Strategic Appraisal - United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century ppt

United States
Air and Space Power
in the 21st Century
Strategic Appraisal
Edited by Zalmay Khalilzad, Jeremy Shapiro
Prepared for the United States Air Force
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
Project AIR FORCE
R
The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Strategic appraisal : United States air and space power in the 21st century / edited by
Zalmay Khalilzad, Jeremy Shapiro.
p. cm.
“MR-1314.”
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8330-2954-1
1. United States. Air Force. 2. Air power—United States. 3. Astronautics,
Military—United States. 4. World politics—21st century. I. Khalilzad, Zalmay. II.
Shapiro, Jeremy.
UG633 .S7924 2002
358.4'00973—dc21
2002069823
iii
PREFACE
Aerospace power has become the archetypal expression of the U.S.
ability to project force in the modern world. Throughout the world,
U.S. aerospace power—and thus, the U.S. Air Force (USAF)—plays a
critical, and often primary, role in securing U.S. interests, in promot-
ing American values, and in protecting human rights. While the
USAF has had significant success in employing aerospace power in
the recent past, emerging trends in international relations, in tech-
nology, and in our own domestic society will create a wide variety of
new challenges and new opportunities for U.S. aerospace power.
Meeting these challenges and exploiting these opportunities will
require careful planning, wise investments, and thoughtful training,
as well as difficult cultural adaptations within the USAF. This book
identifies many of these challenges and opportunities in a wide vari-
ety of issue areas and assesses the degree to which the USAF is pre-
pared to meet them.

While the work was carried out under the auspices of the Strategy
and Doctrine program of RAND’s Project AIR FORCE, which is spon-
sored by the U.S. Air Force, this volume draws on the expertise of
researchers from across RAND in a variety of related disciplines. The
primary audience of this work consists of Air Force leaders and plan-
ners, but it should be of interest to others concerned about national
security issues.
The Strategic Appraisal series is intended to review, for a broad audi-
ence, issues bearing on national security and defense planning.
Strategic Appraisal: The Changing Role of Information in Warfare
analyzed the effects of new information technologies on military
iv Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
operations. Strategic Appraisal 1997: Strategy and Defense Planning
for the 21st Century dealt with the challenges the U.S. military faces
in meeting the changing demands made upon it in a changing world.
Strategic Appraisal 1996 assessed challenges to U.S. interests around
the world, focusing on key nations and regions.
The views expressed here are those of the authors. They do not nec-
essarily reflect those of RAND or its clients. The research described
here was conducted before the September 11, 2001, attacks on the
United States and the subsequent U.S. campaign against Al Qaeda
and other terrorist groups.
PROJECT AIR FORCE
Project AIR FORCE, a division of RAND, is the Air Force federally
funded research and development center (FFRDC) for studies and
analyses. It provides the Air Force with independent analyses of
policy alternatives affecting the development, employment, combat
readiness, and support of current and future aerospace forces.
Research is performed in four programs: Aerospace Force
Development; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource

Management; and Strategy and Doctrine.
v
CONTENTS
Preface iii
Figures xiii
Tables xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Abbreviations xxi
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION: THE PRICE OF SUCCESS
Jeremy Shapiro 1
What Has Stayed the Same 2
What Has Changed 4
Smaller-Scale Contingencies 4
The Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction 5
Emerging Challenges 6
Emerging Opportunities 8
Getting Past Success 11
PART I: THE GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT FOR
AEROSPACE POWER 13
Chapter Two
FORCES FOR WHAT? GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT AND
AIR FORCE CAPABILITIES
Zalmay Khalilzad, David Ochmanek, and Jeremy
Shapiro 15
The Geopolitical Context 15
Evolution of the International System 16
vi Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
U.S. Goals 29
U.S. Requirements for Military Forces 32

