Tiếng Anh kỹ thuật UNIT 2 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION

UNIT 2
SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
CONTENTS
I. Overview
II. System Concepts
III. Human Machine Interface
IV. System Components
V. Operational Philosophy
VI. Communication Infrastructure and Methods
VII. Future Trend in SCADA
VIII. Security Issue
I. OVERVIEW
I.1 READING
SCADA is the acronym for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. In North
America and in the rest of the world, the term is used differently:
• In North America, SCADA refers to a large-scale, distributed measurement and
control system.
• In the rest of the world, SCADA is any system that performs Supervisory Control
And Data Acquisition, independent of its size or geographical distribution.
SCADA systems are typically used to perform data collection and control at the supervisory
level. Some SCADA systems only monitor without doing control, these systems are still
referred to as SCADA systems.
The supervisory control system is a system that is placed on top of a real-time control
system to control a process that is external to the SCADA system (i.e. a computer, by itself,
is not a SCADA system even though it controls its own power consumption and cooling).
This implies that the system is not critical to control the process in real-time, as there is a
separate or integrated real-time automated control system that can respond quickly enough to
compensate for process changes within the time-constants of the process. The process can be
industrial, infrastructure or facility based as described below:
• Industrial processes include: manufacturing/production/power generation/fabrication
/refining - continuous, batch, repetitive or discrete.

• Infrastructure processes may be public or private and include: water treatment and
distribution, wastewater collection and wastewater treatment, oil & gas pipelines,
electrical power transmission and distribution and large communication systems.
• Facility processes in private or public facilities including: buildings, airports, ships or
space stations in order to monitor and control: HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air
conditioning, and Cooling), access control, energy consumption management
The SCADA systems for these applications all perform Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition, even though the use of the systems are very different.
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I.2 VOCABULARY
Access (n) ['ækses]:
Acquisition (n) [,ækwi'zi∫n]:
Acronym (n) ['ækrәnim]:
Air conditioning (n) [eә kәn'di∫niη]:
Batch (n) [bæt∫]:
Collection (n) [kә'lek∫n]:
Compensate (v) ['kɔmpenseit]:
Consumption (n) [kәn'sɔmp∫n]:
Cooling (n) [ku:liη]:
Critical (adj) ['kritikәl]:
External (adj) [eks'tә:nl]:
Facility (n) [fә'siliti]:
Facility process (n):
Geographical (adj) [dʒiә'græfikәl]:
Heating (n) [hi:tiη]:
Imply (n) [im'plai]:
Integrated (adj) ['intigreitid']:
Infrastructure (n) [,infrә'strɔkt∫ә]:

Manufacturing (n) [mænju'fækt∫әriη]:
Large-scale (adj) [lɔ:dʒ skeil] :
On top (adv) [ɔn tɔp]:
Perform (v) [pә'fɔ:m]:
Power generation ['pauә dʒenә'rei∫n]:
Power transmission ['pauә trænz'mi∫n]:
Power distribution ['pauә distri'bju:∫n]:
Private (adj) ['praivit]:
Production (n) [prә'dɔk∫n]:
Public (adj) ['pɔblik]:
Fabrication (n) [,fæbri'kei∫n]:

Refining (n) [ri'fainiη]:
Repetitive (adj) [ri'petәtiv]:
Separate (adj) ['seprәt]:
Supervisory (adj) ['su:pәvaizәri]:
Time constant (n) [taim 'kɔnstәnt]:

Lối vào
Thu thập
Từ viết tắt
Điều hồ khơng khí
Mẻ
Bộ sưu tập, tuyển tập
Bù
Tiêu thụ, tiêu dùng
Làm mát
Quan trọng, trọng yếu
Bên ngoài
Tiện nghi, cơ sở, chỗ

Q trình tiện nghi
Địa lý
Sưởi
ám chỉ
Tích hợp
Cơ sở hạ tầng
(Discrete) Xản xuất (Lắp ráp)
Qui mô lớn
ở trên
Thực hiện
Xản xuất điện, phát điện
Truyền tải điện
Phân phối điện
Tư nhân
(Batch, continous) Xản xuất
(bánh kẹo,vải, giấy …)
Công cộng
(Repetitive)Xản xuất
(gia công bằng tay: dệt may,
đóng giày…)
Tinh chế, lọc
Lặp lại
Riêng biệt
Giám sát
Hằng số thời gian
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Treatment (n) ['tri:tmәnt]:
Ventilation (n) [,venti'lei∫n]::

