Tai biến bồi tụ và xói lở bờ biển việt nam tạp chí khoa học ĐHQG hà nội

ouoc

D~I HQC
GIA HA NOI
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOIYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED
T~P

CHi KHOA

JO U R N A L

HQC

O F S C IE N C E

IS S N 0 8 6 6 - 8 6 1 2

T R lIO N G
KHOA

f)~1 H Q C

H Q C CBA
T V N H IE N

Ha NQi - 11.2000


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Loi ph at bi~u khai mac hoi nghi khoa hoc Dia 1 9 - Dia chinh

AN

HE D ~

LV CHUNG

Tien toi xay dung mot Dia 1 9 h9C harm dong

2 . P h a m Q u a n g A n li, V iiT h f

H o a , D u o D in h

C o o H u d n , T rdn A nh T udn.

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s s : Dia 1 9 h9C hien dai voi co sa khoa h9C

cho buoc cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong than mien mii
3. N guyen

vii

a Viet

Nam

7

Nghien ciru phan loai canh quan nhan sinh

Viet Nam

18

Dia 1 9 nhan van trong thoi ki cong nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa dat nuoc

4 . D in li V a n T h a n h .

.23

5 . T ru o n g Q u a n g H d i . G a p phan nang cao chat hrong va hoan chinh quy trinh danh gia
, d 9r..j
'
tac
moi, " tnrong

Phan II.

nIEU

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0

'K.WN T(jNHIEN

H oang

- TAl: NGUYEN'

Dac diem tharn thuc

6 . N g u y e ll D in h V a n .
7. Pham

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.

V "l ~ t N am

V~lt

dao Cat Ba..

35

H d i. Phan vung canh guan Viet Nam - nguyen tac va he th6ng cac don vi

8. Ha V an Hanh.

.40

Ke; qua nghien ciiu va phan loai canh quan lanh th6 A LLr6'i,tinh

Thira 111iel1 - Hue

47

9 .l v" Tg u y e n; ;. K h a n h V a' n .

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ai

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vung bo bien nam Viet Nam

a d¢

Mot s6 dac tnmg dong hrc hinh thai

sau 0-30 met nuoc (Tir Da Nang den Ha Tien)

58

Phan III. T AI BIEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOl TRUONG
II.

D r J n .g V a n B a o , V i i V a n .

tai bien thien nhien

a

n a i, D ao

D in h

es;

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1 2 . V i i V a n P h d i, D d s i g V a n B a o , D a o D i n h

u u « Nghien

sa

C U u va

canh bao

dia mao

es: Dia mao dong chay va xoi 1a be song a

Trung B9 Viet Nam
1 3 . T r d n D u e T h a n h , D in h
1 4 . V iiV c ln

65

74
V a n H uy.

Tai bien boi tu va xoi 1a bO bien Viet Nam

P h d i, D d n g V a n B a o , N g u y e n

00 bien va 00 ha luu cac song

a Trung

H o a n , N g u y e n H ie u .

B9 Viet Nam

79

M6i quan he gitra xoi 1a
84


TAP

cnt KHOA

HOC DHQG HN, KHTN. XI. 2000

TAl BIEN BOIYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
r u V A XOI LO BO BIEN VI~T NAM
Tran Due Thanh, Dinh Van Huy NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
P lu in

Hdi duang hoc
v i e n CBA

Boi tu va xoi la la hai qua trinh dia chat ngoai sinh co ban

a

ta i H d i P h o n g

dai ven be, hien nay khong

o

chi duoc cac nha khoa h9C quan tam ma con thu hut sir chu y cua cac nha quan ly.
khong it
noi, boi tu va xoi la tro thanh moi 10 sau sac cua cac cap chinh quyen, nhan dan dia phtrong va
de dO<;1n hieu cong trinh, co sa kinh te ven bien. Xoi lc; boi tu bo bien da tra thanh thien tai
nang ne cho dan sinh, kinh te ven bien.
1 .H I ~ N

TRANG

Tir hang ngan nam, qua trinh boi W da hinh thanh nen cac dong bang chau th6 song Hong
va Me Kong rong 100 va tru phii 0 hai dau dat mroc. Trong the ky qua, dong bang chau th6 song
Hong boi Ian ra bien moi n a m trung binh 28m, cue dai 120m v a dat dai m e rong them
360ha[5]. Chi rieng 0 ban dao Ca Mau thuoc d6ng bang c h a u th6 song Me Kong, toe do boi tu
Ian bien moi nam 50-80m, cue dai 150m va dat dai me rong them 130ha[8]. Doi voi mot dat
nuoc hon 68% dien tich lanh th6 la doi mii thi cac cung dat moi do b6i woven
bien hang nam
qua la mot tai nguyen qUI gia. Tuy nhien, boi tu bat thuong, ngoai mong muon, gan day gia
tang dang ke va gay nhieu thiet hai true tiep va gian tiep, khong chi v€ kinh te ma con v€ moi
twang sinh thai, anh huang den sir phat trien ben virng. Doi voi nganh giao thong, boi tu luong
ben da tro thanh "quoc nan". Do boi W, lu6ng vao cang Hai Phong truce day cho phep tau tren
van tan cap ben, nay chi la tau 5-7 nghin tan, mac du khoi luong nao vet tang len nhieu. Boi tu
luong da lam cang nay mat di vi tri hang d a u trong hon the kY[4]. Cang Cira Lo b i b6i tu
nghiem trong ngay sau khi xay dung va tai trong tau cap cang thap hon nhieu so voi du kien.

Cang Sai Gon ding dang phai doi mat voi nhirng bien dong boi tu phirc t<;1Pa lu6ng cira Soai
R<;1p.Do la chira ke nhieu cang nho, ben ca bi b6i tu true tiep tai ben hoac cira lu6ng vao nhu
Ngoc Hai, Diem Dien 0 phia bac. 6 nhieu cira song va cira dam pha Mien Trung, boi W gay lap
kin cira voi thai khoang keo dai co khi den hon chuc nam. Do la cac twang hop doi voi cira Tu
Hien 0 dam pha Tam Giang-Cau hai 0 Thira Thien-Huejo],
cira song V~, cira My A a Quang
Ngaij IO], cira song Ban Thach va cira dam 6 Loan 0 Phii Yenj l ]. Trong nhirng twang hop nay,
boi tu khong chi lam mat 10i ra bien cho hang tram tau thuyen moi cira, ma con gay ra tinh
trang ngap lut thuong xuyen, ngot hoa keo dai, gay thiet hai true tiep cho dan sinh, cho cac
nganh kinh te nong nghiep, thuy san, gay dao Ion can bang sinh thai, giam da dang sinh h9C va
tang cuong 0 nhiem moi twang. Vi du, ngay sau khi lap cira Tir Hien vao thang 12 nam 1994,
lap tire 300ha nuoi tom sii bi huy hoai, khoang 1.000 ha hia bi ngap va khoang 300 thuyen danh
ca 100 mat loi ra bien. 6 khu VI!C Thira Thien-Hue, gan nira the ky qua co 6 tran lii lon thi 5 tran
rei vao cac khoang thai gian cira Tir Hien bi boi lap[S]. C6 Ie an tuong sau sac nhat v~ lap cira
dam pha lien quan den ngap lut ven bo Thira Thien-Hue vao dau thang 11 nam 1999 vira qua.
D9t lU lich sir nay, truce het la do mira 100 keo dai ngay. Chi tinh tir ngay 1-6/11/1999,
luong
mira a Hue dat 2.288 mm va rieng ngay 3/11/1999 hrong mira dat 987 mm. Do la ly do chfnh
gay ra lii 100. Nhirng tinh chat khung khiep cua tran lU nay (mire mroc song HU011g tai Hue
ngay 2/11/99 dat 5,94m, VU9t 2,94m so voi mire bao dong III va virot 1,05m so voi dinh lG lich
sir nam 1983), chac chan con do tinh trang b6i lap cira Tir Hien tir nam 1994 va trang thai suy
tan cua cira Thuan An hien nay m e tir nam 1897. Neu cira Tir Hien v a cira Thuan An ciing mo
rong nhu nnfrng nam 60~ 70tH) muc Q ¢ tan khoc cua tr~Jl Iii vUa qua co the giam dang ke va