The Maturation of U.S. Aerospace Power: Capabilities
of Today’s Forces 35
Defeating Enemy Air Attacks 35
Destroying Fixed Targets 35
Destroying Mechanized Ground Forces 37
Information and Its Uses 38
Survivability 39
Implications for U.S. Joint Operations 41
Challenges for the USAF 42
Modernization and Recapitalization 43
Human Capital 44
Conclusion: Creating Options 46
References 46
Chapter Three
THE FUTURE OF U.S. COERCIVE AIRPOWER
Daniel L. Byman, Matthew C. Waxman, and Jeremy
Shapiro 51
The American Way of Coercion 54
A Preference for Multilateralism 55
An Intolerance for Casualties 55
Aversion to Civilian Suffering 56
A Preference for and a Belief in Technological
Solutions 57
A Commitment to International Norms 57
Summary 58
Adversary Countercoercive Strategies: A Taxonomy 58
Create Innocent Suffering 60
Shatter Alliances 63
Create Counteralliances 65
Create Actual or Prospective U.S. or Allied

Casualties 66
Play Up Nationalism at Home 69
Threaten Use of WMD 71
The Future of U.S. Coercive Airpower 74
References 77
Contents vii
PART II: WHERE DOES THE USAF NEED TO GO? 83
Chapter Four
MODERNIZING THE COMBAT FORCES: NEAR-TERM
OPTIONS
Donald Stevens, John Gibson, and David Ochmanek 85
Missions 85
Conditions and Constraints 88
Roles of Air and Space Forces 91
Modernization—Key Considerations 94
An Aging Fleet 94
Analytical Approach 96
Force Mix Alternatives 96
Approach 99
Force Mix Recommendations 105
Fighter-Bomber Mix 105
Trades Among Fighters 113
Summary Force Mix Alternatives 117
Cost Sensitivities 119
Impact of Cost Growth in F-22X and F-22E
Programs 120
Impact of Cost Growth in JSF Program 120
SSCs and Ongoing Deployments 123
Force Requirements to Support Deployed Aircraft 129
No-Fly and Exclusion Zones 131

Force Structure Requirements for Ongoing
Deployments and SSCs 135
Force Structure Implications of SSCs 139
Summary 139
References 141
Chapter Five
SPACE CHALLENGES
Bob Preston and John Baker 143
Current Space Activities 143
The Civil Space Sector 144
The Commercial Space Sector 147
The National Security Space Sector 154
World Players 160
Motivations for Change 162
viii Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
Bureaucratic and Technological Forcing Functions 162
Threat-Driven Considerations 165
Future Choices 171
Policy 171
Enterprise 174
Organization 175
Ways Ahead 177
References 178
Chapter Six
U.S. MILITARY OPPORTUNITIES: INFORMATION-
WARFARE CONCEPTS OF OPERATION
Brian Nichiporuk 187
Introduction 187
What Do We Mean by “Information Warfare”? 188
The Importance of Offensive Information Warfare 189

Emerging Asymmetric Strategies 191
Increasing Niche Capabilities 192
Enemy Strategies That Target Key U.S.
Vulnerabilities 196
Political Constraints on U.S. Force Deployments 198
Developing Operational Concepts for Future Offensive
Information Warfare 200
Information-Based Deterrence 201
Preserving Strategic Reach 206
Counterstrike 210
Counter-C
4
ISR 215
Comparing the Four CONOPs 219
References 222
Chapter Seven
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY
STRATEGY FOR A NEW CENTURY
Glenn Buchan 225
Why a Reevaluation of U.S. Nuclear Policy Is Needed,
and Why People Should Care 226
The Historical Context: The Legacy, Lessons, and
Constraints 229
The Cold War Legacy 229
The Sea Change—The End of the Cold War 235
Contents ix
Why Nukes? 238
And Why Not 240
Where Nuclear Weapons Might Fit 241
Terror Weapons for Traditional Deterrence 242