Water treatment (n) ['wɔ:tә 'tri:tmәnt]:
Wastewater treatment (n) [weist wɔ:tә 'tri:tmәnt]:

Xử lý
Thơng gió
Xử lý nước
Xử lý nuớc thải

I.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. What does SCADA stand for?
2. How the term “SCADA” is understood differently in North America and the
rest of the world?
3. What are the typical functions of SCADA systems?
4. What is the main function of SCADA system?
5. What kind of systems are the SCADA systems?
6. What features SCADA systems?
7. What are the processes for which SCADA systems are designed?
8. What are the industrial processes?
9. What can be an infrastructure process?
10. Where are the facility processes? And what are they?
II. SYSTEM CONCEPTS
II.1 READING
A SCADA system includes input/output signal hardware, controllers, HMI (Human
Machine Interface), networks, communication, database and software. SCADA mainly
comes in the branch of Instrumentation Engineering.
The term SCADA usually refers to a central system that monitors and controls a
complete site or a system spread out over a long distance (kilometers/miles). The bulk of the
site control is actually performed automatically by a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) or by a
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Host control functions are almost always restricted

to basic site over-ride or supervisory level capability. For example, a PLC may control the
flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may
allow an operator to change the control set point for the flow, and will allow any alarm
conditions such as loss of flow or high temperature to be recorded and displayed. The
feedback control loop is closed through the RTU or PLC; the SCADA system monitors the
overall performance of that loop.

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Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment
statuses that are communicated to SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted
in such a way that a control room operator using the HMI can make appropriate supervisory
decisions that may be required to adjust or over-ride normal RTU (PLC) controls. Data may
also be collected in to a Historian, often built on a commodity Database Management
System, to allow trending and other analytical work.
SCADA systems typically implement a distributed database, commonly referred to as
a tag database, which contains data elements called tags or points. A point represents a
single input or output value monitored or controlled by the system. Points can be either
"hard" or "soft". A hard point is representative of an actual input or output connected to the
system, while a soft point represents the result of logic and math operations applied to other
hard and soft points. Most implementations conceptually remove this distinction by making
every property a "soft" point (expression) that can equal a single "hard" point in the simplest
case. Point values are normally stored as value-timestamp combinations; the value and the
timestamp when the value was recorded or calculated. A series of value-timestamp
combinations is the history of that point. It's also common to store additional metadata with
tags such as: path to field device and PLC register, design time comments, and even
alarming information.
It is possible to purchase a SCADA system from suppliers. It is more common to
assemble a SCADA system from hardware and software components like Telvent, AllenBradley, ABB, Siemens, DirectLogic or GE PLCs, HMI packages from Adroit,

Wonderware, Iconics, Rockwell Automation, Inductive Automation, Citect, or GE.

36


II.2 VOCABULARY
Alarm (n) [ә'lɔ:m]:
Analytical (adj) [,ænә'litikәl]:
Appropriate (adj) [ә'proupriәt]:
Assemble (v) [ә'sembl]:
Bulk (n) [bɔlk]:
Close (v) [klous]:
Come (v) [kɔm]:
Commodity (n) [kә'mɔditi]:
Communicate (v) [kә'mju:nikeit]:
Compile (v) [kәm'pail]:
Conceptual (adj) [kәn'septjuәl]:
Database (n) ['deitәbeis]:
Database management system:
Display (v) [dis'plei]:
Format (v) ['fɔ:mæt]:
Historian (n) [his'tɔ:riәn]:
Host (n) [houst]:
Metadata (n) [,metә' 'deitә]:

Meter reading (n) ['mi:tә 'ri:diη]:
Overall (adj) ['ouvәrɔ:l]:
Over-ride (v) ['ouvә raid]:
Over-ride (n):
Overall performance:

Property (n) ['prɔpәti]:
Implement (v) ['implimәnt]:
Register (n) ['redʒistә]:
Site (n) [sait]:
Tag (n) [tæg]:
Timestamp (n) [taim stỉmp]:
Trending (n) ['trendiη]:

Cảnh báo
Phân tích
Phù hợp, thích hợp
Lắp ráp, xây dựng
Phạm vi, qui mơ
Đóng, khép mạch
Thuộc về, ở
Hàng hoá
Truyền, chuyển
Thu thập, biên tập
Khái niệm
Cơ sở dữ liệu
Hệ thống quản lý dữ
liệu
Biểu thị, trình bày
Định dạng
Thiết bị lưu trữ
Máy chủ
Thông tin dữ liệu (data
that provides
information about other
data)

Số chỉ của thiết bị đo
Toàn bộ
Điều khiển thay, thay
thế
Điều khiển từ cấp trên
Tình trạng hoạt động
chung
Tài sản, thuộc tính
Cung cấp
Thanh ghi
Địa điểm, công trường
Điểm
Thời điểm
Đồ thị

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II.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. What does a SCADA system include?
2. To what engineering branch does SCADA belong to?
3. What does SCADA refer to?
4. What does RTU stand for?
5. What is in charge of site control?
6. What are the host functions mainly restricted to?
7. In the cooling by water of an industrial plant, what a PLC may do and what
is the jobs of the SCADA system?
8. What do PLCs and RTUs do? What are the jobs of SCADA systems?
9. Where does data acqusition begin? And what does data acquisition invlove?

10. How can data be processed?
11. What does HMI enable human operators to do?
12. What is the base of Historians?
13. What allows for trending and analytical work?
14. What does SCADA system typically provide?
15. What does tag database contain?
16. What does a tag or a point represent?
17. What is a hard point? And what is a soft point?
18. The concept of hard points and soft points can be reduced to cover soft
points only?
19. How point values normally stored?
20. What is the timestamp of a point value?
21. What is the purpose for value-timestamp combinations?
22. What can be the common metadata with tags?
23. How can we have SCADA systems?
III. HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
III.1 READING
A Human Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a
human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process.
The HMI industry was essentially born out of a need for a standardized way to
monitor and to control multiple remote controllers, PLC and other control devices. While a
PLC does provide automated, pre-programmed control over a process, they are usually
distributed across a plant, making it difficult to gather data from them manually. Historically
PLCs had no standardized way to present information to an operator. The SCADA system
gathers information from the PLCs and other controllers via some form of network, and
combines and formats the information. An HMI may also be linked to a database, to provide
trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance
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procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and
expert-system troubleshooting guides. Since about 1998, virtually all major PLC
manufacturers have offered integrated HMI/SCADA systems, many of them using open and
non-proprietary communications protocols. Numerous specialized third-party HMI/SCADA
packages, offering built-in compatibility with most major PLCs, have also entered the
market, allowing mechanical engineers, electrical engineers and technicians to configure
HMIs themselves, without the need for a custom-made program written by a software
developer.
SCADA is popular, due to its compatibility and reliability. It is used in small
applications, like controlling the temperature of a room, to large applications, such as the
control of nuclear power plants.
III.2 VOCABULARY
Apparatus (n) [,æpә'reitәs]:
Compatibility (n) [kәm,pætә'biliti]:
Combine (v) [kɔm'bain]:
Custom –made (adj) ['kɔstәm meid]:
Detailed (adj) ['di:teild]:
Diagnostic (adj) [,daiәg'nɔstik]:
Expert (n) ['ekspә:t] :
Essential (adj) [i'sen∫әl]:
Historical (adj) [his'tɔrikәl] :
Gather (v) ['gæđә]:
Integrate (v) ['intigreit]:
Logistic (adj) [lou'dʒistik]:
Maintenance (n) ['meintinәns]:
Non-proprietary (adj) [,nɔn prә'praiәtri]:
Pre-programmed (adj) [,pri:' prougræmd]:
Package (n) ['pækidʒ]:
Reliability (n) [ri,laiә'bilәti]:
Schedule (v) ['∫edju:l]:

Standardize (v) ['stændәdaiz]:
Trending (n) ['trendiη]:
Third-party (n) [θә:d 'pɔ:ti]:

Thiết bị, máy móc
Tính tương thích
Kết hợp
Làm theo đặt hàng
Cặn kẽ, tỉ mỉ
Chuẩn đốn
Chun gia
Chủ yếu, cốt yếu
Lịch sử
Thu thập
Tích hợp
Hậu cần
Bảo dưỡng
Mở
Được lập trình sẵn
Gói
Độ tin cậy
Lên kế hoạch
Chuẩn hố
Đồ thị
Bên thứ ba

III.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. What does HMI stand for? And what is HMI?
2. That is the need that necessitates the development of HMI?

3. Why is it difficult to gather data from PLCs manually?

39


4. How can SCADA systems gather information from PLCs? And what they
do additionally?
5. What are the services HMI can provide? What enables HMI to do so?
6. What can major PLC manufacturers offer since 1998?
7. What enable mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, or technicians to
configure HMI themselves?
8. What make SCADA popular?
9. What can be the scope of an SCADA application?
IV. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
IV.1 READING
The three components of a SCADA system are:
1. Multiple Remote Terminal Units (also known as RTUs or Outstations).
2. Master Station and HMI Computer(s).
3. Communication infrastructure
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
The RTU connects to physical equipment, and reads status data such as the
open/closed status from a switch or a valve, reads measurements such as pressure, flow,
voltage or current. By sending signals to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as
opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump. The RTU can read
digital status data or analogue measurement data, and send out digital commands or
analogue set-points.
The term RTU includes PLC. "Smart" RTU or PLCs are the Distributed Control
System (DCS) components of SCADA. The use of DCS components which are capable of
autonomously executing simple processes without involving the master computer, is
increasing.

An important part of most SCADA implementations are alarms. An alarm is a digital
status point that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM. Alarms can be created in such a
way that when their requirements are met, they are activated. An example of an alarm is the
"fuel tank empty" light in a car. The SCADA operator's attention is drawn to the part of the
system requiring attention by the alarm. Emails and text messages are often sent along with
an alarm activation alerting managers along with the SCADA operator.
Master Station
The term "Master Station" refers to the servers and software responsible for
communicating with the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, etc), and then to the HMI software
running on workstations in the control room, or elsewhere. In smaller SCADA systems, the
master station may be composed of a single PC. In larger SCADA systems, the master
station may include multiple servers, distributed software applications, and disaster recovery
sites.
The SCADA system usually presents the information to the operating personnel
graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram. This means that the operator can see a
schematic representation of the plant being controlled. For example, a picture of a pump
40


connected to a pipe can show the operator that the pump is running and how much fluid it is
pumping through the pipe at the moment. The operator can then switch the pump off. The
HMI software will show the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time. Mimic
diagrams may consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process elements,
or may consist of digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with animated
symbols.
The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing program that
the operators or system maintenance personnel use to change the way these points are
represented in the interface. These representations can be as simple as an on-screen traffic
light, which represents the state of an actual traffic light in the field, or as complex as a
multi-projector display representing the position of all of the elevators in a skyscraper or all

of the trains on a railway. Initially, more "open" platforms such as Linus were not as widely
used due to the highly dynamic development environment and because a SCADA customer
that was able to afford the field hardware and devices to be controlled could usually also
purchase UNIX or Open VMS licenses. Today, all major operating systems are used for both
master station servers and HMI workstations.
IV.2 VOCABULARY
Activate (v) ['æktiveit]:
Afford (v) [ә'fɔ:d]:
Alert (v) [ә'lә:t]:
Animated (adj) ['ænimeitid]:
Autonomously (adv) [ɔ:'tɔnәmәsli]:
Component (n) [kәm'pounәnt]:
Dynamic (adj) [dai'næmik]:
Elevator (n) ['eliveitә]:
Elsewhere (adv) ['els'weә]:
Enhance (v) [in'hɔ:ns]:
Highly dynamic (adj):
Large-scale (adj) [lɔ:dʒ skeil]:
Mimic (adj) ['mimik]:
Overlain with (adj) [,ouvә'lain wiđ]:
Pipe (n) [paip]:
Platform (n) ['plætfɔ:m]:
Pump (n) [pɔmp]:
Railway (n) ['reilwei]:
Responsible (adj) [ri'spɔnsәbl]:
Smart (adj) [smɔ:t]:
Status (n) ['steitәs]:
Symbol (n) ['simbәl]:
Terminal (n) ['tә:minl]:

Kích hoạt
Chi trả
Cảnh báo
Hoạt hố
Độc lập
Bộ phận cấu thành
Chức năng
Thang máy
Chỗ khác, nơi khác
Tăng cường, củng cố
Đa chức năng, đa dich vụ
Qui mô lớn
Mô phỏng
Kèm với
Đường ống
Hệ nền
Bơm
Đường tầu
Trách nhiệm, chịu trách nhiệm
Thông minh
Trạng thái
Biểu tượng
Đầu cuối
41


Valve (n) [vælv]:

Van

IV.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the three components of SCADA?
2. What does RTU stand for?
3. What are the tasks of RTUs?
4. Generally, what a RTU can do?
5. Is a PLC a RTU?
6. What type of components of SCADA are the RTUs or PLCs?
7. What is on increase in the design of SCADA systems?
9. What is an important part of most SCADA implementations?
10. How can we define an alarm?
11. In what way are alarms created?
12. What can be an example of alarms?
13. What is the purpose of alarms?
14. What can happen together with alarm activation?
15. What does the term “Master Station” refer to?
16. What can be the possible configuration of Master station?
17. In what form do SCADA systems present information to the operating
personnel?
19. What can an operator see?
20. What may mimic diagrams consist?
21. What do HMI packages for SCADA systems typically include?
22. What can be the represented in mimic diagrams?
23. Why initially Linus was not widely used as the operating system for
SCADA application?
24. Nowadays, can major operating systems be used with Master station
servers and HMI workstations?
V. OPERATINAL PHILOSOPHY
V.1 READING
Instead of relying on operator intervention, or master station automation, RTUs may

now be required to operate on their own to control or perform other safety-related tasks. The
master station software is required to do more analysis of data before presenting it to
operators including historical analysis and analysis associated with particular industry
requirements. Safety requirements are now being applied to the system as a whole and even
master station software must meet stringent safety standards for some markets.
For some installations, the costs that would result from the control system failing is
extremely high. Possibly even lives could be lost. Hardware for SCADA systems is
generally hardened to withstand temperature, vibration, and voltage extremes, but in these
42


installations reliability is enhanced by having redundant hardware and communications
channels. A failing part can be quickly identified and its functionality will be automatically
taken over by backup hardware. A failed part can often be replaced without interrupting the
process. The reliability of such systems can be calculated statistically and is stated as the
mean time to failure, which is a variant of mean time between failures. The calculated mean
time to failure of such high reliability systems can be in the centuries.
V.2 VOCABULARY
Backup (adj) ['bækɔp]:
Calculate (v) ['kælkjuleit]:
Enhance (v) [in'hɔ:ns]:
Extreme (n) [iks'tri:m]:
Failing (n) ['feiliη]:
Failure (n) ['feiljә]:
Harden (v) ['hɔ:dn]:
Installation [,instә'lei∫n]:
Mean (n) [mi:n]:
Philosophy (n) [fi'lɔsәfi]:
Redundant (adj) [ri'dɔndәnt]:
State (v) [steit]:

Statistical (adj) [stә'tistikl]:
Stringent (adj) ['stridʒәnt]:
Variant (n) ['veәriәnt]:

Dự phịng
Tính tốn
Tăng cường, củng cố
Cực cao
Hỏng hóc
Sự cố
Làm cứng, làm vững
Hệ thống máy móc/thiết bị, cơ sở
Trung bình
Ngun tắc
Dư, dự phịng
Đưa ra
Thống kê
Khe khắt
Biến thể

