Lacey, Wells and Quick Reconstructing Criminal Law Text and Materials Fourth edition pdf

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Lacey, Wells and Quick: Reconstructing Criminal Law:
Text and Materials
Since the publication of the first edition, this textbook has offered one of
the most distinctive and innovative approaches to the study of criminal law.
Looking at both traditional and emerging areas, such as public order offences
and corporate manslaughter, it offers a broad and thorough perspective on
the subject. Material is organised thematically and is clearly signposted at the
beginning of each section to allow the student to navigate successfully through
the different fields. This new edition looks at topical issues such as policing,
the Serious Crime Act 2007, and reform of the Fraud Act 2006. Relevant case
law and extracts from the most topical and engaging debates give the subject
immediacy. The book is essential for both undergraduate and postgraduate
study of criminal law and justice.
Celia Wells is Professor of Criminal Law at the , where her
research focuses on criminal law and, in particular, corporate criminal liability.
In 2006 she was awarded the OBE for services to legal education.
Oliver Quick is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the School of Law, University of
Bristol, where he teaches undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Criminal
Law, Criminal Justice, Medical Law and Public Health Law.

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Editors William Twining (University College London),
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books that treat law and legalphenomena critically in their social, political and economic

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legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas of law
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using materials from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helps to
explain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion. It is hoped that this
orientation is at once more s timulating and more realistic than the bare exposition
of legal rules. The series includes original books that have a different emphasis from
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They are written primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of other
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Books in the Series
Anderson, Schum & Twining: Analysis of Evidence
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Beecher-Monas: Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An Interdisciplinary Framework for
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Birkinshaw: European Public Law
Birkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the Ideal
Cane: Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the Law
Clarke & Kohler: Property Law: Commentary and Materials
Collins: The Law of Contract
Cranston: Legal Foundations of the Welfare State
Davies: Perspectives on Labour Law
Dembour: Who Believes in Human Rights?: The European Convention in Question
de Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common Sense
Diduck: Law’s Families

Elworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and Materials
Fortin: Children’s Rights and the Developing Law
Glover-Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and Policy
Gobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate Crime

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Likosky: Transnational Legal Processes
Maughan & Webb: Lawyering Skills and the Legal Process
McGlynn: Families and the European Union: Law, Politics and Pluralism
Moffat: Trusts Law: Text and Materials
Monti: EC Competition Law
Morgan & Yeung: An Introduction to Law and Regulation, Text and Materials
Norrie: Crime, Reason and History
O’Dair: Legal Ethics
Oliver: Common Values and the Public – Private Divide
Oliver & Drewry: The Law and Parliament
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Reed: Internet Law: Text and Materials
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Roberts & P almer: Dispute Processes: ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision-Making

Rowbottom: Democracy Distorted: Wealth, Influence and Democ ratic Politics
Scott & Black: Cranston’s Consumers and the Law
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Twining: Rethinking Evidence
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Wells & Quick: Lacey, Wells and Quick: Reconstructing Criminal Law
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Zander: The Law-Making Process


Lacey, Wells and Quick
Reconstructing Criminal Law
Text and Materials
Fourth edition
CELIA WELLS
OLIVER QUICK

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
First published in print format
ISBN-13 978-0-521-73739-5
ISBN-13 978-0-521-51913-7
ISBN-13 978-0-511-74266-8
© Celia Wells and Oliver Quick 2010
2010
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Contents
Preface page xiii
Tabl e of c ases xv
Tabl e of s tatutes xxxvi
Section I Approaching Criminal Law
1 Images of Criminal Law 3
a. Theories of criminal law: history, sociology and philosophy 5
i. Explaining criminal law 5
ii. Justifying criminal law 9
iii. The power of criminal law 13
2 Criminal Laws in Context 19
a. Social norms 20
b. Shaping criminal law 28
c. Constructing crime: processing suspects and offenders 33
i. Institutions, people and practices 34
ii. Investigating crime 37
iii. Prosecuting crime 51
iv. Constructing crime in the trial 52
v. Sentencing and punishment 59
3 Foundations of Criminal Law 72
a. Due process and human rights 72
i. Legal ideology and the rule of law 74
ii. The presumption of innocence: in search of ‘the golden
thread’ . . . 79
iii. Miscarriages of justice 91
b. Concepts in criminal law 94
i. ‘Actus reus’ 98
ii. ‘Mens rea’ 104

viii Contents
iii. The ‘actus reus’/‘mens rea’ combination 117
iv. Exemption, justification and excuse 119
v. Inchoate offences and participatory liability 123
Section II Law, Order and Security
4 Social and Political Constructions of Disorder 129
a. Conceptions of disorder 135
b. Legitimate protest or moral panics? 138
c. Problem populations 141
5 Securing Order: Pre-emptive Measures 144
a. The trend towards p reventive justice 144
b. Breach of the peace: arrest and binding over 146
i. Arrest 146
ii. Binding over 147
c. Football banning orders 149
d. Anti-social behaviour orders 155
6 Public Order: Control Mechanisms 160
a. Controlling mass assemblies 161
i. Marches and demonstrations 161
ii. Trespass 171
b. Riot, violent disorder and affray 176
i. Outline of offences 176
ii. Common elements 178
iii. Mental element 181
c. Harassment offences 181
i. Public Order Act 1986 181
ii. Protection from Harassment Act 1997 189
d. Hate crimes 192
7 Criminal Law and Justice: Emerging Themes 198
a. Territory, technology, youth 198

