight cutting on an
Rapid Weight Loss
4
athlete's health and performance, including dehydration and depleted energy reserves
and lean body mass. Rapid weight loss may also alter hormonal status, impede normal
growth and development, slow resting metabolic rate, affect psychological state and
cognitive function, impair academic performance, and have more severe consequences
such as pulmonary emboli, pancreatitis, and reduced immune function. The article also
reviews the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations to limit
damaging weight-cutting practices in wrestling. Suggestions for maximizing recovery in
athletes who participate in rapid weight loss practices are discussed. The article
concludes that the negative health and performance effects associated with rapid weight
loss can be reduced with expert advice on an athlete's minimal competition weight,
reasonable guidelines for achieving this weight goal, and practical tips for maximizing
recovery between the weigh-in and competition.

Federally Funded Research on Rapid Weight Loss

The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to rapid weight loss.
These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of
Health.
2
CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable
database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities,
hospitals, and other institutions.

Search the CRISP Web site at
You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including
geography, date, and topics related to rapid weight loss.

For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts.
As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use
animals or simulated models to explore rapid weight loss. The following is typical of the
type of information found when searching the CRISP database for rapid weight loss:
• Project Title: BARIATRIC SURGERY RESEARCH CONSORTIUM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Flum, David R.; Surgery; University of Washington
Seattle, Wa 98195
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008
Summary: (provided by applicant): Bariatric procedures offer sustained and significant
weight reduction with the potential to effect general patient health, comorbid
conditions, quality of life and the healthcare system. A Bariatric Surgery Clinical
Research Consortium (BSCRC) wilt provide important prospective information about
the true impact of the procedure on patients and opportunities to better explore the
physiologic mechanisms that result in post-surgical weight loss. The BSCRC will
prospectively collect clinical, demographic, epidemiological, laboratory and histological
information. In addition to this database the BSCRC will complete the following studies:
1. A cross-sectional examination of the epidemiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
(NASH) in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and a prospective evaluation of the
effect of surgically induced weight loss on the severity NASH and cellular markers of


2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ),
and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies



5
cytotoxic activity. There is a need for epidemiologic information about the prevalence,
risk factors for, and impact of fatty liver disease in patients undergoing bariatric
surgery. We propose a study to evaluate liver histology in a large group of patients
undergoing bariatric procedures. Patients with evidence of NASH by biopsy will
undergo subsequent liver biopsy at one year to determine if NASH improves with rapid
weight loss. Patients with NASH who improve after weight loss represent an important
model for evaluating the cellular mechanisms that are involved in the development of
NASH. This study will evaluate markers of oxidative stress and hepatic mitochondrial
structure to determine their relationship to NASH during and after rapid, surgical
weight loss. 2. A prospective evaluation of the relationship between ghrelin, PYY3-36,
appetite and weight loss outcomes after gastric bypass. Ghrelin and PYY3-36 are gut-
derived peptides that are involved in energy homeostasis principally through their
effect on appetite. We propose a prospective study to determine the relationship of
ghrelin and weight loss after gastric bypass and to determine if the degree of ghrelin
suppression is correlated to hunger suppression and/or the amount of weight lost. This
study will determine if inclusion of ghrelin producing cells in the gastric pouch is
correlated to worsened weight loss outcomes. Lastly the study will begin to evaluate the
relationship of PYY3-36 and ghrelin and determine if it is altered by or in response to the
physiologic changes associated with gastric bypass.
Website:
• Project Title: BENEFITS & HAZARDS OF KETOGENIC LOW CARBOHYDRATE
DIETS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Karanja, Njeri; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science
University Portland, or 972393098
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003