79


dam pha khong pha mo toi 5 cira, chira tirng co trong lich sir ? Lien quan boi lap cira, hien
nrong boi can cira song, dam pha xay ra lau dai trong qua trinh phat trien dia chat, nhirng co th~
rutYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

n g a n th c i gian dang k~ do gia tang cac n g u o n b o i tich tv thuong n g u o n v a cac con d u n cat
ven ria.
Mac du co nhirng danh gia khac nhau, nhung nhieu tai bien da co ghi nhan sir ph6 bien va
gia tang v~ qui m o , c u o n g d o c u a x o i 1 6 b e bien gan day. Doc b o bien Viet Nam co to i 243
doan v o i chieu dai 468km b e bien bi x o i 1 6 . Trong do co 96 doan dai tren 1km va hon 60 doan
co toe do xoi 16 10-39m/nam[2].
Xoi 16 co xu huong dai lau tren dien rong gap 6 hai vung cira
song hinh pheu Bach Dang va Dong Nai. Tai vung cira song Bach Dang, xoi 16 dien hinh 0' dao
Cat Hai, tren chieu dai 7km, toc do xoi 10' 4-8m/nam, cue dai 20-25m/nam
(giai doan 19381991). Tai day mot vung bai trieu th a p rong khoang 1000 ha da bien mat trong the k y qua do
qua trinh xam thuc bao man mat day[3]. BO' bien Can GiO' 6 cira song Dong Nai cling bi xoi 10'
5-10m/nam tren chieu dai bo 8,5 km trong nhieu nam qua. Tai hai vimg cira song chau th6 1 6 0 ,
boi tu, xoi 10'cling xay ra tren mot phan nr chieu dai bo moi chau th6 voi mire d<) khac nhau. BO'
bien Ganh Hao ngay sat phia dong bac ban dao Ca Mau bi xoi 16 tren chieu dai 60 km duong
bo. Tai bo Bo D~, toc do xoi 10' 30-50 m/nam tren chieu dai 36 km va moi nam mat di 112ha
dat trong thoi gian 1886-1985[8].
BO'bien Van Ly 0' chau th6 song Hong cling bi xoi 16 voi toc
d<) 50-1 Srn/nam tren chieu dai 30 km trong hen SO narn qua. 6 ven bien Mien Trung, cac bai
bien bi boi, xoi rat phirc tap v a bien dong nhanh. Nhieu doan b e xoi 10' tieu bieu nhu Canh
Duong, Vinh Linh, Thuan An, Phan Ri, v.v ... Toc d<) xoi 16 thuong l-Sm/nam, mot so doan 1015m/nam. Hien nrong xoi 10' bo cling ph6 bien 6 cac dao, k~ c a cac dao xa b e nhu dao Bach
Long Vy nam giira Vinh Bac B<), hay dao Truong Sa nam gilra Bi~n Dong]-i]. a cac dao nay,
boi tu va xoi 10' tai mot doan bo luon d6i theo mua gio dong bac va tay nam, nhirng deu co xu
the chung dai lau la xoi 10' 0' dau dao hirng gio dong bac. 6 cac cira song va cira dam pha Mien
Trung, xoi 1 0 ' 6 phia ben nay cira cung voi boi tu, d~y Ian 0 ' bo phfa ben kia tao nen sir di chuyen
vi tri cira tren khoang chieu dai hang km toi hang chuc km trong thoi gian tv vai chuc den vai
tram nam. Theo each thirc nhir vay, cira Thuan An trong gan mot the ky qua di chuyen len phia
bac 15-40m/nam
va trong tran lut Itch su dau thang 11/99 vira qua da mo ra cira moi tai Hoa
Duan. Ngay 6 cira Ba Lat, cira chinh cua song Hong, boi va xoi luan d6i 0' hai phia cira song
lam cho lach cira di chuyen vi tri v~ phia dong b

theo chu ky 30-40 nam. Xoi 16

be bien lam mat di dat dai, de doa cac khu dan cir, cac cong trinh xay dung ven bo. 6 ven be
chau th6 song Hong, xoi 10' bo larn va de bien, thirong xay ra khi co bao 160, trieu cuong, mroc
dang gay ngap lut, nhiem man eho nhirng vung dan cu va kinh te tru phii, rong 1 6 0 trong de.
Thier hai v~ ngiroi va tai san trong nhirng Ian va de nhir vay, vi du vao cac nam 1955 va 1996 la
cue ky to 160. Co den hang nghin nguoi bi thiet mang do va de trong con bao KATE vao thang
9 nam 1955. 6 dong bang song Ciru long, sat 10' bO' bien lam mat nhieu dat dai. Chi tinh rieng
tinh Tra Vinh bi sat 16 112ha vao narn 1980 va 240ha vao nam 1990. Tuyen de bien noi cac
huyen CaLI Ngang-Duyen
Hai xay dung vao nam 1976-1977 bi song danh va, ruroc bien tran
gay xam nhap man va hoang hoa 5000ha dat lua mot vu truce day[9]. Xoi 10' bo bien lam thu
hep noi 6 va cu tni cua sinh vat b ie n , khong NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
c h i voi nhCrng bai tri~u bun, bai cat bi~n va nhieu
nai con lam mat d . rvng ngap m~n tLrnhien. Chi rieng 6 Phu Long, Hai Phang, xoi 1 6 tren chi~u
d~li bO' 3km lam melt m6i n~lm khoilng 2ha rLrng ngflp man xanh tot. BLm d.t giai ph6ng tLr qua
trlnh x6i 1 6 bO' gay due V~lnhi~m brln chflt hCrLlc a cae vung mroc. Nhi~L1 khi khoi luong bLm d r
giai ph6ng rflt Ion di chLly~n den vlmg Ian can gay tai bien boi tu. a vung e L T a song Bach Dtmg,
htmg n~lm blln dt ILrde cLra song ra tren -+ trieLl £<"In,con bun cat giai ph6ng tLrx6i 1 6 bO' biii den
han'2 IrieLl ran V~lkh6i Ilrang nao vClluong ding h~mg n2lm t6"i 3-5 tri~Ll tflnl31.

80


2. NG UYEN

N H A N qponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Bo bien Hi mot he thong din bang dong, chiu sir tac dong nrong tac cua nhieu yeu to, qua
trinh. Vi vay, t6n tai dirong nhien ba trang thai dong hrc bo Hi boi tu, 6n dinh va xoi lo. Xu

huong gia tang tai bien boi tu va xoi la gan day la sir ket hop cua qua trinh tien hoa bo nr nhien
va nhimg tac dong bat thirong do con nguoi gay ra tai cho,NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
a hru vue thirong ngu6n, hoac tham
chi a qui mo toan cau nhir hieu ling nha kinh gay dang cao mire mroc hay nhieu 10<;1nk hi hau do
sir am len cua Trai Dat[3].
Duong nhu nhieu tai bien sa b6i deu lien quan den hoat dong cua con ngiroi a cac mire
tnrc tiep, gian tiep khac nhau. B6i tu tram trong lu6ng cang Hai Phong la do mot so nguyen
nhan co lien quan den h o a r dong nhan sinh nhir hru luong bun cat song Cam tang gan gap doi
sau 40 nam lien quan den pha rirng va xoi rnon dat thirong ngu6n, viec dap dap Dinh Vf va su
phat trien cua cac khu khai hoang nong nghiep, dam nuoi mroc lo lam mat khong gian phan bo
bun cat a vung cira song. Ngoai cac nguyen nhan do nhieu dong khi hau, thuy van, qua trinh
boi lap kin cac cira song, cira dam pha Mien Trung tang len co quan he den suy giam dien tich
rirng dau ngu6n t<;1O
ra su thay d6i phan bo va can bang hru hrong dong chay song. Ngoai thai
gian ngan don rnroc gay lU kich phat, thai gian dong chay song can kiet keo dai tao co hoi cho
dong boi tich cat d9C bo boi lap cac cira song, cira dam p h a , Nhieu tai bien b6i W ven bo do
chinh cac cong trinh xay dung lam thay d6i hinh dang, cau tnic va can bang dong lire bo, gay
tac dong true tiep den cong trinh do hoac cong trinh ben canh. Vi du, k~ tir khi xay dung tuyen
de bien dirong 14, ngoai viec tuyen de nay bi xoi lo, xung yeu, dong b6i tich co xu huong don
xuong phia nam gay boi tu nghiern trong cang ca Ngoc Hai, Hai Phong.
Xoi la bo bien la van d6 her sire phirc t<;1P,thuong do nhieu nguyen nhan ket hop gay ra.
Ve ban chat ngu6n goc, xoi la be bien co hai dang co ban. Thtr nhat, do boi tich thieu hut khi
lirong di chuyen den nho hon lirong di chuyen di va co che di chuyen thirong la d9C bo. Thir
hai, do phan bo lai b6i tfch d~ tao nen can bang trac dien moi, thirong la do di chuyen ngang
phan tan boi tich tir be ra phia ngoai w a n be n g a m , Nguyen nhan sau sa cua xoi la be bien Viet
Nam duoc xep thanh ba nhorn: do tien hoa nr nhien, do nhirng bien dong bat thuong v6 dieu

