Software development (1)

SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
AN OPEN SOURCE APPROACH


Chapman & Hall/CRC Innovations in Software Engineering
and Software Development
Series Editor
Richard LeBlanc
Chair, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Seattle University

Aims and Scope
This series covers all aspects of software engineering and software development. Books
in the series will be innovative reference books, research monographs, and textbooks at
the undergraduate and graduate level. Coverage will include traditional subject matter,
cutting-edge research, and current industry practice, such as agile software development
methods and service-oriented architectures. We also welcome proposals for books that
capture the latest results on the domains and conditions in which practices are most effective.
Published Titles
Software Development: An Open Source Approach
Allen Tucker, Ralph Morelli, and Chamindra de Silva
Forthcoming Titles
Fundamentals of Dependable Computing for Software Engineers
John Knight
Software Metrics, Second Edition
Norman Fenton and James Bieman
Designing Software
André van der Hoek, Alex Baker, and Emily Navarro
Systems Engineering Principles for Software Engineers
Ray J. Madachy

Model Based Software Design
Adair Dingle
Software Engineering: The Current Practice
Vaclav Rajlich


CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC INNOVATIONS IN
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
AN OPEN SOURCE APPROACH

ALLEN TUCKER
RALPH MORELLI
CHAMINDRA DE SILVA

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the
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The photo on the cover symbolizes the central themes of free and open source software development:
the management of chaos (Raymond’s “bazaar” metaphor), communities, collaboration, openness,
teamwork, and agility.

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Contents

▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

①✐

▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

①✈

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

①✈✐✐

Pr❡❢❛❝❡

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥ts

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❆✉t❤♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥
✶✳✶

✶✳✷

✶✳✸

✶✳✹

❙♦❢t✇❛r❡

✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❚②♣❡s ♦❢ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡

✶✳✶✳✷

❚❤❡ ❈❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✺

✶✳✶✳✸

❲❤♦ ❆r❡ t❤❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼

✶✳✶✳✹

❙tr❛t❡❣✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❋r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❖♣❡♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❋❖❙❙✮

✷✳✷

✷✳✸

✷✳✹

✷

✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷

✶✳✷✳✶

❖r✐❣✐♥s ❛♥❞ ●r♦✇t❤

✶✳✷✳✷

▲✐❝❡♥s✐♥❣

✶✳✷✳✸

❲♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■♠♣❛❝t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽

✶✳✷✳✹

❍✉♠❛♥✐t❛r✐❛♥ ❋❖❙❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❚✇♦ ❈❛s❡ ❙t✉❞✐❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✳✸✳✶

❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡

✶✳✸✳✷

❙❛❤❛♥❛

❙✉♠♠❛r②

✶✻

✷✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❚❡❛♠
✷✳✶

✶

✶✳✶✳✶

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✷

①①✈
①①✈✐✐

✷✼

❑❡② ❋❖❙❙ ❆❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✼

✷✳✶✳✶

❆❣✐❧❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✼

✷✳✶✳✷

❯s✐♥❣ P❛tt❡r♥s

✷✾

✷✳✶✳✸

❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲r✐t✐♥❣ ❈♦❞❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶

✷✳✶✳✹

❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✹

✷✳✶✳✺

❖♥✲▲✐♥❡ ❍❡❧♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❈❧✐❡♥t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ✈s ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❥❡❝ts
✷✳✷✳✶

Pr♦❥❡❝t ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥

✷✳✷✳✷

❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛ ❈❧✐❡♥t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❥❡❝t
✷✳✸✳✶

▼❡♠❜❡rs✱ ❘♦❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❚❛s❦s

✷✳✸✳✷

❚❡❛♠ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝s

✷✳✸✳✸

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✼
✹✵
✹✷
✹✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✼

❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣✱ ▼✐❧❡st♦♥❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❚♦✲❉♦ ▲✐sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✽

❏♦✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❥❡❝t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✺✵

✈


❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✈✐

✷✳✺

✷✳✹✳✶

Pr♦❥❡❝t ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✳✹✳✷

❋✐rst ❈♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✺✸

✷✳✹✳✸

◆♦r♠s ❢♦r ●♦♦❞ ❈✐t✐③❡♥s❤✐♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✺✻

✷✳✹✳✹

❇❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛ ❯s❡r ❋✐rst ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❙✉♠♠❛r②

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✸

✸✳✷

✸✳✸

✸✳✹

✻✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✳✶✳✶

❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥

✸✳✶✳✷

❙②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥

✸✳✶✳✸

❙❤❛r❡❞ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❈♦❞❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s

✻✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✺

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❚❤❡ ■❉❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✽

❚❤❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❙t❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✵

✸✳✷✳✸

❚❤❡ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❙②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✷

✸✳✷✳✹

❚❤❡ ❇✉❣ ❚r❛❝❦❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✼

❘✉♥✲❚✐♠❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✷

✸✳✸✳✶

P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✷

✸✳✸✳✷

❲❡❜ ❍♦st✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✸

✸✳✸✳✸

▲✐❝❡♥s✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✸

✸✳✸✳✹

P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✹

❙✉♠♠❛r②

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✺

✽✼

✹✳✶

❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ P❛tt❡r♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✳✷

▲❛②❡rs✱ ❈♦❤❡s✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❯s✐♥❣ ▼❡tr✐❝s t♦ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❈♦❤❡s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣

❙❡❝✉r✐t②

✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾✺
✾✻

✹✳✸✳✷

❯s❡r✲▲❡✈❡❧ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✳✺

❙✉♠♠❛r②

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾✼
✶✵✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✺

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✺

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❈♦❞❡

✺✳✸

✽✾
✾✸

❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❈♦♥❝✉rr❡♥❝②✱ ❘❛❝❡ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❛❞❧♦❝❦s

✺✳✷

✽✼

✹✳✸✳✶
✹✳✹

✺✳✶

✻✻
✻✼

✸✳✷✳✷

❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡

✹✳✸

✻✸

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✳✷✳✶

✹✳✷✳✶

✺

✻✸

❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❚♦♦❧s

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✹

✺✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❯s✐♥❣ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❚♦♦❧s

✸✳✶

✺✷

❇❛❞ ❙♠❡❧❧s ❛♥❞ ▼❡tr✐❝s

✶✵✼
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✽

✺✳✶✳✶

■❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❇❛❞ ❙♠❡❧❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✽

✺✳✶✳✷

❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▼❡tr✐❝s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✶

✺✳✷✳✶

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✿ ❘❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❯s❡❧❡ss ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✹

✺✳✷✳✷

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✿ ❘❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛ ▲❛②❡r✐♥❣ ❱✐♦❧❛t✐♦♥

✶✶✹

❘❡❢❛❝t♦r✐♥❣

❚❡st✐♥❣
✺✳✸✳✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✼

❯♥✐t ❚❡st✐♥❣ ❚♦♦❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✾


❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✺✳✹

✺✳✺

✺✳✻

✺✳✸✳✷

❚❡st ❈❛s❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷✵

✺✳✸✳✸

❆ ❙tr❛t❡❣② ❢♦r ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❯♥✐t ❚❡sts

✶✷✽

❉❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣

✶✷✾

✺✳✹✳✶

❚♦♦❧ ❯s❡ ✈s ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r ❙❦✐❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✵

✺✳✹✳✷

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✿ ❆ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❇✉❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✶