Counterforce 244
Special Targets 245
Critical Military Situations 246
A Spectrum of Nuclear Options 246
Abolition 247
Aggressive Reductions and “Dealerting” 249
“Business as Usual, Only Smaller” 254
A More-Aggressive Nuclear Posture 255
Nuclear Emphasis 256
Issues Affecting U.S. Choices of a Future Nuclear
Strategy 257
Political Sustainability 257
Maintaining a Robust Nuclear Deterrent 257
Preparing for Operational Use of Nuclear Weapons 258
Characteristics of Nuclear Weapon Systems 261
Exploiting Asymmetries 262
Nuclear Proliferation 263
Is “Withering Away” of U.S. Nuclear Capability
Inevitable? 264
So, Where Do We Go from Here? 266
Bibliography 274
Chapter Eight
COUNTERING WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
AND BALLISTIC MISSILES
Richard F. Mesic 283
WMD Characteristics and Scenarios 284
Background 286
Characteristics of WMD Affecting Their Use 290
WMD Scenarios 295
Implications of These WMD Scenarios 302

Responding to the WMD Threat: Potential Air Force
Initiatives 306
Potential Air Force TMD Initiatives 308
TMD Concepts of Operation 310
TMD Effectiveness Analyses 317
x Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
Potential Air Force NMD Initiatives 329
Background: The Cold War 330
Post–Cold War Issues 332
NMD Systems Implications 335
Summary 339
Bibliography 341
PART III: SUPPORTING FUTURE FORCES 343
Chapter Nine
PROVIDING ADEQUATE ACCESS FOR EXPEDITIONARY
AEROSPACE FORCES
David Shlapak 345
Overture 345
Access Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 347
A Troublesome Track Record 347
The Current Context of Military Access 350
Access Options: From “Pure” Strategies to a Portfolio 358
Five “Pure” Strategies 359
Embracing Uncertainty with a Mixed Strategy 365
Building the Portfolio: Eight Recommendations 366
Retain Existing MOBs 367
Build Forward Support Locations 367
Plan for Uncertainty 368
Build AEFs with Flexible Configurations 369
Develop Improved Active and Passive Defenses 370

Expand Contacts with Potential Partners 371
Adjust the Force Mix 371
Explore New Options 372
Summary of Recommendations 373
Concluding Remarks 373
References 374
Chaper Ten
A VISION FOR AN EVOLVING AGILE COMBAT SUPPORT
SYSTEM
Robert Tripp and C. Robert Roll, Jr 377
ACS Decisions and Their “Trade Space” 378
An Analytic Framework for Strategic ACS Planning 381
Key Findings from ACS Modeling Research 383
Overview of a Global ACS System 389
Contents xi
Strategic and Long-Term Planning for the ACS System 392
References 393
Chapter Eleven
STRATEGIC SOURCING IN THE AIR FORCE
Frank Camm 397
Strategic Sourcing and Supply-Chain Alignment 400
Why Is the Air Force Interested in Outsourcing? 405
Policy Alternatives Relevant to an Air Force Strategic
Sourcing Program 408
Outsourcing 408
Privatization 409
Gain Sharing 410
Innovative Contracting 411
Reengineering 412
Summary 412

Pursuing Strategic Sourcing and Supply-Chain
Alignment in Competitive Sourcing 412
Eligible Inventory 414
What Activities to Include 417
Best-Value Competition 418
Performance-Based Acquisition 420
Incentives for Continuous Improvement 423
Discussion 425
Looking Beyond Competitive Sourcing 426
Summary 430
References 431
Chapter Twelve
READY FOR WAR BUT NOT FOR PEACE: THE APPARENT
PARADOX OF MILITARY PREPAREDNESS
Carl Dahlman and David Thaler 437
Introduction: The Current Paradox of Readiness 437
Operational Readiness and How It Is Currently
Assessed 441
Toward a More-Encompassing Notion of Readiness 445
The Great Misconception About Readiness 449
Estimating Some Current Major Readiness Problems 451
Pilot Training and Flying Hours 452
Maintainer Production and Training 454
xii Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
Shortages of Parts 457
Reasons for Readiness Problems: Planned and
Unplanned 459
Planned Readiness Shortfalls 461
Unplanned Readiness Problems 464
Programmers Versus Operators: Who Should Be in