b. Public order and criminal law 205
c. Public order and criminal process 214
d. Thematic summary 225

ix Contents
Section III Interpersonal Violence; Drug and Alcohol
Abuse; Offence Preparation and Participation
8 Offences Against the Person 233
a. The framework 234
i. Assault and battery 236
ii. Occasioning actual bodily harm, wounding and grievous
bodily harm 238
b. Boundary issues 244
i. Psychiatric harm 244
ii. Consent 249
iii. Disease transmission 251
c. Practice and reform 259
i. Crime patterns 259
ii. Charging practice 262
iii. Reforming offences against the person 264
9 Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Legal Constructions of a Social Problem 268
a. Drug and alcohol control 268
i. The nature of the problem 268
ii. Prohibition and regulation 273
b. Intoxication and criminal responsibility 278
10 Offence Preparation and Participation 292
a. Preparation 292
i. Attempt 293
ii. Conspiracy 297
iii. Assisting and encouraging 306

iv. Inchoate liability, impossibility and patterns of criminality 311
b. Participation 316
i. Aiding and abetting 317
ii. Joint enterprise 322
Section IV Property and Propriety
11 Defining and Defending Private Property 341
a. Conceptions of property in social and political thought 341
b. Shoplifting 351
c. Occupational and ‘white collar’ crime and conceptions of fraud 354
d. Burglar y 368

x Contents
12 Constructing Property in Criminal Law 372
a. Theft 373
i. The history of theft 373
ii. Contemporary conceptions of theft: ordinary language
through the looking glass . . . 381
b. Fraud 402
c. Conspiracy to defraud 407
d. Burglar y 410
e. Criminal damage 413
f. Duress, necessity and property 416
g. Respect for property? 447
13 Property Rights and Criminal Enforcement 449
a. Crime prevention 450
i. Situational prevention 450
ii. Diversifying and privatising control 458
iii. Money laundering 462
b. Enforcement patterns: ‘real’ crime and ‘intangible’ property 463
Section V Regulating Sexuality and Bodily autonomy:

A Crisis of Trust and Intimacy?
14 The Social Construction of Sexuality and Bodily Autonomy 477
a. Attitudes to sexuality and autonomy 478
b. Sexual freedom and sexual discipline 479
15 Sexual Violence 489
a. Sexual violence and the criminal process 489
i. A continuum of violence 490
ii. Investigating and prosecuting sexual violence 494
b. The offence of rape 499
i. Penile penetration 501
ii. Rape and marriage 503
iii. Consent, belief and mistake – the background 506
iv. Consent, belief and mistake – the 2003 reforms 513
v. Evidence and the rape trial 525
vi. Punishing rape 534
16 Regulating Sexuality 540
a. Forbidden degrees 541
i. Ages of consent 541

xi Contents
ii. Homosexuality 545
iii. Child sexual abuse 556
iv. Incest 561
b. Prostitution 564
c. Pornography 577
i. Pornography, obscenity and freedom of speech 577
ii. Beyond the liberal approach? 585
17 Criminalising Healthcare Choices 596
a. Reproductive crimes? 596
i. Contraception and abortion 596

ii. Surrogacy arrangements 613
iii. Human fertilisation and cloning 616
b. Euthanasia 618
i. Respect for life and death 618
ii. Consent and necessity 623
iii. Assisted suicide 626
iv. Avoiding reform 636
Section VI Making a Killing: Conceptions of Violence
18 The Social Construction of Violence and Personal Harm 643
a. Conceptions of violence 643
b. Domestic violence 645
19 The Criminal Regulation of Public Safety 654
a. Regulation in context 654
i. Road traffic 654
ii. Work hazards 659
b. Characteristics of regulatory offences 661
i. Offence labels 661
ii. The prevalence of strict liability 662
iii. Enforcement models 670
c. Corporate liability for crime 673
i. The rise of corporate manslaughter 675
ii. Vicarious and ‘direct’ liability 678
iii. The Herald of Free Enterprise story 680
iv. Corporate killing – the new offence 686
20 Homicide: Boundary Issues 692
a. Is killing wrong? 692
b. Medical non-treatment 697

xii Contents
c. Definitions of death 707

d. Causing death 708
e. Who can be killed? 717
21 Murder and Manslaughter 725
a. The penalty for murder 726
b. The mental element in murder 746
c. Reform: three tiers for homicide? 765
i. Murder – one and two? 765
ii. Partial defences to murder (one?) 767
iii. Involuntary manslaughter 796
d. Self-defence 810
Bibliography 819
Index 859

Preface
Reconstructing Criminal Law first appeared 20 years ago at a time when the law
in context movement in legal education was further from the mainstream than
now. Yet we sense that criminal law teaching often still relies on a view of the
subject against the grain of which this book has always tried to venture. We
continue to believe that historical, sociological and philosophical insights help
to explain and bring to life the complexity that is criminal law and justice. This
has eased our task in producing this fourth edition. We have considered all of
the material in the book, asking ourselves whether it is still relevant or has been
overtaken by new developments, but we have not replaced extracts merely for
the sake of it. In many cases, the writings on which we drew in 1990 continue
to shine a powerful light on the shifting terrain of criminal law and justice.
The intellectual drive behind the book came largely from Nicola Lacey who
has played an advisory role in this edition. The re-ordering, re-writing, and
selection of extracts have been carried out by the two of us. In terms of lead
author, we have always done some swapping around between editions; for this
edition Celia was mainly responsible for Sections I to IV and Oliver for V and