✺✳✹✳✸

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✿ ❆ ▼✉❧t✐✲▲❡✈❡❧ ❇✉❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✸

❊①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦r ❛ ◆❡✇ Pr♦❥❡❝t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✺

✺✳✺✳✶

❆ ◆❡✇ ❯s❡ ❈❛s❡

✺✳✺✳✷

■♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❈♦❞❡ ❇❛s❡

✺✳✺✳✸

❚❡❛♠ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❙✉♠♠❛r②

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✳✷

✻✳✸

✻✳✹

✻✳✺

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✹✵

✶✹✸
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✹✸

✻✳✶✳✶

❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✹✹

✻✳✶✳✷

❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❈♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✹✼

✻✳✶✳✸

❊①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✶

✻✳✷✳✶

❆❞❞✐♥❣ ◆❡✇ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s

❚♦♣✲❉♦✇♥ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✴❇♦tt♦♠✲❯♣ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✹

✻✳✷✳✷

▼♦❞✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈❧❛ss❡s

✶✺✺

✻✳✷✳✸

❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❇✉❧❧❡t♣r♦♦✜♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✽

❈❧❛ss ❉❡s✐❣♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✳✸✳✶

❯s✐♥❣ ❲❤❛t✬s ❆❧r❡❛❞② ❚❤❡r❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✸

✻✳✸✳✷

❆❞❞✐♥❣ ❛ ◆❡✇ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈❧❛ss

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✻

▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❘✐♣♣❧❡ ❊✛❡❝t
✻✳✹✳✶

❯♥✐t ❚❡st✐♥❣ t❤❡ ◆❡✇ ❈♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✻

✻✳✹✳✷

❘❡❢❛❝t♦r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ◆❡✇ ❈♦❞❡ ❇❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✾

❙✉♠♠❛r②

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✶

❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❡s

✼✳✷

✼✳✸

✶✸✾
✶✹✵

❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❙②st❡♠

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✼✳✶

✶✸✻

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈❧❛ss❡s
✻✳✶

✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✻

✈✐✐

❉❡s✐❣♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡

✶✼✸

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✹

✼✳✶✳✶

❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❈r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✺

✼✳✶✳✷

❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ t♦ t❤❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✻

✼✳✶✳✸

❚❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✽

✼✳✶✳✹

◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡②s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✵

✼✳✶✳✺

❇❛❝❦✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❝♦✈❡r②

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✹

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡
✼✳✷✳✶

❚❛❜❧❡ ❈r❡❛t✐♦♥

✼✳✷✳✷

❚❛❜❧❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✺

✼✳✷✳✸

❚❛❜❧❡ ■♥s❡rt✐♦♥✱ ❉❡❧❡t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❯♣❞❛t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✼

❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡❣r✐t②

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✽

✼✳✸✳✶

❉❛t❛❜❛s❡✲▲❡✈❡❧ P❡r♠✐ss✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✾

✼✳✸✳✷

❯s❡r✲▲❡✈❡❧ P❡r♠✐ss✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✾


❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✈✐✐✐
✼✳✸✳✸
✼✳✹

✼✳✺

■t❡♠s ✶ ❛♥❞ ✾❞✿ ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r ❙t❛t✉s ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥

✼✳✹✳✷

■t❡♠ ✸✿ ❈❛❧❡♥❞❛r ❱✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❙✉♠♠❛r②

✳ ✳

✽✳✷

✽✳✸

✽✳✹

✾✳✸

✷✵✷

✷✵✺
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✵✺

✽✳✶✳✶

❚❤❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❱✐❡✇✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r P❛tt❡r♥

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✵✼

✽✳✶✳✷

❙❡ss✐♦♥s✱ ◗✉❡r② ❙tr✐♥❣s✱ ❛♥❞ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✶✵

✽✳✶✳✸

❊♥s✉r✐♥❣ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛t t❤❡ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡

✷✶✸

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❈♦❞❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✶✽

✽✳✷✳✶

❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❉❡❡♣❧② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✶✾

✽✳✷✳✷

❉❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ❛s ❛ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❆❝t✐✈✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❆❞❞✐♥❣ ◆❡✇ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s✿ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ■♠♣❛❝t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✷✹
✷✸✵

✽✳✸✳✶

■t❡♠ ✶✿ ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r ❙t❛t✉s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✵

✽✳✸✳✷

■t❡♠ ✷✿ ▼❛❦❡ ❆❝t✐✈❡✴■♥❛❝t✐✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✺

✽✳✸✳✸

■t❡♠ ✸✿ ❈❛❧❡♥❞❛r ❱✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❙✉♠♠❛r②

✷✸✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✹✵

✷✹✸

❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❲r✐t✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✹✸

✾✳✶✳✶

❑♥♦✇✐♥❣ ❨♦✉r ❆✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✹✹

✾✳✶✳✷

Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ●♦♦❞ ❲r✐t✐♥❣

✷✹✻

❚②♣❡s ♦❢ ❯s❡r ❙✉♣♣♦rt

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✹✾

✾✳✷✳✶

❖♥✲▲✐♥❡ ❍❡❧♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✹✾

✾✳✷✳✷

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ▼❛♥✉❛❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✶

✾✳✷✳✸

❖♣❡♥ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❋♦r✉♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✸

✾✳✷✳✹

❯s❡r ❚r❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✼

❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡ ❖♥✲▲✐♥❡ ❍❡❧♣
✾✳✸✳✶

✾✳✹

✶✾✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❯s❡r ❙✉♣♣♦rt

✾✳✷

✶✾✸
✶✾✺
✷✵✶

❉❡s✐❣♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✾✳✶

✶✾✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
✽✳✶

✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✳✹✳✶

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✽

❈♦♥tr♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♥❝✉rr❡♥❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❆❞❞✐♥❣ ◆❡✇ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s✿ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ■♠♣❛❝t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✽

❍❡❧♣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈♦❞❡ ❇❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✽

❙✉♠♠❛r②

❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✻✸

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✻✸

✶✵ Pr♦❥❡❝t ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡

✷✻✺

✶✵✳✶ ❖r✐❣✐♥s ❛♥❞ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✳✶✳✶ ❙t❛rt✐♥❣ ❛ ❈❧✐❡♥t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❥❡❝t
✶✵✳✶✳✷ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ❆ss❡ss♠❡♥t

✷✻✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✼✶

✶✵✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❉❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝ ▼❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✵✳✷✳✶ ■♥❝✉❜❛t✐♦♥
✶✵✳✷✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥

✷✻✺

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✼✸

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✼✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✼✼

✶✵✳✷✳✸ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥✢✐❝t ❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥
✶✵✳✷✳✹ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✽✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✽✷


❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✐①

✶✵✳✸ ❘❡❧❡❛s✐♥❣ ❈♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✵✳✸✳✶ ▲✐❝❡♥s✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✳✸✳✷ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❍♦st
✶✵✳✸✳✸ ❘❡❧❡❛s❡ ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❡s

✷✽✺

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✽✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✽✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾✵

✶✵✳✹ ❙✉♠♠❛r②
❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✽✹
✷✽✹

✶✶ ◆❡✇ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✐♦♥

✷✾✶

✶✶✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ●❛t❤❡r✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾✷

✶✶✳✶✳✶ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾✷

✶✶✳✶✳✷ ❯s❡r ❙t♦r✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾✺

✶✶✳✶✳✸ ❯s❡ ❈❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾✼

✶✶✳✷ ■♥✐t✐❛❧ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✸

✶✶✳✷✳✶ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✸

✶✶✳✷✳✷ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✹

✶✶✳✷✳✸ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✺

✶✶✳✷✳✹ ❙②st❡♠ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✼

✶✶✳✷✳✺ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s

✸✵✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✳✷✳✻ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✶✳✸ ❙✉♠♠❛r②
❊①❡r❝✐s❡s

✸✵✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✾

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡s

✸✶✶

❆ ❉❡t❛✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❛s❡ ❙t✉❞②

✸✶✶

❆✳✶

❆✳✷

❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✶

❆✳✶✳✶

❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✷

❆✳✶✳✷

❯s❡ ❈❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✼

❆✳✶✳✸

❙②st❡♠ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✽

❉❡s✐❣♥
❆✳✷✳✶

●♦❛❧s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❆✳✷✳✷

❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✾

❆✳✷✳✸

❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✵

❆✳✷✳✹

❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥

✸✸✵

❆✳✷✳✺

●❯■ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✸

❆✳✷✳✻

■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✻

❆✳✷✳✼

❯s❡r✲❙②st❡♠ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✻

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❇ ◆❡✇ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❛♥ ❊①✐st✐♥❣ ❈♦❞❡ ❇❛s❡

✸✷✾

✸✹✶

❇✳✶

❙t❛rt✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❘❡q✉❡st ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❈❧✐❡♥t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❇✳✷

■♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈♦❞❡ ❇❛s❡

✸✹✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✹✸

❇✳✸

❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❛ Pr♦❥❡❝t t❤❛t ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts t❤❡s❡ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✺✵

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

✸✺✶

■♥❞❡①

✸✺✺



List of Figures

✶✳✶

▼❛r❦❡t s❤❛r❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✏❇r♦✇s❡r ❲❛rs✑

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸

✶✳✷

❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❋❖❙❙ ❧✐❝❡♥s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼

✷✳✶

❚❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✽

✷✳✷

❚❤❡ ❛❣✐❧❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾

✷✳✸

❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❙✉❜✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶
✸✷

✷✳✹

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❢r♦♠ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✳✺

❖✉t♣✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸

✷✳✻

❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞❡♥t❡❞ ❜❧♦❝❦s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ✳

✸✹

✷✳✼

■♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✺

✷✳✽

P❍P ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✻

✷✳✾

❋♦r♠ ❢♦r ✜❧❧✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❛❝❛♥❝② ♦♥ ❛ s❤✐❢t✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✾

✷✳✶✵ ❍❡❧♣ s❝r❡❡♥ ❢♦r ✜❧❧✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❛❝❛♥❝②✳
✸✳✶

❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✾

✸✳✷

❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ st❛❝❦ ❢♦r ❲❡❜✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✵

✸✳✸

❆ ▲❆▼P st❛❝❦ ❢♦r ❲❡❜✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✶

✸✳✹

❚❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✺

✸✳✺

❘❡s♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✿ ❈♦♣②✲♠♦❞✐❢②✲♠❡r❣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✻

✸✳✻

▲✐❢❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜✉❣✱ ❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❇✉❣③✐❧❧❛

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✽

✸✳✼

❙❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❧✐❝❡♥s❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✳ ✳

✽✸

✸✳✽

❉✐s♣❧❛②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❧✐❝❡♥s❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦❞❡✳ ✳

✽✹

✹✳✶

❚❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲s❡r✈❡r ♣❛tt❡r♥✳

✽✾

✹✳✷

▲❛②❡rs ✐♥ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲t✐❡r ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾✵

✹✳✸

▼✉❧t✐✲t✐❡r ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾✶

✹✳✹

❯s❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ t❤❛t ✈✐♦❧❛t❡s t❤❡ ❧❛②❡r✐♥❣ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾✷

✹✳✺

❆ s❡❝✉r❡ ❧♦❣✐♥ ❢♦r♠✳

✹✳✻

❊①❝❡r♣t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐♥ ❝♦❞❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾✽
✾✾

✹✳✼

❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛♥t✱ ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡r ♠❡♥✉s✳ ✳

✶✵✵

✹✳✽

❈♦❞❡ ❢♦r ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♠❡♥✉s✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✶

✹✳✾

❉❡❛❞❧♦❝❦ ❛t ❛ tr❛✣❝ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✸

✺✳✶

❘❡❢❛❝t♦r✐♥❣✱ t❡st✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡rr❡❧❛t❡❞✳

✺✳✷

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❜❛❞ s♠❡❧❧✖❞✉♣❧✐❝❛t❡ ❝♦❞❡✳

✺✳✸

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❜❛❞ s♠❡❧❧ r❡♠♦✈❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✷

✺✳✹

❆ ♥❡✇ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❜P❡rs♦♥s ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✻

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✾

①✐


▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

①✐✐
✺✳✺

❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♥❡✇ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❜P❡rs♦♥s ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✻

✺✳✻

❆ t②♣✐❝❛❧ P❍P ✉♥✐t ❢♦r t❡st✐♥❣✳

✶✶✽

✺✳✼

❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ ✉♥✐t t❡st ❢♦r ❛ P❍P ❝❧❛ss ♦r ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✽

✺✳✽

❆ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ✉♥✐t t❡sts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✾

✺✳✾

❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ✉♥✐t t❡sts✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✾

✺✳✶✵ ❆ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ✉♥✐t t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷✷

✺✳✶✶ ❆ ✉♥✐t t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❜❙❤✐❢ts ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷✹

✺✳✶✷ ❚❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❢♦r♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷✹

✺✳✶✸ ❆ ✉♥✐t t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✐t❙❤✐❢t ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷✻

✺✳✶✹ ❆ ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r ❢♦r♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❤❛♥❣❡❆❈❛❧❡♥❞❛r ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷✼

✺✳✶✺ ▲♦❝❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✉❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r✳♣❤♣ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✶

✺✳✶✻ ▲♦❝❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✉❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❜❉❛t❡s ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳
✺✳✶✼ ❯s❡ ❝❛s❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✹

❍♦✉s❡❝❧❡❛♥✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✼

✺✳✶✽ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r ❤♦✉s❡❝❧❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✽

✻✳✶

◆❡✇ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ P❡rs♦♥ ❝❧❛ss✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✻

✻✳✷

◆❡✇ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ P❡rs♦♥ ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✻

✻✳✸

❘❡✈✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✽

✻✳✹

❘❡✈✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❝❧❛ss✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✾

✻✳✺

❆❞❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✵

✻✳✻

❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ r❡t✉r♥ ❛ ❙❤✐❢t ♥❛♠❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✶

✻✳✼

■♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❲❡❡❦ ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✹

✻✳✽

■♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r ❛ ♥❡✇ ▼♦♥t❤ ❝❧❛ss✳

✶✻✺

✻✳✾

❈♦♥str✉❝t♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ▼♦♥t❤ ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✻

✻✳✶✵ ❆✉❣♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✽

✻✳✶✶ ◆❡✇ ✉♥✐t t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼♦♥t❤ ❝❧❛ss✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✾

✻✳✶✷ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛t❡s ❢♦r ❛ ♥❡✇ ▼♦♥t❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✾

✼✳✶

▼②❙◗▲ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞s t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✉s❡r ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✺

✼✳✷

❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ▲❆▼P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✻

✼✳✸

❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳

✶✼✼

✼✳✹

❆ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❜❉❛t❡s t❛❜❧❡✳

✼✳✺

❙❤✐❢ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❢♦r ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

✼✳✻

❇❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ▲❆▼P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✷

✼✳✼

❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❢♦r ▼②❙◗▲ t❛❜❧❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳

✶✽✹

✼✳✽

❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❜❉❛t❡s t❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r♠❤❉❇ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳

✼✳✾

❉❡❧❡t✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❜❉❛t❡s t❛❜❧❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✽
✶✽✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✺

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✾✶

✼✳✶✵ ◆❡✇ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❜P❡rs♦♥s t❛❜❧❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✾✻

✼✳✶✶ ■♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❞❜P❡rs♦♥s t❛❜❧❡✳

✶✾✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✳✶✷ ❚❡st✐♥❣ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❜P❡rs♦♥s✳♣❤♣ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳
✼✳✶✸ ◆❡✇
✼✳✶✹ ◆❡✇

✶✾✽

✳ ✳

✷✵✵

✳ ✳

✷✵✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✵✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✵✼

✼✳✶✺ ❯♣❣r❛❞❡❞ ✉♥✐t t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❜❙❤✐❢ts ♠♦❞✉❧❡
✽✳✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

s❡t✉♣❴❞❜❉❛t❡s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❞❜❉❛t❡s✳♣❤♣ r❡❢❛❝t♦r✐♥❣✳
❣❡t❴s❤✐❢t❴♥❛♠❡❴❢r♦♠❴✐❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❞❜❙❤✐❢ts✳♣❤♣✳

❚❤❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❱✐❡✇✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ♣❛tt❡r♥✳


▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

①✐✐✐

✽✳✷

❚❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ✈✐❡✇ ✐♥ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✵✽

✽✳✸

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t❙❤✐❢t✳♣❤♣ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✶✶

✽✳✹

❈♦♥tr♦❧❧✐♥❣ ♥❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ ✩❴P❖❙❚ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✶✸

✽✳✺

❊♥s✉r✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✈✐❛

✷✶✺

✽✳✻

P❛ss✇♦r❞ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡ ❧♦❣✐♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✶✺

✽✳✼

P❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❢♦r ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❛ ❙✉❜❈❛❧❧▲✐st✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✶✾

✽✳✽

❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙✉❜❈❛❧❧▲✐st ❢♦r♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✷✵

✽✳✾

❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❢♦r♠ t♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ❛♥ ❙❈▲✳

✷✷✵

✩❴P❖❙❚

❛♥❞

✩❴❙❊❙❙■❖◆

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✳✶✵ ❈♦❞❡ s♥✐♣♣❡t ❢♦r r❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❙❤✐❢t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✷✷

✽✳✶✶ ❘❡♣r♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜✉❣✳

✷✷✺

✽✳✶✷ ▲♦❝❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❡❝t✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✷✻

✽✳✶✸ ❉❡s✐❣♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜①✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✷✼

✽✳✶✹ ❚❡st✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜①✿ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✷✼

✽✳✶✺ ❙❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥✬s st❛t✉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✶

✽✳✶✻ ❈❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ♣❡rs♦♥❋♦r♠✳♣❤♣ t♦ s❤♦✇ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥✬s st❛t✉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✶

✽✳✶✼ ❯♣❞❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥✬s ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❡♥tr②✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✳✶✽ ❙❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥✬s st❛t✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❡✇✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✳✶✾ ❈❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ✈✐❡✇P❡rs♦♥✳♣❤♣ t♦ s❤♦✇ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥✬s st❛t✉s✳
✽✳✷✵ ❙❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✏✐♥❛❝t✐✈❡✑ ✈♦❧✉♥t❡❡rs ❛♥❞ r❡s✉❧ts✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✷
✷✸✷
✷✸✸

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✸

✽✳✷✶ s❡❛r❝❤P❡♦♣❧❡✳♣❤♣ ❝♦❞❡ t❤❛t ✜♥❞s ✏✐♥❛❝t✐✈❡✑ ✈♦❧✉♥t❡❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✹

✽✳✷✷ ❈❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❡❞✐t▼❛st❡r❙❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✳♣❤♣ t♦ ❧✐st ♦♥❧② ✏❛❝t✐✈❡✑ ✈♦❧✉♥✲
t❡❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✹

✽✳✷✸ ▲✐st✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ✏❛❝t✐✈❡✑ ✈♦❧✉♥t❡❡rs ✇❤❡♥ ✜❧❧✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❛❝❛♥❝②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✹

✽✳✷✹ ▲✐st✐♥❣ ✈♦❧✉♥t❡❡rs ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ✇♦r❦❡❞ r❡❝❡♥t❧②✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✽✳✷✺ ❈♦❞❡ ❢♦r ❧✐st✐♥❣ ✈♦❧✉♥t❡❡rs ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ✇♦r❦❡❞ r❡❝❡♥t❧②✳

✳ ✳

✷✸✺
✷✸✻

✽✳✷✻ ◆❡✇ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢♦r ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♦r ✐♥❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣❡rs♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✼

✽✳✷✼ ❆ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ▼♦✈❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❢❡❛t✉r❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✽

✽✳✷✽ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ st❛rt ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞ t✐♠❡s ❢♦r ❛ ❙❤✐❢t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸✾

✾✳✶

❋✐rst ♣❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋✐r❡❢♦① ♠❛♥✉❛❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❍❡❧♣ ❛♥❞ ❋❆◗s✳ ✳

✷✺✷

✾✳✷

❆❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❤❛♥❛ ❋❆◗ ❧✐st✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✸

✾✳✸

P♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❤❛♥❛ ❢♦r✉♠s✳

✾✳✹

❆❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❤❛♥❛ ❜✉❣ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❧✐st✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✺

✾✳✺

P♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❉r✉♣❛❧ ❢♦r✉♠s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✻

✾✳✻

❆❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❋✐r❡❢♦① ✉s❡r ❢♦r✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✻

✾✳✼

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❤❡❧♣ ♠❡♥✉ ✐♥ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✾

✾✳✽

❙t❡♣♣✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ ✜❧❧✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❛❝❛♥❝②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✻✵

✾✳✾

❙❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ s❝r❡❡♥ s❤♦t ❜② s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ✐ts t❤✉♠❜♥❛✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✻✶

✾✳✶✵ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❤❡❧♣ ♣❛❣❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✻✷

✾✳✶✶ ❍❚▼▲ ❝♦❞❡ ❢♦r ❙t❡♣ ✶ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❧♣ ♣❛❣❡ ❢♦r ✜❧❧✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❛❝❛♥❝②✳ ✳

✷✻✷

✶✵✳✶ ❚❤❡ st❛❣✐♥❣ s❡r✈❡r✿ ❈❧✐❡♥t✲❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✻✽

✶✵✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❤❛♥❛ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✽✶

✶✶✳✶ ❘▼❍ ❣✉❡st r❡❢❡rr❛❧ ❢♦r♠✳

✷✾✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳


▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

①✐✈

✶✶✳✷ ❘▼❍ ❣✉❡st r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛r❞✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾✺

✶✶✳✸ ❘▼❍ ❣✉❡st r♦♦♠ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✾✻

✶✶✳✹ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡r♦♦♠ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✶

✶✶✳✺ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❢♦r ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡r♦♦♠✳

✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✹

✶✶✳✻ ❘♦♦♠ ✈✐❡✇ s❝r❡❡♥ ❞r❛❢t ❢♦r ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡r♦♦♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✵✺

❆✳✶

❘▼❍ ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✿ ✶✷✴✷✵✵✼✳

✸✶✹

❆✳✷

❘▼❍ ♠❛st❡r s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✖●r♦✉♣ ❖♥❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✺

❆✳✸

❚②♣✐❝❛❧ ❤❛♥❞✇r✐tt❡♥ ♠♦♥t❤❧② ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✻

❆✳✹

❚②♣✐❝❛❧ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡❞ ❞❛② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤❛♥❞✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r✳

❆✳✺

❘▼❍ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠✳

❆✳✻

❯s❡ ❝❛s❡

❆✳✼

❯s❡ ❝❛s❡

❆✳✽

❯s❡ ❝❛s❡

❆✳✾

❯s❡ ❝❛s❡

❆✳✶✵ ❯s❡ ❝❛s❡
❆✳✶✶ ❯s❡ ❝❛s❡
❆✳✶✷ ❯s❡ ❝❛s❡
❆✳✶✸ ❯s❡ ❝❛s❡
❆✳✶✹ ❯s❡ ❝❛s❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✻

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✼

❯♣❞❛t❡❆♣♣❧✐❝❛♥t▲✐st✳
❯♣❞❛t❡❙✉❜▲✐st✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❯♣❞❛t❡❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r▲✐st✳
●❡♥❡r❛t❡❆❈❛❧❡♥❞❛r✳
❈❤❛♥❣❡❆❙❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✳ ✳
❈❤❛♥❣❡❆❈❛❧❡♥❞❛r✳ ✳
❋✐♥❞❆❙✉❜✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

●❡♥❡r❛t❡❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs✳
❱✐❡✇❆▲✐st✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✽

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✶✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✸

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷✺

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❆✳✶✺ ❑❡② ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ P❡rs♦♥ ❝❧❛ss✳

✸✷✻

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✵

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✶

❆✳✶✼ ❑❡② ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❈▲ ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✶

❆✳✶✻ ❑❡② ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❝❧❛ss✳

❆✳✶✽ ❑❡② ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❘▼❍❞❛t❡ ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✷

❆✳✶✾ ❑❡② ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❲❡❡❦ ❝❧❛ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✷

❆✳✷✵ ●r♦✉♣ ❖♥❡ ♠❛st❡r s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✸

❆✳✷✶ ❋✐rst ✇❡❡❦❡♥❞✬s ♠❛st❡r s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✹

❆✳✷✸ ❙❤✐❢t ✈✐❡✇ ❢♦r ✶✷✕✸ ♣♠ ♦♥ ▼❛② ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✺

❆✳✷✹ ❙✉❜❈❛❧❧▲✐st ✈✐❡✇ ❢♦r ✶✷✕✸ ♣♠ ♦♥ ▼❛② ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✺

❆✳✷✺ ❋✐❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✶✷✕✸ ♣♠ ✈❛❝❛♥❝② ♦♥ ▼❛② ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✻

❆✳✷✷ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r ✈✐❡✇✳

❆✳✷✻ ❉✐s♣❧❛② ♦❢ ❛ ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✼

❆✳✷✼ ▼❛♥❛❣❡r ❤♦♠❡ ♣❛❣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✽

❆✳✷✽ ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r ❤♦♠❡ ♣❛❣❡✳

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✾

❆✳✷✾ ❖♥✲❧✐♥❡ ❱♦❧✉♥t❡❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✸✾

❍♦✉s❡❝❧❡❛♥✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✹✾

❇✳✶

❯s❡ ❝❛s❡


List of Tables

✷✳✶

❙♦♠❡ ■♠♣♦rt❛♥t P❍P❉♦❝ ❚❛❣s ❛♥❞ ❚❤❡✐r ▼❡❛♥✐♥❣s

✷✳✷

❈❧✐❡♥t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ✈s✳ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❥❡❝ts

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✻

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✵

✹✳✶

P♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❘❛❝❡ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❖✉t❝♦♠❡s ❢♦r ❯♣❞❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❙❤✐❢t

✻✳✶

❚✇♦ ❊♥tr✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❜P❡rs♦♥s ❚❛❜❧❡

✻✳✷

❋♦r♠❛tt✐♥❣ ❈♦❞❡s ❯s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P❍P

✼✳✶

▼②❙◗▲ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s

✼✳✷

❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❯s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ▼②❙◗▲ ◗✉❡r②

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✹

✼✳✸

❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❆ttr✐❜✉t❡ ❚②♣❡s ✐♥ ▼②❙◗▲ ❚❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✽✺

✽✳✶

❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❜❙❤✐❢ts✳♣❤♣ ▼♦❞✉❧❡

✷✷✸

✾✳✶

❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡ ❯s❡r ◗✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡ ❛♥❞ ❘❡s✉❧ts

❆✳✶

❖✈❡r❛❧❧ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡❜❛s❡ ❈♦❞❡ ❇❛s❡

✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✶

❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✻✹

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼✻

❞❛t❡

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✺✽
✸✷✾

①✈



Preface

❚♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱ t❤❡r❡✬s
♥♦ ❜❡tt❡r ♠♦t✐✈❛t♦r t❤❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t t❤❛t ❤❛s r❡❛❧
✇♦r❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧✐❢❡ ❜❡②♦♥❞ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ s❡♠❡st❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥

s♦✉r❝❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❋❖❙❙✮ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❢❡rt✐❧❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r ✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣
s✉❝❤ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①❝✐t✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❢♦r t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢
♠♦❞❡r♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳
❚❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✉s❡s ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡s
❋❖❙❙ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s✱ ❛❣✐❧❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s✱ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ✐♥✲
✈♦❧✈❡♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦ ❛s ❝❡♥tr❛❧ t❤❡♠❡s✳ ❚♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ✐ts ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥②✐♥❣
❲❡❜ s✐t❡ ♠②♦♣❡♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳♦r❣✴t❡①t❜♦♦❦✱ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐s ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦r ✉s❡ ❛s t❤❡
♠❛✐♥ t❡①t ✐♥ ❛ ♦♥❡✲s❡♠❡st❡r ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳
❇② ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❝♦✉rs❡✱ st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❣❛✐♥ ❛ r✐❝❤ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❋❖❙❙ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❆s ❛ ❜②✲♣r♦❞✉❝t✱ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞
❛❧s♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❜❡tt❡r ✇r✐t❡rs✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ♠❡♠❜❡rs✳
❖✉r ♣r✐♠❛r② ❣♦❛❧ ✐s t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❛s
❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ ❢♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧❡❛r♥ t❤❛t
❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t❡❛♠ ❝❛♥ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❛❧✐t② t❤❛t ❛♥
✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥♥♦t t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ♠❛t❝❤✳

Why FOSS?
❚❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✇♦r❧❞ ❤❛s ❡✈♦❧✈❡❞ r❛♣✐❞❧② ✐♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡
tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♥♦✇ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ s❡r✐♦✉s ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s ❛s ❛
❜❛s✐s ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣✱ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ✉♣❣r❛❞✐♥❣ t♦❞❛②✬s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳
❙♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ❛r❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡s❡ ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s
❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡♥❥♦②✐♥❣ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t s✉❝❝❡ss✳ ❆ ❦❡② ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥
✐s t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❋❖❙❙✳
❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥② ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s t♦ ✉s✐♥❣ ❋❖❙❙ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❢♦r ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡✳

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ✐s t❤❛t ❋❖❙❙ ❛❧❧♦✇s s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦❞❡

t♦ ❜❡ ❢r❡❡❧② r❡❛❞✱ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❧✐❝❡♥s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✲
str❛✐♥ts t❤❛t ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥② t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣r♦♣r✐❡t❛r② s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳

❙❡❝♦♥❞✱

❋❖❙❙ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t t♦ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ♦❢
♦♥❡ s❡♠❡st❡r ♦r ♦♥❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐r❞✱ ❋❖❙❙ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s r❡q✉✐r❡
❛ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs t❤❛t ♣r♦♣r✐✲

①✈✐✐


Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①✈✐✐✐

❡t❛r② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ♠❛t❝❤✳ ❲❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡s❡ ✐❞❡❛s ♠♦r❡
❢✉❧❧② ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳
▼❛♥② ❋❖❙❙ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❛r❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ r❡❛❧ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥✐t❛r✲
✐❛♥ ♥❡❡❞s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ❛ ❋❖❙❙ ❢♦❝✉s ❝❛♥ ❛❞❞ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t
t♦ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡✳

✶

❆❧❧ t❤❡ ❋❖❙❙ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ r❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ r❡❛❧ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞
❤✉♠❛♥✐t❛r✐❛♥ ♥❡❡❞s✳

■♥ t❤✐s s❡tt✐♥❣✱ ✇❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ t②♣❡s ♦❢

♣r♦❥❡❝ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❝❛❧❧ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞✳

❼

❆ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐s ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ✐s ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❝✉❜❛t✐♦♥ st❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s
✉s✉❛❧❧② t❛✐❧♦r❡❞ t♦ ✜t t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t✳ ❆s s✉❝❤✱ ✐t ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❤❛s
❛ s♠❛❧❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❣r♦✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠♦❞❡st s❡t ♦❢ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❣♦❛❧s✱ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧②
s♠❛❧❧ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② ❜r✐❡❢ ❜✉t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts
st❛t❡♠❡♥t✳

❼

❆ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐s ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ❤❛s ♠❛t✉r❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t t❤❛t
✐t ❢✉❧✜❧❧s t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✉s✉❛❧❧②
❤❛s ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ✭♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✮ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✉s❡r ❣r♦✉♣✱ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡
❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐♥❣ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ✉♣❞❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ♥❡✇
❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳

❋r♦♠ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ❜♦t❤ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts s❤❛r❡ ❛
❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❜♦❞② ♦❢ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❜♦t❤ r❡q✉✐r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲
❡rs t♦ ❜❡ s❦✐❧❧❡❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t♦rs ✭❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ✉s❡rs✮ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❡♣t
❛t ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s ✭s✉❝❤ ❛s ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❤❛r❡❞ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡✮✳
❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠❢♦rt❛❜❧❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❲❡❜✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥
t❤r❡❛❞s ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✈✐❛ t❤♦s❡ t❤r❡❛❞s✳ ▼♦r❡✲
♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✱
✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s✳
❇♦t❤ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❛❝t✐✈❡❧② ❡♥❣❛❣❡ t❤❡
✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ ✉s❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ♣❤❛s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲

♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss✖♥♦t ❥✉st ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ t❡st✐♥❣✱
❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✳

❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❛❣✐❧❡

♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t tr❡❛ts t❤❡ ✉s❡r ❛s ❛ ❢✉❧❧✲✢❡❞❣❡❞ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧✲
♦♣♠❡♥t t❡❛♠ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐t❡r❛t❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝②❝❧❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛♥❞
❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✳

✶ ❙♦♠❡

❤❛✈❡ ❛r❣✉❡❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r t❤❛t ❛❞❞✐♥❣ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡

❝✉rr✐❝✉❧✉♠ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛s ❛ ♠❛❥♦r ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ st✉❞②✱ t❤✉s
✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❡♥r♦❧❧♠❡♥t ❜② ✇♦♠❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ✉♥❞❡rr❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❣r♦✉♣s✳ ❚❤✐s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐s
❛ ♠❛❥♦r t❤❡♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍❋❖❙❙ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✭s❡❡ ❤❢♦ss✳♦r❣ ❛♥❞ ❬▼❚❉+ ✵✾❪ ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✮✳


Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①✐①

Course Organization
❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐s t♦ ✐♠♠❡rs❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ✐♥t♦ ❛♥ ❛❣✐❧❡ ❋❖❙❙ s♦❢t✲
✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡tt✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ♦♥❡✲s❡♠❡st❡r ❝♦✉rs❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts
❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✭❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❲❡❜ s✐t❡ ♠②♦♣❡♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳♦r❣✴t❡①t❜♦♦❦✮ ❛r❡
t❛✐❧♦r❡❞ s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✶✸✲✇❡❡❦ s❡♠❡st❡r✳

✷

❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❛r❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t♦
❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ ❛♥ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ✭s❡❡ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❇ ❢♦r ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✮✳ ❖t❤❡r
♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❛r❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥ st❛t❡♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❛♥❞
❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ✭s❡❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✶ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✮✳ ❊✐t❤❡r
t②♣❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❢♦r st✉❞❡♥ts t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✱
❛❞❛♣t✱ ♦r ❡①t❡♥❞ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛rt✐❢❛❝t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❛ s❡♠❡st❡r✳ ❖t❤❡r
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝r❛❢t❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ st✉❞❡♥ts
t♦ ❛♥ ♦♥❣♦✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❙❛❤❛♥❛✳
❍❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r ✉s✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐♥ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✲
✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡✳
❖♥❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t♦r t♦ ❡♥❣❛❣❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞
♣r♦❥❡❝t✳

❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ♦r ♦✛

❝❛♠♣✉s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❡❛♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐✲
❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② s❡r✈❡ ✭✐❞❡❛❧❧② ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✮✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡❧②✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❘▼❍ ❍♦♠❡✲

❜❛s❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐ts❡❧❢✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤✐s t❡①t✳
❖t❤❡r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✬s ❲❡❜
s✐t❡ ♠②♦♣❡♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳♦r❣✴t❡①t❜♦♦❦✳
❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ❢♦r st✉❞❡♥ts t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ❛♥ ♦♥❣♦✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲
♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❙❛❤❛♥❛ ✭s❡❡ s❛❤❛♥❛❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳♦r❣✮✳

■♥ t❤✐s

❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❡①♣❡rts ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝❧✐❡♥ts
✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❢r♦♠ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r♦✉♥❞
t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✳

❚❤✉s✱ st✉❞❡♥t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ✇❤♦ ✇✐s❤ t♦ ❥♦✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♠♠✉✲

♥✐t② ❝❛♥ ❜❡❣✐♥ ❜② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❲❡❜✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ t❤r❡❛❞s ❛t t❤❡
♣r♦❥❡❝t✬s ❲❡❜ s✐t❡✳ ❖t❤❡r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❝❛♥
❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛t ❤❢♦ss✳♦r❣✳
❋♦r ❡✐t❤❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♠✐❞✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✉♥❞❡r❣r❛❞✉✲
❛t❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ❛♥ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ♦r ❛ s❡r✈✐❝❡
❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝♦✉rs❡ ❢♦r ♥♦♥✲♠❛❥♦rs ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r✐♦r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣r❡r❡q✉✐s✐t❡ ✐s t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ s♦♠❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ✭❢♦r
✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❜② ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s

✷ ❙✐♥❝❡

t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ✉t✐❧✐③❡ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ✭♥♦♥✲♣r♦♣r✐❡t❛r②✮ ❝♦❞❡✱ t❤❡✐r ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❢r❡❡❧② ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡✉s❡❞✳


Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①①

❝♦✉rs❡s✮ ✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡✳ ❆ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ❝❛♥ ❡✐t❤❡r ♣r❡❝❡❞❡ ♦r ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❝♦✉rs❡✳

■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ✇❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ❜❡❣✐♥ ❜② ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡✲
r✐❛❧ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡rs ✶✕✺✳

❚❤❡r❡✱ t❤❡② ❧❡❛r♥ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ s♦❢t✲

✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❡✐t❤❡r ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ s❡tt✐♥❣ ♦r ❛
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ s❡tt✐♥❣✳ ❋♦r ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥s ✷✳✸ ❛♥❞
✸✳✹✳✶ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❦✐♣♣❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥s ✷✳✷
❛♥❞ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❦✐♣♣❡❞✳

❋♦r ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ✇❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❜②
❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ❈❤❛♣t❡rs ✻✕✾✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s
❢♦r t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡
✉s❡s ❛ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥ P❍P ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❏❛✈❛✱ ❈✰✰✱ ♦r ❘✉❜②✮✱ st✉❞❡♥ts ✇✐❧❧
♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❛❞❛♣t t❤♦s❡ P❍P✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡
✉s✐♥❣✳

❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❡①♣❡❝t t♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✬s ❲❡❜ s✐t❡ s♦ t❤❛t ♦t❤❡r

❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❝♦✈❡r❡❞✳

❋♦r ❛ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ✇❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡
❜② ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ❈❤❛♣t❡rs ✾✕✶✶✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t ❢♦✲
r✉♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉❣ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣✱ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳
❈❤❛♣t❡rs ✶✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✶ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ✏s♥❡❛❦ ♣r❡✈✐❡✇✑ t♦ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✲
✐♥❣ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡② ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ s♦♠❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞
r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❛t ❝♦✉rs❡✳

❋♦r ❡✐t❤❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ t❤✐s t❡①t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ t❡❛♠✲❜❛s❡❞✱ ❤❛♥❞s✲♦♥✱ ❛❣✐❧❡ ❋❖❙❙
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✐ts ♦✈❡rr✐❞✐♥❣ t❤❡♠❡✳

Sample Syllabi
❇❡❧♦✇ ❛r❡ t✇♦ s❛♠♣❧❡ s②❧❧❛❜✐ t❤❛t s❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡
❝❛♥ ❜❡ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦✳

❊❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❛ss✉♠❡s ❛

✶✸✲✇❡❡❦ s❡♠❡st❡r ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss ♠❡❡ts ❢♦r ✸ ❤♦✉rs ♣❡r ✇❡❡❦✳ ❇♦t❤ t❤❡s❡
♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s②❧❧❛❜✐ ✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ✇❤✐❧❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ r❡❝❡♥t s♦❢t✇❛r❡
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡s✳

❚❤❡s❡ s②❧❧❛❜✐ ❛r❡ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❞❡t❛✐❧ ❛t t❤❡

❜♦♦❦✬s ❲❡❜ s✐t❡ ♠②♦♣❡♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳♦r❣✴t❡①t❜♦♦❦✳

❚❤❡ ✜rst s❛♠♣❧❡ s②❧❧❛❜✉s s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✇❤❡r❡ st✉❞❡♥ts
❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❡❛♠s t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ s❡♠❡st❡r✳


Pr❡❢❛❝❡
❲❡❡❦

▼✐❧❡st♦♥❡

❚♦♣✐❝s

①①✐
❘❡❛❞✐♥❣s
✭❝❤❛♣t❡rs✮

✶

✐♥tr♦ t♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱

✶✲✷

❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s
✷

♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✴❞❡s✐❣♥ r❡✈✐❡✇✱ t❡❛♠

✸

❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
✸

❉♦♠❛✐♥

r❡❢❛❝t♦r✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱

❝❧❛ss❡s

t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣

✹

❝♦❞❡✱

✹
✺

t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣
✺

✉♥✐t t❡st✱

✻

❝❧✐❡♥t r❡✈✐❡✇
✻

❉❛t❛❜❛s❡

r❡❢❛❝t♦r✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱

♠♦❞✉❧❡s

t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣

✼

✼

❝♦❞❡✱
t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣

✽

✉♥✐t t❡st✱
❝❧✐❡♥t r❡✈✐❡✇

✾

●❯■

r❡❢❛❝t♦r✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱

♠♦❞✉❧❡s

t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣

✶✵

✽

❝♦❞❡✱
t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣

✶✶

✉♥✐t t❡st✱
❝❧✐❡♥t r❡✈✐❡✇

✶✷

❈❧✐❡♥t

s②st❡♠ t❡st✱

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣

✶✸

✾

s②st❡♠ r❡❢❛❝t♦r✐♥❣

❊①❛♠

Pr♦❥❡❝t

✇❡❡❦

♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

❆s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤✐s s②❧❧❛❜✉s✱ ❛ t❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❝❝✉rs ❛❧♠♦st ❡✈❡r② ✇❡❡❦✳ ❚❤✐s
♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❡♦❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❙❦②♣❡✮✱ ❛♥ ❆■▼ ❝❤❛t✱ ♦r ❛ ❢❛❝❡✲
t♦✲❢❛❝❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧ t❡❛♠ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ s❤♦✉❧❞
❤❛✈❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✉s❡rs ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs✳
❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ s②❧❧❛❜✉s ✭♥❡①t ♣❛❣❡✮ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦✉rs❡
✇❤❡r❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❡♥❣❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❡❛♠s
❞✉r✐♥❣ ♠✉❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡♠❡st❡r✳
❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ❢❡✇ ✇❡❡❦s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝♦✉rs❡✱ st✉❞❡♥ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❛ss✐❣♥✲
♠❡♥ts t♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ✇✐t❤ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t♦♦❧s✱ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦♥❣♦✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ❚❤❡r❡✲
❛❢t❡r✱ t❤❡ t❡❛♠ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡s ✇❡❡❦❧② ❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛t❡s ✐♥ ❛
♣r♦❥❡❝t ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡✳
❲✐t❤ ❡✐t❤❡r s②❧❧❛❜✉s✱ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♦✉t❝♦♠❡ ✐s t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ❣❛✐♥
♥❡✇ s❦✐❧❧s ❛s t❡❛♠ ♣❧❛②❡rs ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ❢♦r ❛ ❋❖❙❙ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ❚❤✉s✱ st✉❞❡♥ts
s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❣r❛❞❡❞ ❛t ❧❡❛st ✐♥ ♣❛rt ♦♥ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡
t❡❛♠ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳

Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①①✐✐
❲❡❡❦

▼✐❧❡st♦♥❡

❚♦♣✐❝s

❘❡❛❞✐♥❣s

❋r❡❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡

✶✲✷

✭❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t✮
✶
✷
✸

❇r♦✇s❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✱

✭❝❤❛♣t❡rs✮

❇❧♦❣ ♣♦st

✈s ❖♣❡♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡

❆ s✐♠♣❧❡

✸✲t✐❡r ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✱

✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❙t❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ ■❉❊