Summary: (APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): Low-carbohydrate, high-fat, high-protein diets
promoted by books, the Internet and other media are among the most enduring weight-
loss diets in the US and Europe. The public favors these diets because they include
popular energy-rich foods like meat and cheese while at the same time promising to
produce rapid weight loss. Without an evidence-based understanding the consequences
of these diets, health care providers may find it difficult to evaluate these diets in
advising clients who are choosing to use them to reduce weight in large numbers. The
goal of this pilot project is to establish methodology for studying these diets in a clinical
trial setting. A group of 24 overweight participants with BMIs between 27 and 39.9
Kg/m~ will be studied in a parallel group design for six weeks of controlled feeding
and six weeks of follow-up. After screening, participants will be allocated to either a
low-carbohydrate diet similar to the one marketed by Dr. Robert Atkins, or to an
energy-matched, high carbohydrate, low fat diet similar to the combination diet used in
the DASH study for six weeks. Participants will receive all foods and beverages in the
General Clinical Research Center at Oregon Health Sciences University during the
controlled feeding phase. Participants will first consume a standard American diet for
one week to stabilize their energy requirements and acclimate to the demands of the
study. This run-in week will be followed by a six-week period when participants
consume either the Atkins diet or the DASH diet. Follow-up consists of following these
same diets in the home setting for an additional six weeks. Measures of interest include
markers of oxidative damage, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (lipids, blood pressure
insulin, glucose), bone health, energy expenditure, substrate utilization and body
composition. We will also conduct focus groups and individual interviews during the
period when participants follow these diets at home to gain an understanding of how
Rapid Weight Loss
6
these diets affect the quality of their lives. This study will provide us with many tools to
evaluate a variety of ways that low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets affect adherence,
body weight and body composition, energy metabolism, and several markers of chronic
diseases which may be affected by the altered nutrient intake. It will provide insights as

to the nature of these changes, the time course of the changes, and variability of these
measures. We will use information gained in this pilot study to design more
comprehensive studies that evaluate these alternative diets in a more rigorous fashion.
Website:

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed

One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English
and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
3

The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater
number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web
site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to
sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of
fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.

To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with rapid weight loss, simply go to
the PubMed Web site at Type “rapid weight loss”
(or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you
can expect from PubMed for rapid weight loss (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
• A multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, prospective trial of
prophylactic ursodiol for the prevention of gallstone formation following gastric-
bypass-induced rapid weight loss.
Author(s): Sugerman HJ, Brewer WH, Shiffman ML, Brolin RE, Fobi MA, Linner JH,
MacDonald KG, MacGregor AM, Martin LF, Oram-Smith JC, et al.
Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1995 January; 169(1): 91-6; Discussion 96-7.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=7818005&dopt=Abstract

• Acute superior mesenteric artery syndrome due to rapid weight loss following
massive small bowel resection.
Author(s): Bapat VN, Rastogi S, Moorthy K, Kulgod S, Supe A.
Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1996 October; 15(4): 154.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8916586&dopt=Abstract

• Adipose tissue distribution changes during rapid weight loss in obese adults.
Author(s): Ross R, Leger L, Marliss EB, Morris DV, Gougeon R.
Source: Int J Obes. 1991 November; 15(11): 733-9.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=1778658&dopt=Abstract


3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of
Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction
with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with
their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies



7
• BP changes in obese hypertensive subjects during rapid weight loss. Comparison of
restricted v unchanged salt intake.
Author(s): Maxwell MH, Kushiro T, Dornfeld LP, Tuck ML, Waks AU.
Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1984 August; 144(8): 1581-4.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_

uids=6466017&dopt=Abstract

• Changes in abdominal subcutaneous fat water content with rapid weight loss and
long-term weight maintenance in abdominally obese men and women.
Author(s): Laaksonen DE, Nuutinen J, Lahtinen T, Rissanen A, Niskanen LK.
Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the
International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 June; 27(6): 677-83.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=12833111&dopt=Abstract