VI. We have re-ordered some parts and updated all of it. The pace of legislative
change has been relentless. But other major transformations have taken place.
The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 can now be seen more clearly than
at the time of the last edition in 2003. The book has always emphasised the
importance of public order law, of policing and of enforcement strategies in
the study of criminal law and justice. This meant we were very well placed
to incorporate discussion of the G2O protests in 2009 and of the increased
use of hybrid civil criminal mechanisms such as Anti-Social Behaviour Orders.
We have also been able to consider judicial interpretation of the all important
consent provisions in the Sexual Offences Act 2003.
There has been a revolution of another sort since 1990. No longer do we need
to go to the library to seek out law reports, or consult in hard copy Halsbury’ s
Laws, or even the Index to Legal Periodicals. This not only affects the work of
editing, it also affects the editorial decisions we have made. We do not need to
provide such lengthy extracts from cases, we can point readers to a plethora
of web sources of statutory, government and other publications. Our aim has
never been to provide a comprehensive account of criminal law and criminal

xiv Preface
justice but we can now more confidently assert that the aim of the book is to
stimulate rather than to answer questions.
Manypeople have help ed toget this editionout. Wewish tothank inparticular
Will Turner and Lyndy Davies who provided some initial research assistance,
and to Sharon Cowan, Richard Huxtable and Emily Jackson for providing us
with some useful sources. Our fantastic colleague Richard Young read and
provided extremely useful comments on a draft of Section II. Most of all, we
would like to thank our families. Celia’s children – Joe Wells, Alice and Lydia
Morgan – were 14, 9 and 4 when the black and shocking pink first edition
arrived in 1990. They contributed lively arguments then, and still do as adults,
but we haven’t let Lydia choose the cover colours again. Oliver would like to

thank Celia and Niki for inviting him to contribute to a text which much
inspired him as a student of Celia’s back in 1996. As ever, he is indebted to his
wonderful family (the Welsh and Spanish) for all their support.
Celia Wells and Oliver Quick February 2010

Table of cases
References printed in bold type indicate an extrac t from the case.
A (children) (conjoined twins: surg ical separation), Re [2001] Fam 147, [2000] 4
All ER 961, [2001] 2WLR 480, [2000] 3 FCR 577, [2001] 1 FLR 1, [2001]
Fam Law 18, [2001] Crim LR 400, CA 122, 442, 446, 626, 627, 695–6,
761, 814
A National Health Service Trust v. D [2000] 2 FCR 577, [2000] 2 FLR 677,
[2000] Fam Law 803, 55 BMLR 19, [2000] 2 Lloyd’s Rep Med 411
704
Abbott v. R [1977] AC 755, [1976] 3 All ER 140, [1976] 3WLR 462, 63
Cr App Rep 241, 140 JP 567, [1976] Crim LR 563, 128 Sol Jo 538, PC 412
441
A-G J ersey v. Holley [2005] 2 AC 580 792
A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773 317
A-G’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 250, 549
A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1983) [1985] QB 182, [1984] 3 All ER 369, [1984] 3
WLR 686, 79 Cr App Rep 288, [1984] Crim LR 570, 128 Sol Jo 596, [1984]
LS Gaz R 2458, CA 400
A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1989) [1989] 3 All ER 571, [1989] 1WLR 1117, 90 Cr
App Rep 141, 11 Cr App Rep (S) 409, [1989] Crim LR 923, CA 562
A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936, [1997] WLR 421 111,
607, 718, 746
A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1992) (1993) 96 Cr App R 298 296
A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1992)(1994) 98 Cr App R 383 294
A-G’s Reference (No 2 of 1999) [2000] QB 796, [2000] 3 All ER 182, [2000] 3

WLR 195, [2000] 2 Cr App Rep 207, [2000] IRLR 417, [2000] Crim LR 475,
[2000] 2 BCLC 257, [2000] 09 LS Gaz R 39, CA 684
A-G’s Reference (Nos 3 and 5 of 1989) [1989] RTR 337 A-G’s Reference (No 3 of
1994) [1998] AC 45, [1997] 3 All ER 936, [1997] 3WLR 421, [1998] 1 Cr
App Rep 91, [1997] Crim LR 829, [1997] 36 LS Gaz R 44, [1997] NLJR
1185, HL 656

xvi Table of cases
A-G’s Reference for Northern Ireland (No 1 of 1975) [1977] AC 105, [1976] NI
169, [1976] 2 All ER 937, [1976] 3WLR 235, 120 Sol Jo 524, HL 810
A-G’s References (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB 180, [1979] 3 All ER 143,
[1979] 3WLR 577, 69 Cr App Rep 266, 143 JP 708, [1979] Crim LR 585,
123 Sol Jo 472, CA 295
Airedale National Health Service Trust v. Bland [1993] 1 All ER 103, 626,
697, 703, 706–8, 725
Albert v. Lavin [1982] AC 546, [1981] 1 All ER 628, [1981] 2WLR 1070, 72 Cr
App Rep 178, 145 JP 184, 125 Sol Jo 114, [1981] CLR 238, CA; affd [1982]
AC 546, [1981] 3 All ER 878, [1981] 3WLR 955, 74 Cr App Rep 150, 146 JP
78, 125 Sol Jo 860, HL 121, 146
Anderton v. Burnside [1984] AC 320, [1983] 3 All ER 288, [1983] 3WLR
697, 77 Cr App Rep 309, 148 JP 1, [1983] Cr im LR 813, 127 Sol Jo 713,
HL 390
Anderton v. Ryan [1985] AC 560, [1985] 1 All ER 138, [1985] 2WLR 23, 80 Cr
App Rep 235, 149 JP 79, [1984] Crim LR 483, 128 Sol Jo 850, [1984] LS Gaz
R 1676; revsd [1985] AG 560, [1985] 2 All ER 355, [1985] 2WLR 968, 81 Cr
App Rep 166, 149 JP 433, [1985] Crim LR 503, 129 Sol Jo 362, [1985] LS
Gaz R 2241, [1985] NLJ Rep 485, HL 311, 312, 314–5
Andrews v. DPP [1937] AC 576, [1937] 2 All ER 552, 35 LGR 429, 26 Cr App
Rep 34, 101 JP 386, 106 LJKB 370, 81 Sol Jo 497, 53 TLR 663, sub nom R v.
Andrews 30 Cox CC 576, 156 LT 464, HL 110