Charge? 471
Managing Readiness: Requirements, Resources, and
Processes 474
Conclusion: There Is No Paradox 478
References 481
xiii
FIGURES
2.1. Attacking Fixed Targets: Improved Accuracy Has
Yielded Major Increases in Effectiveness 36
2.2. Comparative Lethality of Air-Delivered Weapons
Against Moving Armored Columns 38
2.3. Comparison of Average Loss Rates of USAF
Aircraft 40
4.1. Theater Conflict Scenarios Examined 97
4.2. Preferred Force Mix Options: Currently Planned
JASSM Buy 107
4.3. Preferred Force Mix Options: 9,600 JASSM Buy 108
4.4. Fighter Versus Bomber Trades in Stressing
Scenarios: China Versus Korea, Current JASSM
Buy 111
4.5. Fighter Versus Bomber Trades in Stressing
Scenarios: China Versus Korea, 9,600 JASSMs 112
4.6. Fighter Force Mix Preferences: No Developmental
Weapons 114
4.7. Fighter Force Mix Preferences: With
Developmental Weapons 116
4.8. Force Mix Recommendations 118
4.9. Impact of Cost Growth on Preferences for F-22X
or -E 121
4.10. Impact of JSF Cost Growth on JSF Versus F-22

Decision 122
4.11. Impact of JSF Cost Growth on JSF Versus F-16C
Block-60 Decision 123
4.12. Long-Term USAF Deployment Operations 125
4.13. Basra Breakout Scenario 126
xiv Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
4.14. The Basra Breakout: Results as a Function of
Defending Force Size 128
4.15. Map of No-Fly Zone 132
4.16. No-Fly Zone Force Requirements 134
4.17. Exclusion Zone Force Requirements 135
4.18. Force Structure Implications of Simultaneous
SSCs 138
6.1. Adversary Asymmetric Options and Potential U.S.
CONOPs 200
7.1. Why the United States Might Want Nuclear
Weapons in the Contemporary World 243
8.1. Joint-Service TMD Architecture Programs for
Dealing with the TMD Problem 311
8.2. A Broad Range of Potential Air Force TMD
CONOPs 312
8.3. Notional ABL Effectiveness Against Saturation
Attack 315
8.4. Sensitivity of Combined Prelaunch and Postlaunch
Attack to C
4
ISR Parameters 319
8.5. Sensitivity of Postlaunch Attack Operations to
Moving Vehicle Clutter 320
8.6. The Significant Synergistic Potential of Air Force

TMD CONOPs 321
8.7. The Effects of Small Improvements in Counterforce
Capabilities 322
8.8. The Strong Effect of Moving Vehicle Clutter on
Overall TMD Effectiveness 323
8.9. The Sensitivity of ABL Performance Salvo Handling
and Lethality 325
8.10. Air Force Capabilities for Shaping the Potential
TMD Trajectory 326
9.1. Notional Missile Threat Rings 357
9.2. Coverage Available from Five FSLs 368
9.3. Impact of Adding Aircrew and Tankers on Sorties
and Fuel Use 370
10.1. General Decision Trade Space by Location 380
10.2. Employment-Driven Analytical Framework 382
10.3. CONUS to SWA Resupply Times and Support
Breakpoint Solutions 386
10.4. Potential Global ACS Network 390
Figures xv
11.1. Players Relevant to an Integrated Air Force Supply
Chain That Includes Contractors 402
11.2. Process Steps for Choosing Competitive Sourcing
Candidates, Running Competitions, and Managing
Relationships with the Winners 413
12.1. Unit-Level Readiness Related Taskings and
Outputs 447
xvii
TABLES
4.1. Variations in Fighter and Bomber Force Mixes 99
4.2. 2020 Force Mix Composition 100