• Changes in body composition and resting energy expenditure after rapid weight loss:
is there an energy-metabolism adaptation in obese patients?
Author(s): Valtuena S, Blanch S, Barenys M, Sola R, Salas-Salvado J.
Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the
International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1995 February; 19(2): 119-25.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=7735338&dopt=Abstract

• Circadian variation and blood pressure: response to rapid weight loss by hypocaloric
hyponatraemic diet in obesity.
Author(s): DasGupta P, Brigden G, Ramhamdany E, Lahiri A, Baird IM, Raftery EB.
Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1991 May; 9(5): 441-7.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=1649864&dopt=Abstract

• Decrease in resting metabolic rate during rapid weight loss is reversed by low dose
thyroid hormone treatment.
Author(s): Welle SL, Campbell RG.
Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1986 April; 35(4): 289-91.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_

uids=3959900&dopt=Abstract

• Effect of rapid weight loss on metabolism and isokinetic performance capacity. A case
study of two well trained wrestlers.
Author(s): Oopik V, Paasuke M, Sikku T, Timpmann S, Medijainen L, Ereline J,
Smirnova T, Gapejeva E.
Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1996 June; 36(2): 127-31.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8898520&dopt=Abstract

• Effect of rapid weight loss with supplemented fasting on liver tests.
Author(s): Friis R, Vaziri ND, Akbarpour F, Afrasiabi A.
Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1987 April; 9(2): 204-7.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=3571895&dopt=Abstract
Rapid Weight Loss
8
• Effect of rapid weight loss with supplemented fasting on serum electrolytes, lipids,
and blood pressure.
Author(s): Pahl MV, Vaziri ND, Akbarpour F, Afrasiabi A, Friis R.
Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1988 July; 80(7): 803-9.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=3404561&dopt=Abstract

• Effects of rapid weight loss and wrestling on muscle glycogen concentration.
Author(s): Tarnopolsky MA, Cipriano N, Woodcroft C, Pulkkinen WJ, Robinson DC,
Henderson JM, MacDougall JD.
Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of
Sport Medicine. 1996 April; 6(2): 78-84.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_

uids=8673580&dopt=Abstract

• Effects of rapid weight loss on mood and performance among amateur boxers.
Author(s): Hall CJ, Lane AM.
Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 December; 35(6): 390-5.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=11726472&dopt=Abstract

• Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients
undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity.
Author(s): Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Brewer WH, Moore EW.
Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991 August; 86(8): 1000-5.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=1858735&dopt=Abstract

• Gallstone formation and rapid weight loss: pounds for stones?
Author(s): Lipsky H, Barkin JS.
Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 July; 88(7): 1128-9.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8317422&dopt=Abstract

• Gradual and rapid weight loss: effects on nutrition and performance in male athletes.
Author(s): Fogelholm GM, Koskinen R, Laakso J, Rankinen T, Ruokonen I.
Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1993 March; 25(3): 371-7.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8455453&dopt=Abstract

• Hair loss with rapid weight loss.
Author(s): Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR, Hoag C.
Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 February; 113(2): 234.

:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=836699&dopt=Abstract

Studies



9
• Impact of rapid weight loss on cognitive function in collegiate wrestlers.
Author(s): Choma CW, Sforzo GA, Keller BA.
Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 May; 30(5): 746-9.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=9588618&dopt=Abstract

• Improvement in left ventricular function after rapid weight loss in obesity.
Author(s): DasGupta P, Ramhanmdany E, Brigden G, Lahiri A, Baird IM, Raftery EB.
Source: European Heart Journal. 1992 August; 13(8): 1060-6.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=1505555&dopt=Abstract

• Increased saliva cotinine concentrations in smokers during rapid weight loss.
Author(s): Niaura R, Clark MM, Raciti MA, Pera V, Abrams DB.
Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1992 December; 60(6): 985-7.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=1460162&dopt=Abstract

