An Investigation into Processes in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG
UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

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TRẦN MỸ QUỲNH

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AN INVESTIGATION INTO PROCESSES
IN ENGLISH CHALLENGE QUOTES IN LIGHT OF
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

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Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS
Code: 8220201

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MASTER THESIS
IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES
OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
(A SUMMARY)

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Da Nang, 2022


This thesis has been completed at University of Foreign Language Studies,
The University of Da Nang

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Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. NGUYỄN THỊ QUỲNH HOA

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Examiner 1: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền

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Examiner 2: Dr. Ngũ Thiện Hùng

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The thesis was orally defended at the Examining Committee

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Time: 11th August 2022

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Venue: University of Foreign Language Studies

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-The University of Da Nang

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This thesis is available for the purpose of reference at:

- The University of Da Nang – The Center for Learning Information
Resources and Communication
- Center for Information Technology and Learning Resources,
University of Foreign Language Studies, The University of Da Nang.


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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1. RATIONALE
Life is full of challenges that sometimes seem
insurmountable. In fact, no one grows up without facing at least
one challenge in life, through which we also learn and become
stronger. The challenging times that we all face may be common
situations such as medical diagnosis, divorce, job loss,
disappointments in love, or financial crises, etc. When we
accidentally encounter one of them, we may let ourselves get
depressed and be not sure how to move forward and even small
challenges may build up over time and turn into bigger ones.
Whatever the case, some words of wisdom or challenges quotes
sometimes can give us extra mental motivation we need to keep
going in order to overcome such obstacles and improve our future
life situations.
Most overcoming challenges quotes are taken from

literature or speech, even scenes from a movie, elements of a
painting, a passage of music, etc. These kinds of quotes are
displayed through all forms of media such as newspapers,
magazines, television, radio, the internet, etc. Quotes are sayings
repeated exactly as written or spoken without changing any of the
words compared to the original. Therefore, language used in
challenge quotes still keeps their author‟s language
characteristics. In general, challenge quotes may consist of one or
more sentences, complete or incomplete ones, but they are still
successful in conveying the message of authors and giving
motivation to others. Good challenge quotes must draw the
attention of the readers by creating a desire to overcome the
obstacles in life. Actually, feelings of depression or sadness

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during tough times are very normal, but problems may get worse
when we become stuck in those emotions. At such times, reading
one or two meaningful challenge quotes absolutely helps us to
stay resilient and positive in order to cope with any difficulty. In
other words, good challenge quotes remind us that we are capable of
learning how to overcome and grow no matter the obstacles we face.
Challenge quotes are usually given in the form of single
sentences or short paragraphs that are found on a number of
online websites. Besides, to understand challenge quotes more
deeply, from the linguistic perspective, quotations can be
analyzed which attempts to describe language in actual use and their
contexts, to facilitate learners‟ interpretation in light of functional
grammar. According to Halliday in “Halliday‟s Introduction to

Functional Grammar”, there are six types of processes: Material,
Relational, Mental, Behavioural, Verbal and Existential. It is
obvious that these processes play a vital part in functional grammar.
The process is considered as the main organized form of the clause
as representation and used as a procedure to describe a figure of
happening, doing, sensing, saying, being or having. In addition,
process can be analyzed in both written and spoken discourses, and
quotations are the combination of both content and organization.
Hence, studying processes, especially in the English challenge
quotes can be useful to users of English majoring in English as
Foreign Language.
For all the reasons presented, the researcher decided to
choose “An Investigation into Processes in English Challenge
Quotes in light of Functional Grammar” as the topic of the
master thesis. Last not but least, the findings of the paper are
expected to illustrate the processes in functional grammar and
provide some useful knowledge of lexico-grammatical features of
English Challenge Quotes for people who are interested in this field.