Arrowsmith v. Jenkins [1963] 2 QB 561, [1963] 2 All ER 210, [1963] 2WLR
856, 61 LGR 312, 127 JP 289, 107 Sol Jo 215, DC 112
Arthur’s Case [1985] Crim LR 705 112, 701–2, 704–5
Austin and Saxby v. The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2007] EWCA
Civ 989 162, 167, 208
B (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment), Re [1990] 3 All ER 927, [1981] 1
WLR 1421, 80 LGR 107, 3 FLR 117, 12 Fam Law 25, 125 Sol Jo 608, CA
701
B(aminor)v. DPP [1998] 4 All ER 265, [1999] 3WLR 116, [1999] 1 Cr App
Rep 163; revsd [2000] 2 AC 428, [2000] 1 All ER 833, [2000] 2WLR 452,
[2000] 2 Cr App Rep 65, [2000] Crim LR 403, [2000] 11 LS Gaz R 36, 144
Sol Jo LB 108, HL 108, 545
B, Re [2002] 2 All ER 449 626
Beatty v. Gillbanks (1882) 9 QBD 308, 46 JP 789, 51 LJMC 117, 15 Cox CC
138, [1881–85] All ER Rep 559, 47 LT 194 212
Beckford v. R [1988] AC 130, [1987] 3 All ER 425, [1987] 3WLR 611,
85 Cr App Rep 378, [1988] Crim LR 116, 131 Sol Jo 1122, [1987]
LS Gaz R 2192, [1987] NLJ Rep 591, PC 121, 811, 812
Bedder v. DPP [1954] 2 All ER 801, [1954] 1WLR 1119, 38 Cr App Rep 133, 98
Sol Jo 556, HL 789

xvii Table of cases
Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118, [1957] 1
WLR 582, 101 Sol Jo 357, 1 BMLR 1 625
Brown and Isaac v. The State [2003] UKPC 10 324
Brutus v. Cozens. See Cozens v. Brutus
Bucknell v. DPP [2006] EWCH 1888 208
Buckoke v. Greater London Council [1971] 1 Ch 655, [1971] 2 All ER 254,
[1971] 2WLR 760, 69 LGR 210, [1971] RTR 131, 115 Sol Jo 174, CA
443

Burmah Oil v. Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 422
C(aminor)v. Eisenhower [1984] QB 331, [1983] 3WLR 537, 78 Cr App Rep
48, 129 Sol Jo 425, sub nom JJC (a minor) v. Eisenhower [1983] 3 All ER 230,
[1983] Crim LR 567 235
C v. S [1988] QB 135, [1987] 1 All ER 1230, [1987] 2WLR 1108, [1987] 2 FLR
505, [1987] Fam Law 269; affd [1988] QB 135, [1987] 1 All ER 1230, [1987]
2WLR 1108, [1987] 2 FLR 505, [1987] Fam Law 269, 131 Sol Jo 624, 2
BMLR 143, [1987] LS Gaz R 1410, CA 606
Calder (John) (Publications) Ltd v. Powell [1965] 1 QB 509, [1965] 1 All ER
159, [1965] 2WLR 138, 129 JP 136, 109 Sol Jo 71, DC 559 579
Carrier’s Case (1473) 376
Chambers and Edwards v. DPP [1995] Crim LR 896 192
Chan Wing-Sui v. R [1985] AC 168, [1984] 3 All ER 877, [1984] 3WLR 677, 80
Cr App Rep 117, [1984] Crim LR 549, 128 Sol Jo 685, [1984] LS Gaz R 216,
PC 324
Chief Constable of Avon and Somers et Constabulary v. Shimmen (1986) 84 Cr
App Rep 7, [1986] Crim LR 800 110
Clingham v. Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea [2002] UKHL 39, [2003]
1 AC 787, [2002] 4 All ER 593, [2003] 1 Cr App Rep 419, 166 JP 657, [2003]
Crim LR 269, 146 Sol Jo LB 239, [2002] All ER (D) 246 (Oct) 155
Collins v. Wilcock [1984] 3 All ER 374, [1984] 1WLR 1172, 79 Cr App Rep 229,
148 JP 692, [1984] Cr im LR 481, 128 Sol Jo 660, [1984] LS Gaz R 2140
624
Cozens v. Brutus [1972] 2 All ER 1, [1972] 1WLR 484, 136 JP 390, 116 Sol Jo
217; on appeal sub nom Brutus v. Cozens [1973] AC 854, [1972] 2 All ER
1297, [1972] 3WLR 521, 56 Cr App Rep 799, 136 JP 636, 116 Sol
Jo 647, HL 192
Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v. Veitch [1942] AC 435, [1942] 1 All
ER 142, 111 LJPC 17, 166 LT 172, 58 TLR 125, HL 300
Crook v. Edmondson