• Letter: Hair loss with rapid weight loss.
Author(s): Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR, Hoag C.
Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 July 19; 236(3): 252.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_

uids=947023&dopt=Abstract

• Lipids and apolipoproteins A-I, B and C-II and different rapid weight loss programs
(weight lifters, wrestlers, boxers and judokas).
Author(s): Jauhiainen M, Laitinen M, Penttila I, Nousiainen U, Ahonen E.
Source: Int J Biochem. 1985; 17(2): 167-74.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=3924676&dopt=Abstract

• Loss of total body potassium during rapid weight loss does not depend on the
decrease of potassium concentration in muscles. Different methods to evaluate body
composition during a low energy diet.
Author(s): Krotkiewski M, Landin K, Mellstrom D, Tolli J.
Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the
International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 January; 24(1): 101-7.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=10702758&dopt=Abstract

• Normal dexamethasone suppression in obese binge and nonbinge eaters with rapid
weight loss.
Author(s): Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA, Gwirtsman HE, Bernat A, Gold PW, Chrousos GP.
Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 March; 76(3): 675-9.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8445025&dopt=Abstract

Rapid Weight Loss
10
• Prevention of gallstone formation in morbidly obese patients undergoing rapid
weight loss: results of a randomized controlled pilot study.
Author(s): Wudel LJ Jr, Wright JK, Debelak JP, Allos TM, Shyr Y, Chapman WC.

Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2002 January; 102(1): 50-6.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=11792152&dopt=Abstract

• Prolonged QT interval ventricular tachycardia syndrome from massive rapid weight
loss utilizing the liquid-protein-modified-fast diet: sudden death with sinus node
ganglionitis and neuritis.
Author(s): Siegel RJ, Cabeen WR Jr, Roberts WC.
Source: American Heart Journal. 1981 July; 102(1): 121-2.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=7246398&dopt=Abstract

• Rapid weight loss and lean tissue: evidence for comparable body composition and
metabolic rate in differing rates of weight loss.
Author(s): Coxon A, Kreitzman S, Brodie D, Howard A.
Source: Int J Obes. 1989; 13 Suppl 2: 179-81.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=2613421&dopt=Abstract

• Rapid weight loss in children.
Author(s): Brook CG, Lloyd JK, Wolff OH.
Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 July 6; 2(922): 44-5.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=4835478&dopt=Abstract

• Resting metabolic rates of obese women after rapid weight loss.
Author(s): Welle SL, Amatruda JM, Forbes GB, Lockwood DH.
Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1984 July; 59(1): 41-4.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=6725523&dopt=Abstract

• Reversible anorexia and rapid weight loss associated with neuroleptic administration
in Alzheimer's disease.
Author(s): Rohrbaugh RM, Siegal AP.
Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 1989 January-March; 2(1): 45-7.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=2568117&dopt=Abstract

• Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in an intravenous drug abuser after rapid
weight loss.
Author(s): Barnes JB, Lee M.
Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1996 March; 89(3): 331-4.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8604467&dopt=Abstract

Studies



11
• The effect of rapid weight loss due to jejunoileal bypass on total cholesterol and
high-density lipoprotein.
Author(s): Dobrea GM, Wieland RG, Johnson MW.
Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981 October; 34(10): 1994-6.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=7293931&dopt=Abstract

• The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on gallstone formation in the morbidly
obese during rapid weight loss.
Author(s): Worobetz LJ, Inglis FG, Shaffer EA.

Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 October; 88(10): 1705-10.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8213711&dopt=Abstract

• The effects of rapid weight loss and rehydratation on a wrestling performance test.
Author(s): Klinzing JE, Karpowicz W.
Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1986 June; 26(2): 149-56.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=3747480&dopt=Abstract

• The role of gallbladder emptying in gallstone formation during diet-induced rapid
weight loss.
Author(s): Gebhard RL, Prigge WF, Ansel HJ, Schlasner L, Ketover SR, Sande D,
Holtmeier K, Peterson FJ.
Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1996 September; 24(3): 544-8.
:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_
uids=8781321&dopt=Abstract




13


CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RAPID WEIGHT LOSS

Overview

In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and
rapid weight loss.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Rapid Weight Loss

The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable
bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary
Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC
2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about
dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific
literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.
4
The IBIDS
includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies.