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1.2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1.2.1. Aims of the Study
The study is aimed at illuminating the linguistic
characteristics of Processes used in English Challenge Quotes.
The findings of the study can assist the researcher in gaining a
clear understanding of the language value of English Challenge
Quotes in light of Functional Grammar.
1.2.2. Objectives of the Study

This research is intended to deal with the following
objectives:
- To identify and describe the Processes found in English
Challenge Quotes.
- To find out and describe the verbs involved in the
Processes in English Challenge Quotes.
- To describe and analyze the Participants and
Circumstances involved in English Challenge Quotes.
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions for this study are:
1. What types of processes are manifested in English
Challenge Quotes?
2. What verbs are involved in the processes in English
Challenge Quotes?
3. What participants and circumstances are involved in the
processes in English Challenge Quotes?
1.4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
As stated above, the research is restricted to analyzing the
linguistic features of Processes used in English Challenge Quotes
in light of Functional Grammar. Therefore, the central concept in
this study is exploration and discussion on the frequency of six
types of Processes applied in English Challenge Quotes. In
addition, each Process comprises three typical parts namely the

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Process itself, the Participant, and Circumstances and the process
is realized by a verb (Halliday, 1994). For that reason, in this
study, the researcher concentrates on types of verbs, Participants

and Circumstances involved in the Processes with the hope that it
will discover how the use of Processes in English Challenge
Quotes is effective in convincing and motivating readers to
confidently deal with obstacles in life.
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
To the extent, the researcher expects that the results of the
investigation can help to illustrate the role of six Processes and their
elements in the clause for representing experience in light of
Functional Grammar, especially the clauses in English Challenge
Quotes. Additionally, it is hoped that the study enables to illustrate
the processes in functional grammar and provide a practical
reference source for people who are interested in this field.
1.6. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
The study includes five chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion
Chapter 5: Conclusions

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
2.1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1.1. Functional Grammar
In Functional Grammar there are three distinct although
closely related sense: in its interpretation (1) of text: in the sense
that it is designed to account for how language is used, everything


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that is said or written. Over tens of thousands of generations of
constant use, language has shaped into a system which can satisfy
human needs. Therefore, “A functional grammar is essentially a
„natural‟ grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be
explained, ultimately, by reference to how language is used”
(Halliday, 1994) (2) of the elements of linguistics structures: each
elements in a language is explained by reference to its function in
the total linguistics system. Accordingly, “a functional grammar
that all that construes all the units of a language-its clauses,
phrases, and so on. In the other words, each part is interpreted as
functional with respect to the whole” (Halliday, 1994). (3) of the
system: the fundamental components of meaning in language are
functional components. They are Ideational (to understand the
environment), Interpersonal (to act on the others in it). Combined
with these two is a third component, the „Textual‟, which
breathes relevance into the other two. These three generalized
meanings are termed „Metafunctions‟.
2.1.2. Ideational Metafunction
In this research, Ideational Meaning plays a vital role to
represent a clear explanation since this study explores and
analyzes the clausal grammar from a perspective of FG,
construing our experiment of the world, enacting our social roles
and relations and enable the creation of text. To put it into
technical terms, the study will closely examine the network of the
Ideational Metafunction and their lexico-grammatical realization.
2.1.3. The Process
According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), the
Transitivity System construed the world of experience into a
manageable set of Process Types. Each Process Type has its own

model or schema for construing a particular domain of experience

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as a figure of a particular kind-a model such as the one illustrated
above for construing signification: Token (usually) + Process
(means) + Value (mostly).
For Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), a Process often
consists of three elements: the Process itself, Participant
associated with the process, and Circumstance.
2.1.4. Types of Process
2.1.4.1. Material Process
When the Process in the clause is used to represent the
experience of events and actions, it is called Material Process
(Halliday and Matthiessen). There are two Participants involved
in Material Processes: The Actor and the Goal.
Material Process can also consist of four other Participants,
namely Beneficiary or Recipient, Scope, Client, and Attribute.
2.1.4.2. Mental Process
While external experience is represented by Material
Processes, the internal experience is represented through the
Mental Process (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014). Two
Participants in this Process are Senser and Phenomenon. Halliday
and Matthiessen divided the Mental Processes into four types
namely Perceptive, Cognitive, Desiderative and Emotive.
2.1.4.3. Relational Process
Thirdly, Relational Processes are Processes of being in the
world of abstract relations (Thompson, 2004). Bloor and Bloor
(2004) explain that Relational clauses are typically realized by

the verb “be” or some verb of the same class. For instance,
“seem”, “become”, “appear” and etc.
Usually, there are three types of Relational Processes
named Intensive, Possessive, and Circumstance.

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Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) found that Participants of
Relational Process are categorized into four subtypes. These are:
Carrier, Attribute, Token and Value.
2.1.4.4. Behavioural Process
Behavioural Processes are processes of human
physiological and psychological
behavior
(Halliday
and
Matthiessen, 2014). The important participant labeled as Behaver,
which is typically like Senser, but the process functions more like
the one of doing.
2.1.4.5. Verbal Process
Verbal Process is the process of saying, and it falls between
the Mental Processes and the Relational Processes (Thompson,
2004). Just like saying and meaning, the Verbal Process is mixed
between the ideas constructed in human consciousness and the
ideas enacted in the form of language.
2.1.4.6. Existential Process
Existential Process represents that things exists and
happens (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). The sentence pattern
is normally started with "there" as Subject or with a copular verb

"exist".
2.1.5. Circumstances
Circumstance is the third part of a sentence. It can be a
word, a group, or a clause. They often come before or after the
Processes. They appear freely on any type of Processes as well as
carry the same meaning wherever they are. However they are not
able to stand alone and do not have any meaning when being alone.
2.1.5.1. Extent
The Circumstance of Extent explicates the extent of the
unfolding of spatial and temporal. The spatial and temporal are
the sub-categories of the Circumstance of Extent and the

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interrogative forms for Extent are “how far?, how long?, how many”
(measure units)? “How many times?”.
2.1.5.2. Location
The Circumstance of Location construes the location of
the unfolding of the process in spacetime (Halliday and
Matthiessen, 2004).
2.1.5.3. Cause
According to Halliday and Matthiessen, (2004) “The
Circumstantial element of Cause construes the reason why the
process is actualized”.
2.1.5.4. Matter
Matter mentions “what” or “with reference to what” and is
probed by “what about?” The interrogative form is “what
about?”.
2.1.5.5. Manner

The fifth Circumstantial Element is the Circumstance of
Manner and it construes the way where the process is actualized.
2.1.5.6. Role
Role refers to the meanings of “be” and “become”.
2.1.5.7. Accompaniment
Accompaniment refers to “with” or “without who” or
“what” and is can be probed by “who” or “what else?”
2.1.5.8. Contingency
Contingency states on which the actualized of the process
depends on what, which includes three subcategories: Condition,
Concession and Default.
2.1.5.9. Angle
The last Circumstantial Element is Angle that shows either
to the Sayer of a Verbal clause, with the sense of “as… says” or
to the Senser of a Mental clause, with the sense of “as … thinks”.

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2.1.6. English Challenge Quotes as Texts
2.1.6.1. Definition of “Text”
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), "text is regarded
as a semantic unit of language in written form that is used to
convey a complete message." In addition, Nunan (1993) stated
“Text is a written record of a communicative event which
conveys a complete message and the size of the text can vary
from single words to books spreading to hundreds of pages”. In
this study, text is considered as a semantic unit of language in
written form with a definable communicative function that is
used to convey a certain message.

2.1.6.2. Definition of “Quote”
Quote is regarded as “a group of words or a short piece of
writing taken from a book, play, speech, ... and repeated because
it is interesting or useful”. In this research, the quotes were
chosen
from
the
large
quote
website
namely
.
2.1.6.3. Definition of “Clause”
A clause is the highest unit of Functional Grammar. Based
on the definition of Halliday (1994), a clause is a composite
entity, which is constituted not of one dimension of structure but
of three (subject, actor, and theme). Each of the three functions
construes a distinctive meaning. He labels them „clause as
message‟, „clause as exchange‟, and „clause as representation‟.
2.1.6.4. English Challenge Quotes
All in all, in this study, English Challenge quotes are texts
denoting challenges. They help to convey the message of authors
and give motivation to others to overcome obstacles in life. The
quotes collected on the Brainyquote site will be analyzed with the
aim of building up the data for detailed investigation.

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2.2. PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES

Functional Grammar has been the fundamental for many
studies over a wide range of fields. Lavid, Arús and ZamoranoMansilla (2010) in the book namely “Systemic Functional
Grammar of Spanish: A Contrastive Study with English” devoted
their effort to contribute to recent descriptive accounts of the
clause grammars of different languages from the systemic
functional perspective. They also showed how meaning is
construed by lexico-grammatical patterns in text in different
textual and contextual environments. Likewise, Li (2019) in the
article “Analysis of Discourse from Perspective of Systemic
Functional Grammar” discussed the main theoretical aspects of
the systemic functional grammar: levels of language and the
relationships among them and illustrated the value of systemic
functional grammar in terms of discourse analysis. In the research
entitled “Systemic Functional Grammar and its pedagogical
implications”, Ning (2008) focused on the application of systemic
Functional Grammar to language study and illustrated how this
approach can be helpful to language teaching.
Besides the works of Functional Grammar theory
mentioned above, the theory of Process and related elements has
been attracting the considerable number of researchers. For
instance, Adjei (2015) in the journal article “Transitivity in
Political Discourse – A Study of the Major Process Types in the
2009 State-of-the-Nation Address in Ghana” used the transitivity
model to analyze how President John Evans Attah Mills
manipulates language in his first State-of-the-Nation address to
express his political message to his people. She collected 536
clauses in the State-of-the-Nation address to use for the analysis
and found out that material processes dominate the speech among
the major process types.
In Viet Nam, the number of well-known researchers who

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have shown their passion for Functional Grammar is also
significant. Typically, Cao Xuân Hạo (1991) with “Tiếng Việt:
Sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức năng” presented the results of a
Vietnamese research process from the point of view of Functional
Grammar. The book was considered as an important milestone in
the history of Vietnamese language studies. Another author who
should be mentioned is Hoàng Văn Vân (2002) with “Ngữ pháp
kinh nghiệm của cú Tiếng việt – Mô tả theo quan điểm chức năng
hệ thống”. The book was under the English title “An Experiential
Grammar of the Vietnamese Clause: A Functional Description”.
He emphasized basic concepts of the transitivity system as well
as the the processes in Vietnamese grammar. In 2012, he
published a book entiled “An Experiential Grammar of the
Vietnamese Clause”. He focused on the description of the
experiential grammar of the clause and the system of transitivity
in Vietnamese based on Halliday‟s Functional Grammar‟s
framework.
Nguyễn Thị Tú Trinh, Phan Văn Hòa, Trần Hữu Phúc
(2017) made some suggestions on how to identify and classify
Behavioral Processes in English and Vietnamese by analyzing
200 behavioural clauses in English and Vietnamese collected
from short stories and novels. In the article entitled “The
Language of Vietnamese School Science Textbooks: A
Transitivity Analysis of Seven Lessons (Texts) of Biology 8”,
Hoàng Văn Vân (2020) made his attempts to explore the
transitivity features of seven lessons (texts) of a Vietnamese

science textbook and showed that the very high frequency of
material and relational processes was employed in constructing
biological knowledge in Science textbooks.
However, to the best of the researcher‟s knowledge, there

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has not been any study into Processes in English Challenge
Quotes in light of Functional Grammar. Therefore, the researcher
chose to do the research entitled “An Investigation into
Processes in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional
Grammar” with the hope that it will be a small contribution to
this particular field.
2.3. SUMMARY
This chapter illustrated an overview of FG and main
aspects of Process as well as a review of previous studies related
to the study. The theoretical framework of the thesis is built up
from the influential authors‟ models, namely Halliday (1984) and
Halliday & Matthiessen (2014). Three of the main elements were
discussed, namely, Participant, Process and Circumstance.
Additionally, verbs involved in the Processes as well as their
features were also mentioned. The next chapter is devoted to
exploring research method that is important and critical to this study.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN
The study design followed the qualitative method with the
support from quantitative information.
3.2. RESEARCH METHODS

The study was conducted by two different methods: The
descriptive method and the quantitative method combined with
qualitative information.
- The descriptive method was used to give a detailed
description of some lexico-grammatical features of English
Challenge Quotes.
-The quantitative method was useful in gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical findings and making
conclusions.

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3.3. DATA COLLECTION
3.3.1. Samples
The data for this research is collected from the official website
namely
.
BrainyQuote
was
originally published in 2001. It is considered as the oldest and
most popular website which has been providing inspirational
quotes about a variety of topics to our worldwide community.
With the aim of educating and entertaining audiences of all ages,
BrainyQuote has been updating more and more meaningful
quotes of famous authors from all over the world with the top
quality and accuracy.
3.3.2. Sampling Criteria
According to Halliday (2004), Process is the term which is
used to refer to “going-on” verbs such as doing, happening,

seeing, feeling, thinking, being and having. A Process often
consists of three elements: The Process itself, Participant
associated with the process, and Circumstance. Typically, a
Process is realized by a verbal group. Therefore, two criteria were
set up for choosing samples as follows:
- Firstly, the sample must be clauses containing linguistics
expressions which match the definition of Process mentioned
before (2.1. Theoretical background).
- Secondly, the clause must be taken from English
Challenge Quotes.
Below is some relevant information about English
Challenge Quotes:
- Quotes: In the study, a quote is regarded as a text with
communicative function used to convey a certain message to
readers. The quotes were selected from the large quote website
namely . In addition, the quotes'

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authors must be native English speakers coming from the United
States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.
- Challenge quotes are texts which contain the word:
“challenge”. These quotes denote challenges, convey the message of
authors and give motivation to others to overcome obstacles in life.
With such criteria, in the first attempt, a total of 120 texts of
English
Challenge
Quotes
were

collected
from
. All these quotes are presented in the
appendix.
3.4. DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected are mainly analyzed on the basis of the
following points:
Firstly, the researcher identifies clauses in English
Challenge Quotes. Secondly, the clauses were classified into the
types of the verb as the main part of the Processes. They were
classified into the six types of Processes namely Material Process,
Mental Process, Verbal Process, Relational Process, Behavioural
Process, and Existential Process. After classifying into the types
of the Processes, the researcher analyzes the Participants and
Circumstances involved in Engish Challenge Quotes. Finally, the
researcher describes the dominant Process found in the English
Challenge Quotes and the Participants involved in the Process.
3.5. RESEARCH PROCEDURE
The procedure of researching is presented as follows:
- Collecting and classifying data: collecting texts of English
Challenge Quotes from the large quote website namely
. In addition, the quotes' authors
must be native English speakers coming from the United States,
the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.
- Analyzing data to point out of those collected texts in term

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of types of processes, types of participants and circumstances as

well as verbs involved in English Challenge Quotes.
- Synthesizing the findings and drawing out conclusion.
- Mentioning some implications for teaching and learnings
as well as making suggestions for further researchers.
3.6. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
In respect of validity, this study must follow these criteria:
The first thing is that all data have to be collected from reliable
source: official website namely BrainyQuote with authors from
the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.
The second thing is that the data will be analyzed based on the
mentioned theoretical background.
Chapter 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. PROCESS TYPES FOUND IN ENGISH CHALLENGE
QUOTES
An examination of English Challenge Quotes in terms of
Processes shows many results that deserve more consideration.
The distribution of the Process Types characterized in English
Challenge Quotes can be seen in the Table 4.1:
Table 4.1. Types of Processes Used in ECQs
Frequency of
Process
Percentage (%)
Occurrence
Material
1242
71.75
Relational
382
22.06

Mental
68
3.92
Verbal
26
1.50
Existential
12
0.69
Behavioural
1
0.05
Total
1731
100

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4.1.1. Material Process
In this research, the Material Process is found as the most
used processes in ECQs. As mentioned before, Material clauses
explain the process of “doing”.
4.1.2. Mental Process
The Mental Process occurs 68 times in the texts. In
addition, Mental clauses give a virtual experience to be
experienced which will definitely help the targeted readers to
understand and encourage them to overcome the problems.
4.1.3. Relational Process
The Relational Process are the second most commonly used

process types in these texts on English Challenge Quotes. There
are two sub-types of Relational Process which are very
complicated, known as the Attributive and Identifying. The
Relational Process has 382 occurrence and comprises 22.06 % of
the total Process Types. It is supported by the number of Carrier
(195) and Attribute (212) as the Participants.
4.1.4. Behavioural Process
The Behavioural Process is very closely within the Material
Process and Mental Process. Behaver is the participant for
Behavioural Processes. There is just 1 Behavioural Process which
is found in these texts. It occurs 1 time in the texts with Behaver
as the Participant.
4.1.5. Verbal Process
Verbal clauses are clauses of „saying‟ according to Halliday
and Matthiessen (2004, p. 252). It usually has a Sayer as the main
participant. Sometimes, many clauses contain implicit Sayer. The
other Participants in Verbal Process are Receiver and Verbiage.
Receiver occurs 3 times and Verbiage occurs 2 times.

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4.1.6. Existential Process
The Existential Process is another unique process that has
only one participant known as the Existent. In the texts, the
Existential Process has 12 occurrence and accounts for 0.69% of
the total. Thus, the Existent also occurs 12 times.
4.2. VERBS AS PART OF PROCESSES
Table 4.2. Verbs Used in Processes in ECQs

Material

Mental

Relational

IV

sound,
have, be,
need,
mean,
seem,
remain

Verbal

Behavioural Existential

say, tell,
talk,
explain,
admit

look,
watch

be

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strike,
face,
go,
reach,
find,
get,
change,
etc..

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believe,
like,
think,
see,
love,
view,
want,
prefer

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4.2.1. Verbs as Part of Material Process
Table 4.3. Distribution of Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs
in ECQs
Total
Transitive verbs
Intransitive verbs
1242
928
314
100(%)
74.72%
25.28%
4.2.2. Verbs as Part of Mental Process
Table 4.6. Distribution of Four Classes of Verbs in Mental
Process in ECQs
Total
Perceptive
Cognitive Desiderative Emotive
68
7
32
12
17
100%
10.29
47.05
17.64
25

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4.2.3. Verbs as Part of Relational Process
Relational Process is the second type of Process found in
the English Challenge Quotes. The data categorised into
Relational Process is 382 data. The Relational Processes are
classified into Attributive and Identifying Relational Processes.
4.2.4. Verbs as Part of Behavioural Process
Halliday and Matthiessen (2014, p.302) discussed and finds
out the five kind of verbs serving as process in behavioural
clauses.
4.2.5. Verbs as Part of Verbal Process
Verbal Process can be identified as the processes of
saying which are represented by verbs “tell”, “say”, “ask”,
“suggest”, etc.

4.2.6. Verbs as Part of Existential Process
Existential Process represents experience by positing that
“there was/is something” because the function of Existential
Processes is to construe being as simple existence. Unlike other
processes, there is only one participant known as Existent in
existential process. The Existential Process is the last type of
processes found in the English Challenge Quotes. From the data
collected, there are 12 data. From the 12 data, there is one verb
involved, it is verb “be”.
4.3. PATICIPANTS USED IN ENGLISH CHALLENGE
QUOTES
There are 2106 Participants found in this investigation. The
result of the Participants that are characterized in the ECQs can
be seen in the table 4.12.

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Table 4.12. Participants Used in ECQs
Frequency of
Participant
Percentage (%)
Occurrence
Actor
524
23.86
Goal
852
38.79
Recipient

45
2.04
Scope
121
5.51
Attribute
22
1
Client
11
0.50
Senser
52
2.36
Phenomenon
42
1.91
Carrier
134
6.10
Attribute
174
7.92
Token
96
4.37
Value
79
3.59
Behaver

1
0.04
Behavior
1
0.04
Existent
12
0.54
Sayer
21
0.95
Receiver
5
0.22
Verbiage
4
0.18
2196
100
(Sum)

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4.3.1. Participants Associated with Material Process
The Material Process involves Actor (23.86%) and Goal
(38.79%) as Participants. Besides, there are other Participants in
the Material Process namely Recipient (2.04%), Client (0.50%),
Attribute (1%), and Scope (5.51%).
4.3.2. Participants Associated with Mental Process
The Mental Process has Senser and Phenomenon as the
Participants. Senser occurs 52 times (2.36%) and Phenomenon
occurs 42 times (1.91%).

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4.3.3. Participants Associated with Relational Process
There are two forms of Relational. The first type is
Attributing. It is supported by the number of Carrier (6.10%) and
Attribute (7.92%) as the Participants.
4.3.4. Participants Associated with Behavioural Process
The Behavioural Process has a Behaver and a Behavioral as
Participant. Behaver and Behavioral both occur 1 time (0.04%).
4.3.5. Participants Associated with Verbal Process
The Verbal Process usually has a Sayer as the main
participant. The other Participants in Verbal Process are Receiver
and Verbiage. Receiver occurs 5 times (0.22%) and Verbiage
occurs 4 times (0.18%).
4.3.6. Participants Associated with Existential Process
The Existential Process has a participant named Existent. It
occurs 12 times (0.54%).
4.4. CIRCUMSTANCES INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSES
IN ENGLISH CHALLENGE QUOTES
Table 4.13. Circumstances Involved in the Processes in ECQs
Circumstantial
Frequency of Percentage
Elements
Occurrence
(%)
Distance
1
0.11

Extent
Duration
0
0
Frequency
97
11.13
Place
234
26.86
Location
Time
156
17.91
Means
45
5.16
Manner
Quality
50
5.74
Comparison
11
1.26
Degree
27
3.09
Reason
45
5.16

Cause
Purpose
44
5.05
Behalf
42
4.82

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Circumstantial
Elements
Accompanim
ent

Frequency of Percentage
Occurrence
(%)
Comitative
Additive

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Matter
Role

Contingency

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Guise
Product
Condition
Default
Concession
Source
Viewpoint

96

11.02

0
20
1
0
0
0
1
0
1

0
2.29
0.11
0

0
0
0.11
0
0.11

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871
100
Total
4.4.1. Circumstance of Extent
4.4.2. Circumstance of Location
4.4.3. Circumstance of Cause
4.4.4. Circumstance of Matter
4.4.5. Circumstance of Manner
4.4.6. Circumstance of Role
4.4.7. Circumstance of Accompaniment
4.4.8. Circumstance of Contingency
4.4.9. Circumstance of Angle
4.5. COMBINATION OF PROCESS TYPES FOUND IN
ENGLISH CHALLENGE QUOTES
There are three main structures of the combination of
processes discovered in the data: Relational Process + Material
Process; Mental Process + Material Process and Existential
Process + Material Process.

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Table 4.30. Combination of Process Types Used in ECQs
Frequency of Percentage
Structure
Occurrence
(%)
Relational Process + Material
302
81.62

Process
Mental Process + Material
56
15.13
Process
Existential Process + Material
12
3.24
Process
Total
370
100
4.6. SUMMARY
In summary, this chapter has discussed the findings of the
investigation into Processes in ECQs. The discussion consists of the

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six types of Processes namely Material Process, Relational Process,
Mental Process, Behavioural Process, Verbal Process and

Existential Process. In addition, this section looks into verbs as part
of Processes in ECQs. Participants as well as Circumstances which
are involved in ECQs have been also represented. Finally,
combination of process types found in English Challenge Quotes

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Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS

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has been mentioned in this chapter.

5.1. CONCLUSIONS
This study has analyzed six types of Processes in ECQs
namely Material Process, Relational Process, Mental Process,
Behavioural Process, Verbal Process and Existential Process as

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well as related aspects. The findings clearly answered the
research questions posed in this study.
According to the result of the investigation, it is concluded
that all six types of Process were used in the texts in English
Challenge Quotes, namely Material, Relational, Mental, Verbal,
Existential and Behavioural. The dominant Process type is the
Material process, it consists of a significant proportion of the total
processes. The authors have used Material Process widely in
ECQs. The reason is, these texts aim to help people to stay
resilient and positive in order to cope with any difficulty to
overcome and grow no matter the obstacles they face. Therefore,
the authors came up with simple sayings using a Material Process
and Goal together with the Circumstances. In addition, the
representative Participant of English Challenge Quotes is the
Participants associated with Material Process named Actor, Goal,
Scope, Recipient, Attribute, and Client. The typical Circumstance
of English Challenge Quotes is Location, particularly PlaceLocation. It contributes more than a quarter of the total
Circumstance. It explains Place and Time when the process
happens. This is not a surprising result because they play an
important part to complete the process by demonstrating in detail
about the exact location as well the time.
Finally, there are three main structures of combination of
processes discovered in the data: Relational Process + Material
Process; Mental Process + Material Process and Existential

Process + Material Process. The distribution of these structures
helps to convey authors‟ wishes successfully.

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