4.3. Key Characteristics of Three F-22 Derivatives 102
4.4. JSF and F-16 Block-60 Characteristics 104
4.5. Heavy Bomber Characteristics 106
4.6. Developmental Weapons Considered 115
4.7. Force Structure Required to Keep One Aircraft
TDY for One Year 130
4.8. Force Structure Requirements for SSCs 137
5.1. Space Imagery Revenues 150
6.1. Comparing the Four CONOPs 219
8.1. Weapon Characteristics 287
8.2. Summary of WMD Threat Implications 306
8.3. New C
4
ISR Capabilities Needed for TMD 327
9.1. Illustrative Comparison of Weapon-Delivery
Potential 364
9.2. Effects of Recommended Steps Across Regions 373
10.1. Cost Versus Timeline Resource Allocation
Trade-Offs 384
11.1. Expanding the Inventory of Candidates Eligible
for Competitive Sourcing 415
xix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Fitting together so many independently minded researchers into a
single volume is roughly akin to herding cats. The editors could never
have accomplished this complex task without the diligent efforts of
numerous colleagues. We would first like to thank the chapter
authors and reviewers for their hard work and patience in a long pro-
cess. We are also indebted to Phyllis Gilmore for her unwavering
vision of properly written English prose and her unparalleled perse-

verance in shepherding the book to publication. Thanks are also due
to C. Richard Neu and Edward R. Harshberger for their oversight of
the review process and to Natalie Crawford for her support of the
Strategic Appraisal series. We would also like to recognize Maj Gen
John Barry, USAF, Maj Laura Olsen, USAF, and Todd Sample for their
assistance and for sponsoring and organizing the Strategic Appraisal
Seminar Series for the USAF staff. Finally, our greatest debt is owed
to Luetta Pope, without whose administrative assistance we would
not have found our offices much less have cleared the various obsta-
cles to publication.
xxi
ABBREVIATIONS
AADC area air defense commander
ABI airborne interceptor
ABL airborne laser
ABM antiballistic missile
A/C aircraft
ACS Agile Combat Support
AEF aerospace expeditionary force
AEW Aerospace Expeditionary Wing
AFPAM Air Force pamphlet
AF/XO Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff, Air and Space
Operations
AF/XOOA Air Force Readiness Center
AF/XPM Headquarters Air Force Directorate of Manpower
and Organization
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AMC Air Mobility Command
AMX-C Air Mobility Express–Commercial
AMX-M Air Mobility Express–Military

AOC air operations center
xxii Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
AOR area of responsibility
ASAT antisatellite
ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System
ATC automatic target cueing
ATR automatic target recognition
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
BDA battle damage assessment
BIDS Biological Integrated Detection System
BM/C
4
ISR battle management and command, control,
communications, computers, intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance
BMD ballistic missile defense
BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
BWC Biological Weapons Convention
C
3
command, control, and communications
C
4
ISR command, control, communications, computers,
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
CAP combat air patrol
CEC cooperative engagement capability
CEM combined effects munition
CINC commander in chief
CNA Center for Naval Analyses

CNN Cable News Network
COMSTAC Commercial Space Transportation Advisory
Committee
CONOP concept of operation
CONUS continental United States
Abbreviations xxiii
CRMAF Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed
Forces
CSL CONUS support location
DMZ demilitarized zone
DOC U.S. Department of Commerce
DoD U.S. Department of Defense
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
DRID Defense Reform Initiative Directive
DSP Defense Support Program (satellites)
DSUP Defense System Upgrade Program
EAF Expeditionary Aerospace Force
EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
ELN Army of National Liberation
ESA electronically steerable antenna
EU European Union
EW electronic warfare
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
FEBA Forward Edge of the Battle Area
FIA Future Imagery Architecture
FLIR forward-looking infrared
FMSE Fuel Mobility Support Equipment
FOL forward operating location
FOR follow-on operating requirement