[1966] 2 QB 81, [1966] 1 All ER 833, [1966] 2WLR 672,
66
Cr App Rep 90n, 130 JP 191, 110 Sol Jo 147 573
David Janway Davies v. Health and Safety Executive [2002] EWCA Cr im 2949,
[2003] IRLR 170 662

xviii Table of cases
Dobson v. General Accident Fire and Life Assurance C orpn plc [1990] 1 QB 274,
[1989] 3 All ER 927, [1989] 3WLR 1066, [1989] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 549, [1990]
Crim LR 271, 133 Sol Jo 1445, CA 392
Doody v. Secretary of State for the Home Depart ment. See R v. Secretary of State
for the Home Department, ex p Doody 729–33
DPP for Northern Ireland v. Lynch [1975] AC 653, [1975] 2WLR 641, 61 Cr
App Rep 6, 119 Sol Jo 233, sub nom Lynch v. DPP for Northern Ireland
[1975] NI 35, [1975] 1 All ER 913, 139 JP 312, [1975] Crim LR 707, HL
430, 437, 439, 441
DPP for Northern Ireland v. Maxwell [1978] NI 42, [1978] 3 All ER 1140,
[1978] 1WLR 1350, 68 Cr App Rep 128, 143 JP 63, 122 Sol Jo 758, HL
321
DPP v. Beard [1920] AC 479, 14 Cr App Rep 159, [1920] All ER Rep 21, 64 Sol
Jo 340, 36 TLR 379, sub nom R v. Beard 84 JP 129, 89 LJKB 437, 26 Cox CC
573, 57 SLR 743, 122 LT 625, HL 281
DPP v. Bull [1995] QB 88, [1994] 4 Al l ER 411, [1994] 3WLR 1196, [1995] 1
Cr App Rep 413, 158 JP 1005, [1994] Crim LR 762 571
DPP v. Capon (1998) Independent, 23 March 101
DPP v. Dziurzynski [2002] EWHC 1380 (Admin), (2002) 166 JP 545, [2002]
35 LS Gaz R 36, [2002] All ER (D) 258 (Jul), Times, 8 July 191
DPP v. Gomez. See R v. Gomez
DPP v. Jones [1999] 2 AC 240, [1999] 2 All ER 257, [1999] 2WLR 625, [1999]
2 Cr App Rep 348, 163 JP 285, [1999] Crim LR 672, [1999] 11 LS

Gaz R 71, [1999] 13 LS Gaz R 31, [1999] EGCS 36, 143 Sol Jo LB 98, HL
173
DPP v. KandC[1997] Crim LR 121 503
DPP v. K(aminor)[1990] 1 All ER 331, [1990] 1WLR 1067, 91 Cr App Rep
23, 154 JP 192, [1990] Crim LR 321, 134 Sol Jo 636, [1989] NLJR 1455
236
DPP v. Majewski [1977] AC 443, sub nom R v. Majewski [1975] 3 All ER 296,
[1975] 3WLR 401, 62 Cr App Rep 5, 139 JP 760, 119 Sol Jo 560, CA; affd sub
nom DPP v. Majewski [1977] AC 443, [1976] 2 All ER 142, [1976] 2WLR
623, 62 Cr App Rep 262, 140 JP 315, [1976] Crim LR 374, 120 Sol Jo 299,
HL 279, 283–4, 287–8
DPP v. Morgan
[1976] AC 182, [1975] 2WLR 913, sub nom R v.
Morgan
[1975] 1 All ER 8, 118 Sol Jo 809, CA; affd sub nom DPP v. Morgan [1976]
AC 182, [1975] 2 All ER 347, [1975] 2WLR 913, 61 Cr App Rep 136, 139 JP
476, 119 Sol Jo 319, HL 280, 512, 514, 516
DPP v. Nock [1978] AC 979, [1978] 3WLR 57, 67 Cr App Rep 116,
122 Sol Jo 128, CA; revsd [1978] AC 979, [1978] 2 All ER 654,
[1978] 3WLR 57, 67 Cr App Rep 116, 142 JP 414, 122 Sol Jo 417, HL
316
DPP v. Orum [1988] 3 All ER 449, [1989] 1WLR 88, 88 Cr App Rep 261, 153
JP 85, [1988] Crim LR 848, 132 Sol Jo 1637 192

xix Table of cases
DPP v. Smith [1961] AC 290, sub nom R v. Smith [1960] 2 All ER 450, [1960] 3
WLR 92, 104 Sol Jo 510, CCA; revsd sub nom DPP v. Smith [1961] AC 290,
747–8 [1960] 3 All ER 161, [1960] 3WLR 546, 44 Cr App Rep 261, 124 JP
473, 104 Sol Jo 683, HL 235, 745, 747–8
DPP v. Whyte [1972] AC 849, [1972] 3 All ER 12, [1972] 3WLR 410, 57 Cr

App Rep 74, 136 JP 686, 116 Sol Jo 583, HL 579
Duncan v. Jones [1936] 1 KB 218, 33 LGR 491, 99 JP 399, 105 LJKB 71,
30 Cox CC 279, [1935] All ER Rep 710, 79 Sol Jo 903, 154 LT 110, 52 TLR
26, DC 212
F. (me ntal patient: sterilisation), Re [1990] 2 AC 1, [1989] 2WLR 1025, [1989]
2 FLR 376, [1989] Fam Law 390, 133 Sol Jo 785, [1989] NLJR 789, sub nom
F. v West Berkshire Health Authority (Mental Health Act Commission
intervening) [1989] 2 All ER 545, 4 BMLR 1, HL 610, 623
Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Comr [1969] 1 QB 439, [1968] 3 All ER 442,
[1968] 3WLR 1120, 52 Cr App Rep 700, 133 JP 16, 112 Sol Jo 800 102,
235
Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1881, [2002] 1
WLR 1052, [2002] ICR 412, [2002] IRLR 129, [2001] All ER (D) 125 (Dec);
revsd sub nom Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002] UKHL 22,
[2003] 1 AC 32, [2002] 3 All ER 305, [2002] 3WLR 89, [2002] ICR 798,
[2002] IRLR 533, 67 BMLR 90, [2002] NLJR 998 101
Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v. A-G of Hong Kong [1985] AC 1, [1984] 2 All ER
503, [1984] 3WLR 437, 80 Cr App Rep 194, [1984] Crim LR 479, 128 Sol Jo
549, [1984] LS Gaz R 1993, 26 BLR 159, PC 109
Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1985] 3 All ER 402,
[1985] 3WLR 830, [1986] 1 FLR 224, [1986] Grim LR 113, 129 Sol Jo 738, 2
BMLR 11, [1985] LS Gaz R 3551, [1985] NLJ Rep 1055, HL 610
Gough v. Chief Constable of Derbyshire Constabulary [2001] EWHC Admin
554, [2002] QB 459, [2001] 4 All ER 289, [2001] 3WLR 1392, [2001] 3
CMLR 613, [2001] 31 LS Gaz R 30, 145 Sol Jo LB 186; affd sub nom Gough
v. Chief Constable of Derbyshire Constabulary [2002] EWCA Civ 351, [2002]
QB 1213, [2002] 2 All ER 985, [2002] 3WLR 289, [2002] 18 LS Gaz R 37,
[2002] NLJR 552, 146 Sol Jo LB 94, [2002] All ER (D) 308 (Mar) 151,
152, 155
H v. DPP [2001] UKHL 10, [2002] 1 AC 285, [2001] 2 All ER 583, [2001] 2

WLR 765, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 216, 165 JP 437, [2001] Grim LR 491,
[2001] 20 LS Gaz R 40, [2001] NLJR 385, 145 Sol Jo LB 101 178
Holmes v. DPP [1946] AC 588, [1946] 2 All ER 124, 31 Cr App Rep 123, 115
LJKB 417, 90 Sol Jo 441, 175 LT 327, 62 TLR 466, HL 786, 791
Hyam v. DPP [1975] AC 55, [1974] 2 All ER 41, [1974] 2WLR 607, 59 Cr App
Rep 91, 138JP 374, 118 Sol Jo 311, HL 749

xx Table of cases
I. v. DPP [2001] UKHL 10, [2002] 1 AC 285, [2001] 2 All ER 583, [2001] 2
WLR 765, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 216, 165 JP 437, [2001] Crim LR 491,
[2001] 20 LS Gaz R 40, [2001] NLJR 385, 145 Sol Jo LB 101 178
J (a minor) (medical treatment), Re [1993] Fam 15 704
Jepson v. The Chief Constable of West Mercia Police Constabulary [2003] EWHC
3318 609
Kamara v. DPP [1974] AC 104, [1973] 2 All ER 1242, [1973] 3WLR 198, 57 Cr
App Rep 880, 137 JP 714, 117 Sol Jo 581, HL 299
Kelly v. Kelly [1997] 2 FLR 828, [1997] Fam Law 788, 1997 SC 285, 1997 SLT
896, 1997 SCLR 749, Times, 5 June 599
Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v. DPP. See R v. Knuller
(Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd 579
L, Re [2004] EWHC 2713 (Fam) 704
Lawrence v. Metropolitan Police Comr [1972] AC 626, [1971] 2 All ER 1253,
[1971] 3WLR 225, 55 Cr App Rep 471, 135 JP 481, 115 Sol Jo 565, HL
389, 393–5
Longford, The (1889) 14 PD 34, 58 LJP 33, 6 Asp MLC 371, 37 WR 372, 60 LT
373, 5 TLR 256, [1886–90] All ER Rep Ext 1433, CA 247
Luc Thiet Thuan v. R. [1997] AC 131, [1996] 2 All ER 1033, [1996] 3WLR 45,
[1996] 2 Cr App Rep 178, [1996] Crim LR 820, [1996] 16 LS Gaz R 30, 140
Sol Jo LB 107, PC 787
M. v. DPP [2001] UKHL 10, [2002] 1 AC 285, [2001] 2 All ER 583, [2001] 2

WLR 765, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 216, 165 JP 437, [2001] Crim LR 491,
[2001] 20 LS Gaz R 40, [2001] NLJR 385, 145 Sol Jo LB 101 178
McConnell v. Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police [1990] 1 All ER
423, [1990] 1WLR 364, 91 Cr App Rep 88, 154 JP 325, 134 Sol Jo 457, CA
146
Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v. Securities Commission [1995] 2
AC 500, [1995] 3 All ER 918, [1995] 3WLR 413, [1995] 2 BCLC 116, [1995]
BCC 942, [1995] 28 LS Gaz R 39, PC 679, 684
Metropolitan Police Comr v. Caldwell. See R v. Caldwell
Oxford v. Moss (1978) 68 Cr App Rep 183, [1979] Crim LR 119 399
Palmer v. R [1971] AC 814, [1971] 1 All ER 1077, [1971] 2WLR 831, 55 Cr
App Rep 223, 243n, 115 Sol Jo 264, 16 WIR 499, 511, PC 811
Paton v. British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees [1979] QB 276, [1978] 2
All ER 987, [1978] 3WLR 687, 142 JP 497, 122 Sol Jo 744 595 601
Percy v.
DPP [2001]
EWHC Admin 1125, (2001) 166 JP 93, [2002] Crim LR
185–7

xxi Table of cases
Quintavalle v. HFEA [2005] UKHL 28 185, 609
R (on the application of Axon) v. Secretary of State for Health & Another [2006]
EWHC 37 613
R (on the application of Corner House Research and others) (Respondents) v.
Director of the Serious Fraud Office (Appellant) (Criminal Appeal from Her
Majesty’s High Court of Justice) [2008] UKHL 60 35
R (on the application of Crown Prosecution Service)v.Chorley Justices [2002]
EWCA 2162 (Admin) (2002) 166 JP 764, sub nom R (DPP)v.Chorley
Justices [2002] 43 LS Gaz R 34 222
R (on the application of F) v. Secretary of State for Justice [2009] 2 Cr App R

(S.) 47 559
R (on the application of Fuller)v.Chief Constable of Dorset Police [2001] EWCA
Admin 57 [2003] QB 480, [2002] 3WLR 1133 172
R (on the application of Kay)v.Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2008]
UKHL 69 162, 164, 207
R (on the application of Laporte) v. Chief Constable of Gloucestershire [2006]
UKHL 55 146
R (on the application of Purdy) v. DPP [2009] UKHL 45 631, 636
R (on the applicat ion of Quintavalle) v. Secretary of State for Health [2001] 4 All
ER 1013 617
R (on the application of Rabess) v. Met Police Commissioner 2007 [2007]
EWHC 208 (Admin) 156
R (on the applicat ion of Singh) v. Chief Constable of the West Midlands [2006]
EWCA Civ 1118 172, 208
R (on the applicat ion of Smeaton) v. Secretary of State for Health (No 2) [2002]
EWHC 886 (Admin), [2002] 2 FLR 146 604
R (on the application of W by his parent and litigation friend PW)v.Comm of
Police for the Metropolis & Others [2006] EWCA 458 208
R(Anderson)v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] UKHL 46,
[2002] 4 All ER 1089 34, 738, 739–42
R(C)v. Chief Constable of A, and A Magistrates’ Court [2006] EWHC 2353
(Admin) 43
R (Li
chniak)v.Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] EWCA
Admin 294 [2002] QB 296, [2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933; affd
sub Nom R (Lichniak)v.Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002]
QB 296, 2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933, 145 Sol Jo LB 127, CA
743
R (McCann)v.Crown Court at Manchester [2001] 1WLR 358, sub nom R v.
Crown Court at Manchester, ex p McCann 165 JP 225, [2001] 02 LS Gaz R

40, 144 Sol Jo LB 287, DC; affd sub nom R (on the application of McCann) v.
Crown Court at Manchester [2001] EWCA Civ 281 [2001] 4 All ER 264,
[2001] 1WLR 1084, 165 JP 545; on appeal sub nom R (McCann)v.Crown
CourtatManchester[2002] UKHL 39 [2003] 1 AC 787, [2002] 4 All ER 593,

xxii Table of cases
[2003] 1 Cr App Rep 419, 166 JP 657, [2003] Crim LR 269, 146 Sol Jo LB
239, [2002] All ER (D) 246 (Oct) 155
R (Pretty)v.DPP (Secretary of State for the Home Department intervening)
[2001] UKHL 61 [2002] 1 AC 800, [2002] 1 All ER 1; affd sub nom Pretty v.
United Kingdom [2002] 2 FCR 97, [2002] 2 FLR 45, [2002] Fam Law 588, 66
BMLR 147, [2002] Al l ER (D) 286, sub nom R (on the application of Pretty)
v. DPP [2002] NLJR 707, ECtHR; 626, 628
R (Pyrah)v.Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] EWHC Admin
294 [2002] QB 296, [2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933; affd sub nom R
v. (Py rah)v.Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] QB 296,
[2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933, 145 Sol Jo LB 127, CA 743
R v. A(No2)[2001] UKHL 25, [2002] 1 AC 45, [2001] 3 All ER 1, [2001] 2
WLR 1546, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 351, 165 JP 609, [2001] Crim LR 908, 11
BHRC 225, [2001] UKHRR 825 529, 531
R v. Abdroikof, R v. Green and R v. Williamson [2007] UKHL 37 56
R v. Abdul-Hussain [1999] Crim LR 570, CA 443, 447
R v. Abdullahi (1992) 97 Cr App Rep 99, [1994] Crim LR 361, CA 91
R v. Adams [1957] Crim LR 365 705
R v. Adomako [1994] QB 302, [1993] 4 All ER 935, [1993] 3WLR 927, 98 Cr
App Rep 262, [1993]4Med LR 304, 15 BMLR 13, [1993] 25 LS GazR 36, 137
Sol Jo LB 145, CA; affd [1995] 1 AC 171, [1994] 3 All ER 79, [1994] 3WLR
288, 158 JP 653, [1994] Gr im LR 757, [1994] 5 Med LR 277, 19 BMLR 56,
[1994] LJR 936, HL 689, 796
R v. Ahluwalia [1992] 4 All ER 889, 96 Cr App Rep 133, [1992] NLJR 1159,