V.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. What may RTUs now be required to do on their own?
2. What are the tasks of master station software?
3. Currently, how are safety requirements be applied?
4. What the extent can the failing of a control system result?
5. How can reliability of SCADA systems be enhanced?
6. What does redundancy of the system mean?
7. By what means is the reliability of a system evaluated?
7. For high reliability systems, how long often is the time period between two

possible failures?
VI. COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND METHODS
VI.1 READING
SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct serial or
modem connections to meet communication requirements, although Ethernet and IP over
SONET is also frequently used at large sites such as railways and power stations.
43


This has also come under threat with some customers wanting SCADA data to travel
over their pre-established corporate networks or to share the network with other applications.
The legacy of the early low-bandwidth protocols remains, though. SCADA protocols are
designed to be very compact and many are designed to send information to the master
station only when the master station polls the RTU. Typical legacy SCADA protocols
include Modbus, RP-570 and Conitel. These communication protocols are all SCADAvendor specific. Standard protocols are IEC 60870-50-101 or 104, Profibus and DNP3.
These communication protocols are standardized and recognized by all major SCADA
vendors. Many of these protocols now contain extensions to operate over TCP/IP, although
it is good security engineering practice to avoid connecting SCADA systems to the Internet
so the attack surface is reduced.
RTUs and other automatic controller devices were being developed before the advent
of industry wide standards for interoperability. The result is that developers and their
management created a multitude of control protocols. Among the larger vendors, there was
also the incentive to create their own protocol to "lock in" their customer base.
VI.2 VOCABULARY
Advent (n) ['ædvәnt]:
Bandwidth (n) [bændwidθ]:

Demodulation (n) [,mɔdju'lei∫n]:
Incentive (n) [in'sentiv]:
Interoperability (n) [in'tә: ɔpәrә'biliti]:

Legacy (n) ['legәsi]:
Lock-in (v) [lɔkin]:
Modulation (n) [,mɔdju'lei∫n]:
Modem (n):
Multitude (n) ['mɔltitju:d]:
Practice (n) ['præktis]:
Poll (v) [poul]:
Surface (n) ['sә:fis]:
Vendor (n) ['vendɔ:]:

Sự ra đời
Băng thơng

Giải điều chế
Động cơ, mục đích
Kết nối vận hành
Tàn dư, di sản
Giữ chân
Điều chế
Modulation and demodulation
Số lượng lớn
Thơng lệ
Thu thập dữ liêu, thăm dị
Bề mặt
Người bán, nhà cung cấp

VI.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. What kinds of communications connections that SCADA uses?
2. Under what circumstances is it hard to realize common SCADA

communication connections?
3. What is the effect of the low bandwidth legacy over SCADA protocols?
4. What are the typical legacy SCADA protocols? And what are the standards
SCADA protocols?
5. What is the main advantage of standard SCADA protocols over the legacy
SCADA protocols?
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6. Can standard SCADA protocols operate over TCP/IP?
7. What is the risk that TCP/IP hides?
VII. FUTURE TREND IN SCADA
VII.1 READING
The trend is for PLC and HMI/SCADA software to be more "mix-and-match". In the
mid 1990s, the typical DAQ I/O manufacturer offered their own proprietary communications
protocols over a suitable-distanced carrier like RS-485. Towards the late 1990s, the shift
towards open communications continued with I/O manufacturers offering support of open
message structures like Modicon MODBUS over RS-485, and by 2000 most I/O makers
offered completely open interfacing such as Modicon MODBUS over TCP/IP. The primary
barriers of Ethernet TCP/IP's entrance into industrial automation (determinism,
synchronization, protocol selection, environment suitability) are still a concern to a few
extremely specialized applications, but for the vast majority of HMI/SCADA markets these
barriers have been broken.
Note:
DAQ I/O: Data acquisition I/O
VII.2 VOCABULARY
Barrier (n) ['bæriә]:
Carrier (n) ['kæriә(r)]:
Determinism (n) [di'tә:minizm]:
Entrance (n) ['entrәns]:

Interfacing (n) ['intә,feisiη]:
Majority (n) [mә'dʒɔriti]:
Mix and match [miks ænd mæt∫]:
Suitable (adj) ['su:tәbl]:
Suitable-distanced carrier (n):
Synchronization (n) [,siηkrәnai'zei∫n]:
Trend (n) [trend]:
Vast (n) [vɔ:st]:

Rào cản
Vật mang, Đường truyền
Tính xác định trước
Lối vào, gia nhập
Giao diện
Phần đơng
Hồ hợp (Hồ đồng và tương hợp)
Phù hợp, thích hợp
Đường truyền phù hợp khoảng cách
Đồng bộ hoá
Khuynh hướng
Lớn

VII.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. How is the trend for PLC and HMI/SCADA soft ware?
2. What did the typical I/O manufacturers offer in the mid of 1990s?
3. What is the shift with I/O manufacturers?
4. By 2000 what do the most of I/O makers offer?
5. Now, are there difficulties that barrier Ethernet TCP/IP from entering
industrial automation? And what were those difficulties?

45


VIII. SECURITY ISSUES
VIII.1 READING
Recently, the security of SCADA-based systems has come into question as they are
increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to cyberwarfare/cyberterrorism attacks on several
fronts.
In particular, security researchers are concerned about:
• the lack of concern about security and authentication in the design, deployment and
operation of existing SCADA networks
• the mistaken belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security by obscurity
through the use of specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces
• the mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are supposedly
physically secured
• the mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are supposedly
disconnected from the Internet
Given the mission critical nature of a large number of SCADA systems, such attacks
could, in a worst case scenario, cause massive financial losses through loss of data or actual
physical destruction, misuse or theft, even loss of life, either directly or indirectly. Whether
such concerns will cause a move away from the use of existing SCADA systems for mission
critical applications towards more secure architectures and configurations remains to be
seen, given that at least some influential people in corporate and governmental circles
believe that the benefits and lower initial costs of SCADA based systems still outweigh
potential costs and risks. Recently, multiple security vendors, such as Check Point and
Innominate have begun to address these risks by developing lines of specialized industrial
firewall and VPN solutions for TCP/IP-based SCADA networks.
Note:
VPN: A Virtual Private Netwofk (VPN) is a communication network tunneled

through another network, and dedicated for a specific network.
Firewall: A firewall is a hardware or software device which is configured to permit,
deny, or proxy data through a computer network which has different levels of trust.
VIII.2 VOCABULARY
Authentication (n) [ɔ:,θenti'kei∫n]:
Belief (n) [bi'li:f]:
Benefit (n) ['benifit]:
Cyberwarfare (n) ['saibә 'wɔ:feә]:
Cyberterrorism (n) ['saibә 'terәrizәm]:
Extremely (adv) [iks'tri:mli]:
Front (n) [frɔnt]:
Financial (adj) [fai'nỉn∫]:
Influential (adj) [,influ'en∫әl]:

Xác thức,kiểm sốt
Quan niệm
Lợi ích
Chiến tranh mạng
Khủng bố mạng
Rất, vơ cùng
Mặt
Tài chính
ảnh huởng
46


Massive (adj) ['mæsiv]:
Misuse (v) [mis'ju:z]:
Mistaken (adj) [mis'teikәn] :
Mission-critical ['mi∫n 'kritikәl]:

Obscurity (n) [әb'skjuәriti]:
Out-weigh (v) [aut'wei]:
Potential (adj) [pә'ten∫l]:
Scenario (n) [si'nɔ:riou]:
Supposedly (adv) [sә'pouzidili]:
Theft (n) [θeft]:
Vulnerable (adj) ['vɔlnәrәbl]:

Lớn, nhiều
Dùng sai
Nhầm lẫn
Tác vụ quan trọng
Tính đóng
Vượt trội
Tiềm năng
Kịch bản
Giả sử
Trộm cắp
Yếu, dễ bị phá hoại

VIII.3 READING COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions:
1. Why recently the security of SCSDA system has become questionable?
2. What are the main concerns of security researchers?
3. What can be the extent of potential attacks on SCADA systems? And why
so is it?
4. For mission critical application, why the shift from the use of exiting
SCADA systems to more secure architectures and configurations is not yet likely?
5. Recently what have security vendors begun to do?

47