FSL forward support location
FW fighter wing
FY fiscal year
xxiv Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
GBS Global Broadcast System (satellites)
GLONASS Russian system similar to the U.S. GPS
GMTI ground moving target indication
GMTT ground moving target track
GPS Global Positioning System
HEMP high-altitude electromagnetic pulses
HSI hyperspectral imaging
IADS integrated air defense system
IBS Integrated Broadcast System
ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile
ID identification
IDF Israeli Defence Forces
IMINT imagery intelligence
INF Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
IOR initial operating requirement
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlespace
JDN Joint Data Network
JASSM Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile
JDAM Joint Direct Attack Munition
JFACC Joint Forces Air Component Command
JFLCC Joint Force Land Component Commander
JFMCC Joint Force Marine Component Commander
JIRD Joint Interim Requirements Document
JMRR Joint Monthly Readiness Review
JSF Joint Strike Fighter
JSOW Joint Standoff Weapon

JSTARS Joint Strategic Tracking and Radar System
Abbreviations xxv
JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
LANTIRN Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for
Night
LEO low earth orbit
LIDAR light detection and ranging
LOCASS Low-Cost Autonomous Strike System
LODIS Low-Cost Dispenser
LOG C
2
Logistics Command and Control
LPP launch predition point
MAC Military Airlift Command (predecessor to today’s
Air Mobility Command)
MAJCOM major command
MASINT measurement and signature intelligence
MEO most efficient organization
MICAP mission capable
MIRV multiple independently targeted reentry vehicle
MOB main operating base
MOE measure of effectiveness
MOPP mission-oriented protective posture
MTI moving target indicator
MTID moving target identification
MTW major theater war
NAD Navy Area Defense
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC nuclear, biological, or chemical

NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency
xxvi Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
NMD national missile defense
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPOESS National Polar-Orbiting Operational
Environmental Satellite System
NPR Nuclear Posture Review
NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty
NRO National Reconnaissance Office
NTM national technical means
NTW Navy Theater-Wide
O&M operations and maintenance
O&S operations and support
OJT on-the-job training
OMB Office of Management and Budget
ONA Operation Noble Anvil (the air war over Serbia)
OPELINT operational electronic intelligence
OPTEMPO operational tempo
OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense
PAC-3 Patriot (Advanced Capability)
PDD Presidential Decision Directive
PGM precision guided munition
Pk probability of kill
PSYOP psychological operation
Pre-Po prepositioned
QDR Quadrennial Defense Review
R&D research and development
RAP Ready Aircrew Program
RLV reusable launch vehicle
Abbreviations xxvii

S&T science and technology
SAF/AQC Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition)
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
SAM surface-to-air missile
SAR synthetic aperture radar
SBIRS-High Space-Based Infrared System–High
SDB small-diameter bomb
SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Office
SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses
SFW sensor-fused weapon
SIGINT signals intelligence
SIOP Single Integrated Operational Plan
SLBMs submarine-launched ballistic missiles
SOF special operations forces
SORTS Status of Resources and Training System
SPECTRE spectroscopic excitation and classification of trace
effluents
SSBN nuclear submarine
SSC smaller-scale contingency or conflict
SSM small smart munition
START Simplified Tool for Assessment of Regional Threats
(RAND theater-level campaign model)
START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
STRATCOM U.S. Strategic Command
SWA Southwest Asia
TBM theater ballistic missile
TDY temporary duty
xxviii Strategic Appraisal: United States Air and Space Power in the 21st Century
TEL transporter-erector-launcher
THAAD Theater High-Altitude Area Defense

TMD theater missile defense
TPFDL Time Phased Force Deployment List
UAE United Arab Emirates
UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
UCAV unmanned combat aerial vehicle
UGS unattended ground sensors
UN United Nations
UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia
UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission
USAF U.S. Air Force
USAFE/LG U.S. Air Forces in Europe Director of Logistics
U.S.C. United States Code
UTA unmanned tactical aircraft
VX a nerve gas
WCMD wind-corrected munitions dispenser
WMD weapons of mass destruction
WRM war readiness materiel
WWX Worldwide Express