[1993] Crim LR 63, CA 775, 782–85
R v. Aitken (1992) 95 Cr App R 304 250, 253
R v. Allan [1965] 1 QB 130, [1963] 2 All ER 897, [1963] 3WLR 677, 47 Cr App
Rep 243, 127 JP 511, 107 Sol Jo 596, CCA 318
R v. Anderson [1986] AC 27, [1985] 2 All ER 961, [1985] 3WLR 268, 81 Cr
App Rep 253, [1985] Crim LR 651, 129 Sol Jo 522, [1985] LS Gaz R 3172,
[1985] NLJ Rep 727, HL 304
R v. Aramah (1982) 76 Cr App Rep 190, 4 Cr App Rep (S) 407, 147 JP 217,
[1983] Crim LR 271, 127 Sol Jo 85, CA 277
R v. Arnold
[1997] 4 All ER 1, [1997] Crim LR 833, CA 386, 400
R v. As
sociated Octel C o Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 1051, [1995] ICR 281, [1994]
IRLR 540, [1994] 36 LS Gaz R 37, [1994] NLJR 1312, 138 Sol Jo LB 194, CA;
affd [1996] 4 All ER 846, [1996] 1WLR 1543, [1996] ICR 972, [1997] IRLR
123, [1997] Crim LR 355, [1996] NLJR 1685, HL 679
R v. Atakpu [1994] QB 69, [1993] 4 All ER 215, [1993] 3WLR 812, [1994]
RTR 23, Cr App Rep 254, [1994] Crim LR 693, [1993] NLJR 652, CA
394
R v. B. [2007] 1 WLR 1567 524
R v.Bagshaw[1988] Crim LR 321 387
R v. Baker and Ward [1999] 2 Cr App R 335 433

xxiii Table of cases
R v. Bailey [1983] 2 All ER 503, [1983] 1WLR 760, 77 Cr App Rep 76, 147 JP
558, [1983] Crim LR 533, 127 Sol Jo 425, CA 284
R v. Baker and Wilkins [1997] Crim LR 497 420
R v. Ball [1989] Crim LR 730, CA 183
R v. Barnes [1994] Crim LR 691, CA 528
R v. Barnes [2004] EWCA 3246 254

R v. Barrow (1868) LR 1 CCR 156, 38 LJMC 20, 11 Cox CC 191, 17 WR 102, 19
LT 293 509
R v. Becerra (1975) 62 Cr App Rep 212, CA 319
R v. Bentley [1998] EWCA 2516 328
R v. Berry, (Arthur John) (1988) 10 Cr App Rep (S) 13, CA 536
R v. Billam [1986] 1 All ER 985, [1986] 1WLR 349, 82 Cr App Rep 347, 8 Cr
App Rep (S) 48, [1986] Crim LR 347, 130 Sol Jo 167, [1986] LS Gaz R 870,
CA 510 534, 536
R v. Bird [1985] 2 All ER 513, [1985] 1WLR 816, 81 Cr App Rep 110, [1985]
Crim LR 388, 129 Sol Jo 362, [1985] LS Gaz R 1709, CA 814
R v. Blaue [1975] 3 All ER 446, [1975] 1 WLR 1411, 61 Cr App Rep 271, 139 JP
841, [1976] Crim LR 648, 119 Sol Jo 589, CA 633, 712
R v. Bournemouth Magistrates’ Court, ex p Cross, Griffin and Pamment (1988)
89 Cr App Rep 90, 153 JP 440, [1989] Crim LR 207 222
R v. Bowen [1996] 4 All ER 837 426
R v. Braithwaite (1991) Times,9December,CA 91
R v. Bree [2007] 3 WLR 600 518
R v. Brit ish Steel plc [1995] 1 WLR 1356, [1995] ICR 586, [1995] IRLR 310,
[1995] Crim LR 654, CA 666, 671
R v. Brown [1994] 1 AC 212, [1993] 2 All ER 75, [1993] 2 WLR 556, 97 Cr App
Rep 44, 157 JP 337, [1993] Crim LR 583, [1993] NLJR 399, HL 251,
253, 522, 548, 552–3
R v. Burstow [1997] 1 Cr App Rep 144, CA; affd [1998] AC 147, [1997]
4 All ER 225, [1998] 1 Cr App Rep 177, [1998] 1 FLR 105, [1998] Fam
Law 137, [1997] Crim LR 810, [1997] NLJR 1273, HL 238, 244, 251,
262
R
v. Butle
r [1992] 1 SCR 452 590
R v. C (1992) 156 JP 649, [1992] Crim LR 648, CA 528

R v. Calder and Boyars Ltd [1969] 1 QB 151, [1968] 3 All ER 644, [1968] 3
WLR 974, 52 Cr App Rep 706, 133 JP 20, 112 Sol Jo 688, CA 579
R v. Caldwell (1980) 71 Cr App Rep 237, CA; affd sub nom Metropolitan Police
Comr v. Caldwell [1982] AC 341, [1981] 2WLR 509, sub nom R v. Caldwell
[1981] 1 All ER 961, 73 Cr App Rep 13, 145 JP 211, 125 Sol Jo 239, HL
110, 284, 414, 796
R v. Calhaem [1985] QB 808 317
R v.Campbell(1991) 93 Cr App R 350 296
R v. Camplin [1978] QB 254, [1978] 1 Al l ER 1236, [1977] 3WLR 929, 66 Cr
App Rep 37, 121 Sol Jo 676, CA; affd [1978] AC 705, [1978] 2WLR 679, 67