❆ ❧♦❣✐♥

❋❖❙❙ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✱

s❝r✐♣t

❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧s

▼✉❧t✐❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r

Pr♦❥❡❝t ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✱

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥

✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s②st❡♠s

❍❋❖❙❙ ♣r♦❥❡❝t

Pr♦❥❡❝t ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱

r❡✈✐❡✇s

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

✻

Pr♦❥❡❝t ❧❛✉♥❝❤

❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡

✼

❈♦❞❡ r❡✈✐❡✇✱

Pr♦❥❡❝t ❝♦❞❡

t❡st✐♥❣✱ ❜✉❣ r❡♣♦rts

r❡❛❞✐♥❣

Pr♦❥❡❝t t❡st✐♥❣✱

❋❖❙❙ ❧✐❝❡♥s❡s

✹
✺

✽

✸
✹
✺
✾

✶✵

❜✉❣ r❡♣♦rts
✾

Pr♦❥❡❝t t❡st✐♥❣✱

❖♣❡♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ✷✳✵

✶✶

❜✉❣ r❡♣♦rts
✶✵

Pr♦❥❡❝t ♣❛t❝❤✐♥❣✱

▼♦③✐❧❧❛

❜✉❣ ✜①✐♥❣
✶✶

Pr♦❥❡❝t t❡st✐♥❣✱

❖❙ ✷✳✵

❜✉❣ ✜①✐♥❣

❜❡②♦♥❞ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡

✶✷

❚❡r♠ ♣❛♣❡r
❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t

✶✸

Pr♦❥❡❝t
r❡❧❡❛s❡

❊①❛♠

Pr♦❥❡❝t

✇❡❡❦

♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

Other Support and Guidance
❙t✉❞❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ t❤✐s t❡①t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠✲
♠✐♥❣ ❝♦✉rs❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ♦r t❤❡✐r ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t✳

❋r♦♠ t❤❛t

❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♠❢♦rt❛❜❧❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝ts✱ ❜❛✲
s✐❝ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❤❛s❤ t❛❜❧❡s ♦r ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ❛rr❛②s✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✜❧❡s✳
❙t✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❜❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
s✉❝❤ ❛s ❏❛✈❛ ♦r ❈✰✰✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ♦t❤❡r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s
✭❡✳❣✳✱ P❍P ❛♥❞ ▼②❙◗▲✮ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t
t❤❛t t❤❡② s❡❧❡❝t✳ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥✲

♠❡♥t ✭■❉❊✮ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧✳ ❙t✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞


Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①①✐✐✐

t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❤♦✇ t♦ ✉s❡ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ t✉t♦r✐❛❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❛♥❞ tr♦✉❜❧❡s❤♦♦t✐♥❣✴❞❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣
s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ t♦♦❧s ✇✐t❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✳
❆ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✬s ❲❡❜ s✐t❡ ♠②✲
♦♣❡♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳♦r❣✴t❡①t❜♦♦❦✿

❼

❉♦✇♥❧♦❛❞❛❜❧❡ ❋❖❙❙ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞♦❝✲
✉♠❡♥ts✱ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡s

❼

❆ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r✉♠ ❢♦r ✐♥str✉❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ st✉❞❡♥ts t♦ s❤❛r❡ t❤❡✐r ❡①♣❡r✐✲
❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐❞❡❛s ❛❜♦✉t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐ss✉❡s r❛✐s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts

❼

❙✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❢♦r ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❋❖❙❙ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t❛s❦s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s s❡t✲
t✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s②st❡♠ ✭❱❈❙✮✱ ❛♥ ■❉❊✱ ❛ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❝♦❞❡ ❜❛s❡✱ ❛
✉♥✐t t❡st s✉✐t❡✱ ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥

❼

❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♥❡s ❛♣♣❡❛r✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦✱ r❡✢❡❝t✐♥❣
❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❜②
♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦

❚❤❡ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t✐❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡
r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❜② s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s✳ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ❡♥❞✲♦❢✲❝❤❛♣t❡r ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧s♦
❜❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✐♥str✉❝t♦rs ✈✐❛ s❡❝✉r❡ ♣❛ss✇♦r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✬s ❲❡❜ s✐t❡ ♠②✲
♦♣❡♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳♦r❣✴t❡①t❜♦♦❦✳
❚❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t♦♦❧s ✉s❡❞ ❜② st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦✉rs❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡
t♦ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❡①t❡♥t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❛ ❝♦st✲❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✇❛②
t♦ ❡q✉✐♣ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧❛❜✱ ✐t ❛❧s♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡s st✉❞❡♥ts t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤
❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥st❛❧❧✐♥❣ ✉s❡❢✉❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t♦♦❧s ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs✳ ❚❤❡
r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡❞ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ❛r❡✿

❆❝t✐✈✐t②

▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✴t♦♦❧

❲❡❜ s♦✉r❝❡

Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣

P❍P

♣❤♣✳♦r❣

▼②❙◗▲

♠②sq❧✳♦r❣

❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

P❍P❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦r

♣❤♣❞♦❝✳♦r❣

❚❡st✐♥❣

P❍P✉♥✐t

♣❤♣✉♥✐t✳❞❡

■❉❊

❊❝❧✐♣s❡

❡❝❧✐♣s❡✳♦r❣✱ ❡❛s②❡❝❧✐♣s❡✳♦r❣

❈♦❞❡ s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥

❙✉❜✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✭❙❱◆✮

❛♣❛❝❤❡✳♦r❣

❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ t❤r❡❛❞s

●♦♦❣❧❡ ❣r♦✉♣s

❣r♦✉♣s✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❝♦♠

❚❡❛♠ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s

❙❦②♣❡

s❦②♣❡✳♦r❣

❲❤✐❧❡ t❤✐s ❧✐st ✐s P❍P✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞✱ ✇❡ ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ str♦♥❣ ❏❛✈❛ ♦r
❈✰✰ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛t❡ t❤❡ P❍P s②♥t❛① ❛♥❞
❡❛s✐❧② ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦✳
❚❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ♠❛❦❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡
♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t t❤❛t t❤❡② ❝❤♦♦s❡✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱
♠❛♥② ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts r❡q✉✐r❡ ❏❛✈❛✱ s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ t♦♦❧s ❧✐st❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞


①①✐✈

Pr❡❢❛❝❡

t♦ ❜❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❏❛✈❛✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✳ ▼♦r❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❞
❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s ❛r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✬s ❲❡❜ s✐t❡
♠②♦♣❡♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳♦r❣✴t❡①t❜♦♦❦✳
❚❤✐s ❜♦♦❦✬s ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥✲
❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛ ✷✵✵✽ ❬❆❈▼✵✽❪✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ❝♦✈❡rs ❛❧❧ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝s
✐♥ t❤❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜❡r❛❧ ❆rts ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈✉r✲

r✐❝✉❧✉♠ ❬❈♦♥✵✼❪✳
❲✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛ ✷✵✵✽ ❬❆❈▼✵✽❪✱ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ❝♦✈❡rs ❛❧❧
t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ❜♦❞② ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✖
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❆P■s ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r t♦♦❧s✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✱
s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ❝♦✈❡rs

t♦♣✐❝s ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❛t ❝♦r❡ ❜♦❞② ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✖t❡❛♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡✱
❛❣✐❧❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡
s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ st✉❞❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ t❤✐s t❡①t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ t♦ ❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❋❖❙❙ ♣r♦❥❡❝t
♠✐❣❤t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❋❖❙❙ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡
❋❖❙❙ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❲❡❜ s✐t❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❤❢♦ss✳♦r❣✳