As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the
following Web address: After entering the
search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database,
or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only.

Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search
allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type
“rapid weight loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the
search, you can also select the “Title” field.



4
Adapted from . IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the
National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating
credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an

interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S.
Department of Agriculture.
Rapid Weight Loss
14
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to
search for “rapid weight loss” (or a synonym):
• Decrease in resting metabolic rate during rapid weight loss is reversed by low dose
thyroid hormone treatment.
Source: Welle, S.L. Campbell, R.G. Metab-Clin-Exp. Orlando, Fla. : Grune & Stratton.
April 1986. volume 35 (4) page 289-291. 0026-0495
• Effect of dietary protein quality and fatty acid composition on plasma lipoprotein
concentrations and hepatic triglyceride fatty acid synthesis in obese cats undergoing
rapid weight loss.
Author(s): Multidisciplinary Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Allied Health
Professions, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0003, USA.
Source: Ibrahim, W H Szabo, J Sunvold, G D Kelleher, J K Bruckner, G G Am-J-Vet-Res.
2000 May; 61(5): 566-72 0002-9645
• Effects of rapid weight loss on mood and performance among amateur boxers.
Author(s): Department of Sports Sciences, Brunel University, UK.
Source: Hall, C J Lane, A M Br-J-Sports-Med. 2001 December; 35(6): 390-5 0306-3674
• Impact of rapid weight loss on cognitive function in collegiate wrestlers.
Author(s): Department of Exercise & Sport Sciences, Ithaca College, NY 14850, USA.
Source: Choma, C W Sforzo, G A Keller, B A Med-Sci-Sports-Exerc. 1998 May; 30(5): 746-
9 0195-9131
• Improvement in left ventricular function after rapid weight loss in obesity.
Author(s): Department of Cardiology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex,
U.K.
Source: DasGupta, P Ramhanmdany, E Brigden, G Lahiri, A Baird, I M Raftery, E B Eur-
Heart-J. 1992 August; 13(8): 1060-6 0195-668X
• Loss of total body potassium during rapid weight loss does not depend on the

decrease of potassium concentration in muscles. Different methods to evaluate body
composition during a low energy diet.
Author(s): Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital,
Goteborg.
Source: Krotkiewski, M Landin, K Mellstrom, D Tolli, J Int-J-Obes-Relat-Metab-Disord.
2000 January; 24(1): 101-7 0307-0565
• Prevention of gallstone formation in morbidly obese patients undergoing rapid
weight loss: results of a randomized controlled pilot study.
Author(s): Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232-4753, USA.
Source: Wudel, L James Jr Wright, J Kelly Debelak, Jacob P Allos, Tara M Shyr, Yu
Chapman, William C J-Surg-Res. 2002 January; 102(1): 50-6 0022-4804
• Reversible anorexia and rapid weight loss associated with neuroleptic administration
in Alzheimer's disease.
Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Source: Rohrbaugh, R M Siegal, A P J-Geriatr-Psychiatry-Neurol. 1989 Jan-March; 2(1):
45-7 0891-9887

Nutrition



15
Federal Resources on Nutrition

In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of
information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include:
• healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition:

• The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition
information: www.nutrition.gov
• The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information:
www.foodsafety.gov
• The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States
Surgeon General:
• The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the
Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services:

• Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department
of Agriculture:
• Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the
United States Department of Agriculture:
• Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture:


Additional Web Resources

A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and
nutrition. The following is a representative sample:
• AOL:
• Family Village:
• Google:
• Healthnotes:
• Open Directory Project:
• Yahoo.com:
• WebMD
®
Health:
• WholeHealthMD.com: