PEACE TREATIES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN EUROPEAN HISTORY pot

PEACE TREATIES AND INTERNATIONAL
LAW IN EUROPEAN HISTORY
In the formation of the modern law of nations, peace treaties played a
pivotal role. Many basic principles and rules that governed and still govern
the relations between states were introduced and elaborated in the great
peace treaties from the Renaissance onwards. Nevertheless, until recently
few scholars have studied these primary sources of the law of nations from
a juridical perspective. In this edited collection, specialists from all over
Europe, including legal and diplomatic historians, international lawyers
and an International Relations theorist, analyse peace treaty practice from
the late fifteenth century to the Peace of Versailles of 1919. Important
emphasis is given to the doctrinal debate about peace treaties and the
influence of older, Roman and medieval concepts on modern practices.
This book goes back further in time beyond the epochal Peace Treaties of
Westphalia of 1648, and this broader perspective allows for a reassessment
of the role of the sovereign state in the modern international legal order.
randall lesaffer is Professor of Legal History at Tilburg University.
He also teaches Cultural History at the University of Leuven Law Faculty,
and International Law at the Royal Higher Defence Academy of the Belgian
Army. He has published on the history of international law and interna-
tional relations of the early modern era and the twentieth century, as well
as more specifically on treaty law and the laws of war.

PEACE TREATIES AND
INTERNATIONAL LAW IN
EUROPEAN HISTORY
From the Late Middle Ages to World War One
Edited by
RANDALL LESAFFER
cambridge university press

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CONTENTS
List of contributors page viii
Acknowledgements xi

Table of treaties xii
List of abbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
Randall Lesaffer
par t i Peace treat ies and international law from Lodi to
Versailles (1454–1920)
2 Peace treaties from Lodi to Westphalia 9
Randall Lesaffer
3 Peace treaties from Westphalia to the
Revolutionary Era 45
Heinz Duchhardt
4 Peace treaties from Paris to Versailles 59
Heinhard Steiger
par t ii Thinking pe ace: voices from the past
5 Vestigia pacis. The Roman peace treaty: structure
or event? 103
Christian Baldus
6 The influence of medieval Roman law on peace treaties 147
Karl-Heinz Ziegler
v
vi contents
7 The kiss of peace 162
Hanna Vollrath
8 Martinus Garatus Laudensis on treaties 184
Alain Wijffels
9 The importance of medieval canon law and the scholastic
tradition for the emergence of the early modern international
legal order 198
Dominique Bauer
10 The Peace Treaties of Westphalia as an instance of the reception

of Roman law 222
Laurens Winkel
part iii Thinking peace: towards a better future
11 Peace treaties, bonne foi and European civility in the
Enlightenment 241
Marc B´elissa
12 Peace, security and international organisations: the German
international lawyers and the Hague Conferences 254
Ingo Hueck
13 Consent and caution: Lassa Oppenheim and his reaction to
Worl d War I 2 70
Mathias Schmoeckel
14 Talking peace: social science, peace negotiations and the
structure of politics 289
Andreas Osiander
par t iv Making p e ace: aspects of tre aty pr actice
15 The ius foederis re-examined: the Peace of Westphalia and the
constitution of the Holy Roman Empire 319
Ronald G. Asch
16 The peace treaties of the Ottoman Empire with European
Christian powers 338
Karl-Heinz Ziegler
contents vii
17 Peace and prosperity: commercial aspects of
peacemaking 365
Stephen Neff
18 The 1871 Peace Treaty between France and Germany and the
1919 Peace Treaty of Versailles 382
Christian Tomuschat
par t v Conclusion

19 Conclusion 399
Randall Lesaffer
Appendix
Tractatus de confederatione, pace, & conventionibus
Principum 412
Martinus Garatus Laudensis, ed. Alain Wijffels
Index 448
CONTRIBUTORS
ronald asch is Professor of Modern History at the University of
Freiburg.
christian baldus is Professor of Roman Law at the University of
Cologne and currently also at the University of Heidelberg.
dominique bauer is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Catholic
University of Leuven.
marc b
´
elissa is Professor of Modern History at the Sorbonne Univer-
sity in Paris.
heinz duchhardt is Professor of Modern History at the University of
Mainz. He is also Director of the Institute for European History, Depart-
ment of Universal History.
ingo hueck is Associate Professor of History of International Law at
the Humboldt University in Berlin and Permanent Research Advisor of
the Hertie Institute for Public Management of the European School of
Management and Technology in Munich and Berlin.
randall lesaffer is Professor of Legal History at Tilburg University.
He also teaches Cultural History at the Leuven Law Faculty and Inter-
national Law at the Royal High Defence Institute of the Belgian Armed
Forces.
stephen neff is a Lecturer in International Law at the University of

Edinburgh.
andreas osiander is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Depart-
ment of Jurisprudence and Legal History of Tilburg University.
mathias schmoeckel is Professor of Legal History at the University
of Bonn.
viii
list of contributors ix
heinhard steiger, now retired, was Professor of International Law at
the University of Giessen.
christian tomuschat is Professor of International Law at the
Humboldt University of Berlin.
hanna vollrath is Professor of Medieval History at the University of
Bochum.
alain wijffels is Professor of Legal History at the Catholic University
of Louvain-la-Neuve.
laurens winkel is Professor of Legal History at the Erasmus University
of Rotterdam.
karl-heinz ziegler, now retired, was Professor of Roman Law at the
University of Hamburg.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book is the result of a joint effort, not only by the contributors, but
also by the many persons who had a hand in the complex and difficult
process of the editing and publication. In the first place, I want to thank
the Department of Jurisprudence and Legal History of the Tilburg Law
Faculty, which endorsed this project by lending its facilities and personnel,
as well as the Schoordijk Institute of the same Faculty. In particular, I want
to extend my gratitude to MarjolijnVerhoeven,oftheSchoordijk Institute,
who organised the March 2001 Tilburg colloquium. Without Hildegard
Penn, one of our Faculty’s English editors, this project would have proven

too much. I also want to thank the Department of Jurisprudence and Legal
History’s secretary Marianne Stolp, as well as our research assistants Aziza
Azizi, Eelkje van der Kuilen-Stap, Laetitia Laman, Luigi Corrias and Tomas
Roosenschoon who lent their support. I am also grateful for the help of
Jo Alaerts of the Leuven Department for Roman Law and Legal History.
Finally, the efforts of the staff of Cambridge University Press, in particular
Finola O’Sullivan, Nikki Burton, Jackie Warren and Frances Brown as well
as the support of James Crawford, Whewell Professor of International Law
at the University of Cambridge, cannot go unmentioned.
xi
TABLE OF TREATIES
BC
509, Rome–Carthage (2 SA 16) 121
321 (?), Pax Caudina (3 SA 27) 134
306, Philinus (3 SA 53) 130
241, Lutatius (3 SA 173) 130
226/225, Ebro Treaty (3 SA 201) 130, 131
202/201, Rome–Carthage (3 SA 291) 127
AD
562, Rome–Persia (Blockley 70) 148
587, Burgundy–Austrasia 149
1164, Alliance Emperor–England 176
1177, Lombardic League (MGH-C I, 360 no. 259) 152
1177, Venice (MGH-D X-3, 202 no. 687) 152
1183, Constance (MGH-D X-4, 68 no. 848) 151, 155–6, 158–9, 188, 189, 196
1199, P
´
eronne, Flanders–France (CUD I-1, 125; CIGD1–date1099wrongthere)152
1199, Dinant, Flanders–Bar (CUD I-1, 125; MCIGD II, 194) 152, 159
31 May 1325, Paris (CUD I-2, 78; CIGD 109) 158, 159

8 May 1360, Br
´
etigny (CUD II-1, 7; CIGD 208) 149
19 August 1374 (CUD II-1, 96; CGD II, 1270) 159
21 September 1435, Arras (CUD II-2, 304) 22
1435, Brest (CUD III-1, 13) 149–50, 158–159
1446, Ottoman Empire–Venice (Orientalia Christiana Periodica 15 (1949), 225) 340
9 April 1454, Lodi (CUD III-1, 202) 4, 18, 41
30 August 1454, Venice (CUD III-1, 221) 28, 30, 35
5 October 1465, Conflans (CUD III-1, 335) 15–17, 39
10 September 1468, Ancenis (CUD III-1, 392) 16, 24–25
14 October 1468, P
´
eronne (CUD III-1, 394) 16, 19, 39
8 August 1470, Naples (CUD III-1, 408) 30, 35
16 February 1471, London (CUD III-1, 601) 38
25 July 1474, Westminster 1 (CUD III-1, 485) 18, 21, 36
xii
tableoftreaties xiii
25 July 1474, Westminster 2 (CUD III-1, 486) 36
25 July 1474, Westminster 3 (CUD III-1, 487) 36
25 July 1474, Westminster 4 (CUD III-1, 488) 36
25 July 1474, Westminster 5 (CUD III-1, 489) 36
29 August 1475, Amiens 1 (CUD III-1, 501) 28, 17–18
29 August 1475, Amiens 3 (CUD III-1, 504) 40–41
13 September 1475, Soleuvre (CUD III-1, 505) 38
13 February 1478, London (CUD III-2, 19) 38
25 January 1479, Constantinople (ADGMA III, 295)
12 January 1482, Adrianople (ADGMA III) 341
23 December 1482, Arras (CUD III-2, 100) 17–19, 23, 25, 39, 40, 41, 42

7 August 1484, Bagnolo (CUD III-2, 128) 28, 30, 31
20 August 1488, Sabl
´
e (CUD III-2, 209) 16, 40
3 November 1492, Etaples (CUD III-2, 291; CIGD 456) 21, 34–35, 41, 42, 151
19 January 1493, Barcelona (CUD III-2, 297; CIGD 463) 23, 28, 30, 39, 150, 158–159
23 May 1493, Senlis (CUD III-2, 303) 25, 35, 40, 42
1 January 1495, Rome (CUD III-2, 318) 28
14 December 1502 (ADGMA III, 344) 341
22 September 1504, Blois 1 (TIE III-1, 52) 23, 25
10 December 1508, Cambrai 1 (TIE III-1, 175) 23–25, 41, 19, 29, 27, 30
10 December 1508, Cambrai 2 (TIE III-1, 202) 19, 24–25
7 August 1514, London (CUD IV-1, 183) 19, 30–31, 35, 41–42
24 March 1515, Paris (TIE III-2, 3) 25, 29, 34, 342
13 August 1516, Noyon (TIE III-2, 73) 23, 25, 28, 34
11 March 1517, Cambrai (TIE III-2, 181) 25–26
2 October 1518, London (text of ratification by Charles V of 1519, TIE III-2, 217–35)
12, 35, 27, 30–31
6 June 1520, Guines 1 (CUD IV-1, 312) 22
6 June 1520, Guines 2 (Rymer VI-1, 187) 22
14 January 1526, Madrid (TIE III-3, 122) 17–19, 21, 23, 25–26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35,
39, 41, 42
29 June 1529, Barcelona (CUD IV-2, 1) 28, 31
5 August 1529, Cambrai 1 (CUD IV-2, 7) 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 41, 26
5 August 1529, Cambrai 2 (CUD IV-2, 42) 31, 32, 41, 42
February 1535, Ottoman Empire–France (RAI I, 83 in French; FHIG II, 71) 342
20 October 1540, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD IV-2, 197) 345
18 September 1544, Cr
´
epy (CUD IV-2, 279) 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 38, 232–233, 237,

19, 21, 23
2April1559,C
ˆ
ateau-Cambr
´
esis 1 (CUD V-1, 29) 23, 28, 30, 38, 19, 21, 32–33, 41
2April1559,C
ˆ
ateau-Cambr
´
esis 2 (CUD V-1, 31) 32, 41, 42, 33
3April1559,C
ˆ
ateau-Cambr
´
esis 1 (CUD V-1, 34) 41, 42
24 June 1564, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD V-1, 140)
xiv table of treaties
18 October 1569, Constantinople (RAI I, 88) 342
26 May 1571, Rome (CUD V-1, 203) 30
31 October 1596, The Hague (CUD V-1, 531) 33
2 May 1598, Vervins (CUD V-1, 561) 17, 18, 23, 27, 28, 30, 33–35, 41, 42
17 January 1601, Susa (CUD V-2, 10) 33, 39
20 May 1604, Constantinople (RAI I, 93) 343
18 August 1604, London (CUD V-2, 32) 33, 35, 41, 42, 30–31
11 November 1606, Zstivatorok (RAI I, 103) 345, 346, 351
9 April 1609, Antwerp (CUD V-2, 99) 38
1612, Ottoman Empire–Republic (CUD V-2, 20) 344
21 June 1615, Asti (CUD V-2, 271) 39
1 July 1615, Vienna (CUD V-2, 264) 346

1 May 1616, Vienna (RAI I, 113; CUD V-2, 280) 346
9 October 1621, Khotin/Dnestr (CUD V-2, 371, French abridged text) 347
12 May 1629, L
¨
ubeck (CUD V-2, 584) 21
15 November 1630, Madrid (CUD V-2, 619) 21, 23, 27, 41, 368
November 1634, Pirna (II BA NF X, 4, no. 569) 329
30 May 1635, Prague (CUD V-2, 88; II BA NF X, 4, no. 554A) 39, 323, 327–332
13 August 1645, Bromsebr
¨
o (CUD VI-1, 314) 41
30 January 1648, M
¨
unster (1 CTS 1) 3, 6, 13, 14, 41, 222, 224, 229, 230–231, 237
24 October 1648, M
¨
unster (APW III B, I-1, 1–49) 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 35, 36, 43, 44,
45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56, 55, 52, 70, 74, 82, 85, 92, 157, 222, 224, 229, 237, 241, 242,
251, 319, 389, 404
24 October 1648, Osnabr
¨
uck (APW III B, I-1, 95–170) 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 35, 36, 43,
44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56, 55, 52, 70, 74, 82, 85, 92, 157, 222, 224, 229, 236, 237,
241, 242, 251, 319, 389, 404
5 April 1654, Westminster (3 CTS 225) 310
7 November 1659, Pyrenees (5 CTS 325) 27, 368
10 August 1664, Vasvar (CUD VI-3, 23 in Latin; 8 CTS VIII 167 in Latin and
French; RAI I, 121 in French) 351
31 July 1667, Breda (10 CTS 231) 234–235, 369, 370
17 February 1668, Breda FCN (10 CTS X 441) 369

5 September 1669, Candia (CUD VII-1, 119 Latin abridged text; 11 CTS 209 in
Latin and French; RAI I, 132 in French) 351–352
18 October 1672, Buczacz (CUD VII-1, 212; 12 CTS 393) 352
5 June 1673, Ottoman Empire–France (RAI I, 136; CUD VII-1, 231; 12 CTS 463) 347
19 February 1674, Westminster (13 CTS 123) 369
10 December 1674, FCN (13 CTS 255) 368, 369, 370
1675, Ottoman Empire–England (RAI I, 146 in French; CUD VII-1, 297; 13 CTS 429)
348
16 October 1676, Zoravno (CUD VII-1, 325; 14 CTS 131) 352
10 August 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 365) 27, 369
tableoftreaties xv
10 August 1678, Nijmegen FCN (14 CTS 399) 27, 369
17 August 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 425) 27, 369
19 August 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 431) 27, 369
17 September 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 441) 27, 369
12 September 1679, Constantinople (CUD VII-1, 435; 15 CTS 235) 352
15 September 1680, Ottoman Empire–Republic (RAI I, 169; CUD VII-2, 4; 15
CTS 471) 349
5 March 1684, Linz (CUD VII-2, 71; 17 CTS 1; FHIG II, 350 in Latin) 352
20 September 1697, Ryswick, France–Republic (21 CTS 347) 369
20 September 1697, Ryswick, FCN France–Republic (21 CTS 371) 369
20 September 1697, Ryswick, France–England (21 CTS 409) 369
20 September 1697, Ryswick, France–Spain (21 CTS 453) 369
26 January 1699, Karlowitz, Ottoman Empire–Roman Emperor (RAI I, 182; CUD
VII-2, 448 in Latin; 22 CTS 219) 50
26 January 1699, Karlowitz, Ottoman Empire–Poland (CUD VII-2, 451; 22 CTS
XXII 247) 347
26 January 1699, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD VII-2, 453; 22 CTS 265) 353
13 June 1700, Constantinople (RAI I, 197; 23 CTS 25) 353–354
1 April (?) 1710, Constantinople (CUD suppl. II-2, 78; 26 CTS 457) 354, 355

16 April 1712, Ottoman Empire–Russia (CUD VIII-1, 297; 27 CTS 231) 397, 354, 355
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Britain (27 CTS 475) 48, 53, 56, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht FCN, France–Britain (28 CTS 1) 48, 53, 242, 315, 369–370
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Republic (28 CTS 37) 48, 53, 57, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht FCN, France–Republic (28 CTS 83) 48, 53, 57, 246, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Savoy (28 CTS 123) 48, 53, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Prussia (28 CTS 141) 48, 53, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Portugal (28 CTS 169) 48, 55, 53, 57, 242, 315, 369
5 July (?) 1713, Adrianople, Ottoman Empire–Russia (CUD suppl. II-2, 110; 28 CTS
251; RAI I, 203) 53, 354, 355
13 July 1713, Utrecht, Spain–Savoy (28 CTS 269) 53, 315
13 July 1713, Utrecht, Britain–Spain (28 CTS 295) 53, 315, 370
9 December 1713, Utrecht FCN, Britain–Spain (28 CTS 429) 53, 315
6 February 1715, Utrecht, Portugal–Spain (29 CTS 201) 55, 315
21 July 1718, Pessarowicz, Ottoman Empire–Roman Emperor (RAI I, 208 in Latin;
30 CTS 341) 347, 354
21 July 1718, Pessarowicz, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD VIII-1, 524; 30 CTS 371)
235–236, 347, 354–355
27 July 1718, Pessarowicz (CUD VIII-1, 528 in Latin; 30 CTS 395; RAI I, 220 in
French) 347, 354–355
5/16 November 1720, Constantinople (RAI I, 227; 31 CTS 271) 355
24 January 1724, Cambrai (31 CTS 455) 45
15 May 1736, Vienna, France–Emperor–Russia (34 CTS 373) 52
xvi table of treaties
15 May 1736, Vienna, France–Emperor–Poland (34 CTS 381) 52
18 September 1739, Belgrade, Ottoman Empire–Roman Emperor (35 CTS 381;
RAI I, 243) 347
18 September 1739, Belgrade, Ottoman Empire–Russia (35 CTS 425; RAI I,
258 in French) 347, 356
7 April 1740, Constantinople (RAI I, 270; 36 CTS 9) 349, 350

28 May 1740, Constantinople (RAI I, 271; 36 CTS 41) 349, 350
18 October 1748, Aix-la-Chapelle (38 CTS 297) 48–49, 52–53
23 March 1761, Constantinople (RAI I, 315; 42 CTS 69) 350, 351
12 February 1763, Paris (42 CTS 279) 53
15 February 1763, Hubertusburg (42 CTS 347) 52
21 July 1774, K
¨
uc
¨
uk Kainarci (45 CTS 349; RAI I, 319) 357–359, 361
13 May 1779, Teschen (47 CTS 153) 52
14 September 1782, Ottoman Empire–Spain (RAI I, 344; 48 CTS 123) 351
3 September 1783, Paris (48 CTS 437) 369
20 May 1784, Paris (49 CTS 65) 258
26 September 1786, Paris FCN (50 CTS 71) 369
4 August 1791, Sistova (RAI II, 6; 51 CTS 211) 347, 358
9 January 1792, Jassy (RAI II, 16; 51 CTS 279) 358–359
19 November 1794, Washington, Jay Treaty (52 CTS 249)
15 June 1802, Paris (RAI II, 51; 56 CTS 375) 359
5 January 1809, Dardenelles (RAI II, 81 in French; 60 CTS 323) 359
28 May 1812, Bucharest (RAI II, 86; 62 CTS 25) 360
30 May 1814, Paris (Strupp I) 59, 60, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 86, 87, 91
20 July 1814, Paris (63 CTS 297) 59, 60, 73, 74, 87, 373
14 August 1814, London (63 CTS 331) 60, 373
25 August 1814, Berlin (63 CTS 345) 60, 373
24 December 1814, Ghent (63 CTS 421) 60, 369
8 June 1815, Federation Act (Strupp I) 88
9 June 1815, Vienna Congress Act (Strupp I, 163) 60, 74, 79, 86, 88, 92, 93, 260
3 July 1815, Algiers (65 CTS 33) 374
3 July 1815, Ghent FCN (65 CTS 41) 369

20 November 1815, Paris (Strupp I) 85, 87, 91
3 April 1816, Algiers, Algiers–Sardinia (65 CTS 471) 374
3 April 1816, Algiers, Algiers–Sicily (65 CTS 479) 374
4 July 1823, Buenos Aires–Spain (68 CTS 261) 374
18 April 1825, Bogota FCN (75 CTS 195) 372
14 September 1829, Adrianople (RAI II, 166; 80 CTS 83) 360, 361, 373
22 September 1829, Colombia–Peru (80 CTS 97) 375
29 October 1834, London FCN (84 CTS 433) 372
9March1839,VeraCruz(88CTS345)374
29 October 1840, Buenos Aires (91 CTS 111) 374
tableoftreaties xvii
13 July 1841, Straits Convention (92 CTS) 361
29 August 1842, Nanking (93 CTS 465) 83, 85, 95
9 March 1846, Lahore (NRG IX, 80) 83
26 March 1846, Spain–Uruguay (NRG IX, 92) 91
2 July 1850, Berlin (II NRG XV, 340) 73, 78, 80, 81
8 May 1852, Santo Domingo (NRG XVII-2, 313) 79
14/26 January 1855, Simoda (NRG XVI-2, 454) 83
30 March 1856, Paris (II NRG XV, 770; RAI III, 70; 114 CTS 409; FHIG III-1, 19) 73,
74, 87, 89, 93, 94, 361, 362
15 April 1856, Paris (RAI III, 88; 114 CTS 497) 87, 89, 94, 362
4 March 1857, Paris (NRG XVI-2, 114; 116 CTS 319) 83
10 November 1859, Zurich Conference Protocols (121 CTS 163) 88, 372–373
10 November 1859, Zurich, Austria–France (NRG XVI-2, 516; 121 CTS 145) 72, 80, 88,
372–374
10 November 1859, Zurich, Austria–France–Sardinia (NRG XVI-2, 531) 88
11 July 1859, Villafranca (NRG, XVI-2, 516) 72
25 January 1860, Guayaquil (121 CTS 309) 374
8 June 1862, Saigon (NRG XVII, 169) 95
1 January 1864, Colombia–Ecuador (129 CTS 31) 373

22 August 1864, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Treatment of
Wounded in the Field (129 CTS 361) 263
17 January 1865, Peru–Spain (130 CTS 405) 93, 375
26 July 1866, Nikolsburg (Preliminary Peace, NRG XVIII, 316) 72, 75, 85
26 July 1866, Nikolsburg (Armistice, NRG XVIII, 319) 71, 72, 75
13 August 1866, Berlin (NRG XVIII, 331; 133 CTS 21) 75, 80, 85, 87, 89
17 August 1866, Berlin (NRG XVIII, 333; 133 CTS 29) 75, 80, 81, 85, 87,
96
18 August 1866, Berlin, North German Federation Treaty (Huber II, 268; 133 CTS 39)
75, 80, 85, 87, 89
22 August 1866, Berlin (NRG XVIII, 336; 133 CTS 53) 75, 80, 85, 87, 96
23 August 1866, Prague (NRG XVIII, 344; 133 CTS 71) 75, 80, 82, 85, 87, 89
3 October 1866, Vienna (NRG XVIII, 405; 133 CTS 209) 75, 79
8 December 1870 (Huber II, 351) 89
28 January 1871 (143 CTS 5) 382
26 February 1871, Versailles (NRG XIX, 653) 6, 72, 73, 85, 88, 389, 391, 392
10 May 1871, Frankfurt (NRG XIX;143 CTS 163) 75, 78, 81, 85, 88, 94, 96, 372, 374,
382, 391–392, 387–388, 395
24 August 1873, Gandemian (146 CTS 345) 374
17 May 1865/22 July 1875, International Telegraph Convention (148 CTS 319)
3 March 1878, San Stefano (II NRG III, 246; RAI III, 509; 152 CTS 395) 72, 73, 87, 89,
362, 363
1 June 1878, Universal Postal Union (152 CTS 106)
xviii table of treaties
13 July 1878, Berlin Congress Act (II NRG III, 449; RAI IV, 175; 153 CTS 171;
partly in FHIG III-1, 38) 72, 74, 89–90, 362
26 May 1879, Sandornak (II NRG IV, 536) 83
14 August 1879, Paris (155 CTS 167) 374
12 June 1883, Lima (162 CTS 185) 372
20 October 1883, Lima (162 CTS 453) 373

26 February 1885, Congo Act (II NRG X, 414) 67, 79, 90–91
9 June 1885, FCN, France–China (167 CTS 431) 372, 374
13 January 1886, Amapala (167 CTS 295) 372–373
1890, Convention on Transport of Goods by Rail (173 CTS 75) 258
17 April 1895, Shimonoseki (Strupp II, 239; 181 CTS 217) 91
26 October 1896, Addis Ababa (II NRG XXV, 59; 183 CTS 423) 79, 375
6/18 September 1897, Constantinople (II NRG XXVIII, 715; 186 CTS 10) 72, 363
22 November/4 December 1897, Constantinople (II NRG XXVIII, 630; 186 CTS 89) 86,
94, 374–375
1899, Hague Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (187 CTS 410) 70, 76,
258
13 February 1903, Washington, Britain–Venezuela Exchange of notes (192 CTS 413)
372
13 February 1903, Washington, Britain–Venezuela Treaty (192 CTS 414) 372
13 February 1903, Washington, Italy–Venezuela (192 CTS 418) 373
12 April 1903, Athens FCN (193 CTS 97) 375
23 August/5 September 1905, Portsmouth (Strupp II, 253) 91
18 October 1907, Hague Convention I for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes
(205 CTS) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention II for the Limitation of the Employment
of Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts (205 CTS 250) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention III Relating to Opening Hostilities
(205 CTS 263) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War
on Land (205 CTS 277) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention V Respecting the Rights and Duties of
Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land (205 CTS 299) 70, 76,
258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention VI Relating to the Statute of Enemy
Merchant Ships (205 CTS 305) 70, 76, 258

18 October 1907, Hague Convention VII Relating to the Conversion of Merchant
Ships into Warships (205 CTS 319) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention VIII Relative to the Laying of Automatic
Submarine Contact Mines (205 CTS 331) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention IX Concerning Bombardment by Naval Forces
in Time of War (205 CTS 345) 70, 76, 258
tableoftreaties xix
18 October 1907, Hague Convention X for the Adaptation of Principles of
the Geneva Convention to Maritime Warfare (205 CTS 359) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention XI Relative to Certain Restrictions with Regard
to the Exercise of the Rights of Capture in Naval War (205 CTS 367) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention XII for the Establishment of an International
Prize Court (205 CTS 381) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention XIII Concerning the Rights and Duties of
Neutral Powers in Naval War (205 CTS 395) 70, 76, 258
11 October 1909, Automobile Circulation Convention (209 CTS 361) 258
18 October 1912, Lausanne Ouchy (217 CTS 160) 363, 372
30 May 1913, London (218 CTS) 363
28 July/10 August 1913, Bucharest (III NRG VIII, 61; Strupp II) 75, 82, 83, 96
29 September 1913, Turkey–Bulgaria (218 CTS 375) 373
1/14 March 1914, Constantinople (III NRG VIII, 643; 219 CTS 310)
9 February 1918, Brest-Litovsk (Strupp III, 79) 83, 86, 90
3 March 1918, Brest-Litovsk (Strupp III, 96) 83, 90
7 March 1918, Germany Finland (Strupp III, 125) 90
27 March 1918, Washington (Strupp III, 125; 223 CTS 172)
27 August 1918, Berlin (224 CTS 66) 90
11 November 1918, Compi
`
egne (Strupp III, 229; 224 CTS 286) 71, 77, 382
28 June 1919, Versailles (Strupp IV, 140; 225 CTS 288) 4, 4, 6, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80,

81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 275, 375, 376, 399, 401, 410
10 September 1919, Saint-Germain (Strupp IV, 1006; 226 CTS 8) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75,
77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 376, 399, 401
27 November 1919, Neuilly (Strupp V, 23; 226 CTS 332) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81,
83, 85, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 376, 399, 401
4 June 1920, Trianon (Strupp V, 44) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92,
93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 399, 401
10 August 1920, S
`
evres (Strupp V, 62; partly in FHIG III-2, 711 with German and
English translations) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96,
98, 99, 271, 274, 363, 399, 401
24 June 1923, Lausanne (28 UNTS 11, partly in FHIG III-2, 719 with German and
English translations) 364, 376
17 August 1928, Paris, Briand–Kellogg Pact (94 LNTS 57) 256, 382, 410
26 June 1945, Charter of the United Nations (1 UNTS xvi) 87, 385, 410
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Bulgaria (41 UNTS 21) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Hungary (41 UNTS 135) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Italy (42 UNTS 3) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Romania (42 UNTS 31) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Finland (48 UNTS 203) 377
24 February 1949, Egypt-Israel (42 UNTS 251) 378–379
23 March 1949, Israel-Lebanon (42 UNTS 287) 378–379
xx table of treaties
3 April 1949, Israel-Jordan (42 UNTS 303) 378–379
20 July 1949, Israel-Syria (42 UNTS 327) 378–379
8 September 1951, Los Angeles (136 UNTS 45) 377
5 November 1954, Burma-Japan (251 UNTS 215) 377
19 October 1956, Soviet Union–Japan Joint Declaration (263 UNTS 99) 377
8 February 1957, Japan-Poland (318 UNTS 251) 377

19 October 1956, Soviet Union–Japan Trade Protocol (263 UNTS 119) 377
6 December 1957, Soviet Union–Japan (325 UNTS 35) 377
26 April 1958, Japan-Poland FCN (340 UNTS 291) 377
23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties (8 ILM 679) 133, 163, 384
27 January 1973, Paris (935 UNTS 52) 378–379
30 May 1974, Israel-Syria 378–379
26 March 1979, Egypt-Israel (1136 UNTS 101) 380
26 October 1994, Arava (34 ILM 46) 380, 433
ABBREVIATIONS
ADGMA III Franz Miklosich and Joseph M
¨
uller (eds.), Acta et
diplomata Graeca Medii Aevi, vol. III: Acta et
diplomata res Graecas Italasque illustrantia (Vienna,
1865, reprint 1968)
APW Konrad Repgen (ed.), Acta Pacis Westphalicae
(M
¨
unster, since 1962)
APW III, B, I-1 Antje Oschmann (ed.), Die Friedensvertr¨age mit
Frankreich und Schweden. Urkunden (Konrad
Repgen (ed.), Acta Pacis Westphalicae III, B, I-1;
M
¨
unster, 1998)
BA NF Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte der Driessigj¨ahrigen
Krieges, Neue Folge (Munich and Vienna, 1982)
Blockley R.C. Blockley, The History of Menander the
Guardsman (Liverpool, 1985)
CGD Johann Christian L

¨
unig, Codex Germaniae
diplomaticus (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1733)
CIGD W.G. Leibniz, Codex iuris gentium diplomaticus
(Hanover, 1693)
Cod. Codex of Justinian
CTS Clive Parry (ed.), The Consolidated Treaty Series
(Dobbs Ferry, 1969–81)
CUD Jean Dumont, Corps universel diplomatique du
droit des gens (Amsterdam and The Hague,
1726–31; supplements ed. Jean Rousset de Missy,
Amsterdam and The Hague, 1739)
Dig. Digest of Justinian
FCN Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
FHIG Wilhelm G. Grewe (ed.), Fontes historiae iuris
gentium (Berlin and New York, 1988–95)
Huber Ernst Rudolf Huber, Dokumente zur deutschen
Verfassungsgeschichte (3rd edn, Stuttgart, 1986)
xxi
xxii list of abbreviations
ILM International Legal Materials (since 1962)
Inst. Institutes
IPM Peace Treaty of M
¨
unster of 24 October 1648
IPO Peace Treaty of Osnabr
¨
uck of 24 October 1648
L.F. Libri feodorum
LNTS League of Nations Treaty Series (920–40)

MBS Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliotheek
MCIGD W. G. Leibniz, Mantissa codicis iuris gentium
diplomatici (Hanover, 1700)
MGH-C Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Constitutiones
(since 1893)
MGH-D Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata (since
1872)
NRG Georg Friedrich von Martens et al., Nouveau
Recueil g´en´eral de trait´es (G
¨
ottingen and Leipzig,
1817–1969: [I] G
¨
ottingen, 1840–75; II G
¨
ottingen,
1876–1908; III Leipzig, 1909–69)
PBN Paris, Biblioth
`
eque Nationale
RAI Gabriel Noradounghian, Recueil d’actes
internationaux de l’Empire ottoman (Paris, 1897,
reprint 1978)
RGB Reichsgezetsbuch
Rymer Thomas Rymer, Foedera, conventiones, literae . . .
(The Hague, 1739–45)
SA Herman Bengtson (ed.), Die Staatsvertr¨age des
Altertums (Munich, 1969–75)
Strupp Karl Strupp (ed.), Documents pour servir `a l’histoire
du droit des gens (2nd edn, Berlin, 1923)

TIE P. Marino (ed.), Tratados internacionales de Espa˜na:
periodo de la preponderancia espa˜nola (Madrid,
1978–86)
TUB T
¨
ubingen, Universit
¨
atisbibliothek
UNTS United Nations Treaty Series (since 1946)
X Liber Extra of Decretals of Pope Gregory IX
1
Introduction
randall lesaffer
Since the 1960s and more particularly since the end of the Cold War, inter-
est in the history of international law has greatly increased among inter-
national lawyers and legal historians alike.
1
Nevertheless, as an academic
discipline, it is still lagging behind compared to most other branches of
legal history. Recent efforts cannot be expected to make up for the neglect
the field has suffered during most of the past two centuries.
The causes of the traditional neglect of the history of international law
are many and much debated.
2
Paramount among them is – or was? – the
dominance of national states and national law. This caused lawyers and
legal historians to concentrate on internal legal developments. Moreover,
in the heyday of state sovereignty, the binding character of public interna-
tional law came to be disputed or even denied, which surely caused legal
historians to turn away from its study.

Notwithstanding the efforts of many scholars from all over the world
during recent decades, the study of international law is still lagging behind
the field. Fundamental methodological questions have not been answered
or even seriously debated.
3
Most of the sources – even the most important
ones like treaties – still await modern, critical editions. The vast majority
of recent scholarship still tends to concentrate, as it has been the case
before, on doctrine and not on legal practice. And above all, most of the
endeavours of recent years have been individual. There have hardly been
any sustained, coordinated efforts, nor is the field organised.
Two initiatives – which saw the light of day in the late 1990s – have
brought some change in that last respect. At the Max Planck Institute for
1
Ingo Hueck, ‘The Discipline of the History of International Law’, Journal of the History
of International Law 3 (2001), 194–217.
2
See on the causes of this neglect: Johan W. Verzijl, ‘Research into the History of the Law
of Nations’ in International Law in Historical Perspective (Leiden, 1968), vol. I, pp. 400–34.
3
Wolfgang Preiser, V¨olkerrechtsgeschichte: ihre Aufgaben und Methoden (Wiesbaden, 1964);
Heinhard Steiger, ‘Probleme der V
¨
olkerrechtsgeschichte’, Der Staat 26 (1987), 103–26.
1
2 randall lesaffer
European Legal History in Frankfurt a research project was set up under
the leadership of Ingo Hueck on the German contribution to international
legal doctrine in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In 1999, thanks
to the endeavours of R. St. J. Macdonald (Dalhousie Law School), the first

issue of The Journal of the History of International Law was published.
International coordination of research in the history of international
law is of the utmost importance. Not only is it expedient to join forces
for practical reasons and to allow scholars to enter into discussions with
their colleagues, but it is also necessary to protect this young and not
fully grown field from the ‘slings and arrows of outrageous fortune’. After
all, the resurgence of interest in the history of international law is not
unique. Even today, it is still not safe to submit that present interest is
more fundamental than it is fashionable. We are living in an era of great
change in current international law. As before, it is just that which causes
historical reflection on international law to be more popular. The periods
of World War I and, somewhat less, World War II were also marked by
a brief and limited increase in popularity of historical discourse among
international lawyers and, though to a lesser extent, legal historians.
This book is the result of an attempt to bring together those Euro-
pean scholars from different backgrounds who over the last decades have
worked on historical peace treaties. Among the contributors to this vol-
ume arelegalhistorians,Roman lawyers,international lawyers,diplomatic
historians and an International Relations theorist. Though all present
were acquainted with one another’s work, for many of them the meeting
at Tilburg University on 30 and 31 March 2001 where they presented and
discussed their ideas was the first occasion to meet colleagues in the flesh.
It was physical proof of the necessity to combine efforts and coordinate
work.
Peace Treaties and International Law in European History delves into the
history of peace treaties as legal instruments in early modern Europe (late
fifteenth century to 1920). However, the book by no means exhausts the
subject. It draws from the most recent research, by both the contributors
and others, but at the same time indicates the many lacunae that still exist
there. In many respects, the book seeks to open debate and not to end it.

The scope of the book is twofold. Both the law which governs peace
treaties – peace treaty law – and the law as it emerged from peace treaties
are under scrutiny. The book goes beyond the analysis of treaties as legal
instruments to the analysis of peace treaties as sourcesofthe law of nations.
Even the term ‘source’ is to be understood in both senses: treaties as
historical sourcesfortheexistingrules of substantive international law and