kien khi hau, thuy van va do tac dong nhan sinh

a

ca hru Vl,ICthuong ngu6n va dai ven be.

6

moi vi tri bo xoi lo, co th~ co su ket hop cua hai den ba nhom, kern theo cac nguyen nhan cl,l
th~ thong qua vai tro pha huy, van chuyen cua song va thuy trieu. Do tien hoa nr nhien, bo bien
co xu the xoi la dai lau, thirong co toe do khong Ion nhirng co vai tro phong nen cue ky quan
trong, co tinh chat quyet dinh. Tinh chat tien hoa tir nhien cua xoi Ja bo' co th~ nhan thay a xu
the lau dai tai cac cira song hinh pheu ngap chim khong den bu, xu the xoi la theo mua gio a
nhieu dao va cac dean be cat Mien Trung, xu huong xoi la theo cac chu ky trieu, pha trieu thay
r6 CBA
a nhirng vung b a nhat trieu co bien d¢ IOn. Nhirng nhieu tac dong v6 khi hau thuy van co vai
tro quan trong doi voi gia tang xoi la gan day. Do la sir gia tang v6 so hrong, cuong do va tinh
that thuong cua bao gay ra song IOn va mroc dang trong bao. Do la su am len co tinh chat kich
phat cua khi hau Trai Dat do hieu ling nha kinh lam dang cao rmrc mroc bi~n. Moi quan h~
gifra toc d¢ dang cao mt,rc nuac va toe d¢ xoi la cling nhu b6i tl,l bO' bi~n duqc xac dtnh qua hi~u
ling Brunn va da duqc Phan vi~n Hai duong h9C t<;1iH ai Phong danh gia thir nghi~m vOi xoi la
ba bi~n Hill Phong. Phai kh~ng d~nh rang xoi la tang len gan day, do ch~u tac d¢ng IOn cua cac
hO<;1t
d¢ng nhan sinh nhu dap d~p ngan song, quai de Ian bi~n, pM rUng ng~p m~n, huy hO<;1ih~
sinh tMi r<;1nsan ho, khai tMc sa khoang va v~t li~u xay dt,rng lam thieu hl,lt, thay d6i can bang
va phan bo bun cat ven b a ~ Chi rieng 9 d~p thuy di~n IOn da chiem di~n tich 1267km 2 va lUll gifr
m¢t khoi luqng IOn b6i tich. D~p song Da m6i nam chua trong long h6 48 tri~u tan bun cat,
bang 42% tai luqng bun cat cua song H6ng d6 ra bi~n. Duong nhien la bun cat se thieu hl,lt a
cira song ven bi~n, d~n den xoi la, nhung dang tiec con it tai li~u nghien CUu chi tiet. Suot chi6u
dai ba Van Ly-Giao Hai dai 30km, h~ thong de da dap ch~n tat d cac nhanh song, t<;1onen st,r

81

thieu hut boi tich 6 day. Dang chti '1 Hi 6 cac dao xa be; vat lieu tao bai chu YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
y e u la nho cac
manh voi sinh vat cung cap tir ran san ho bi suy thoai do tac dong nhan sinh (ban min, dao boi
khai thac vat lieu xay dung, dung thu6c doc bat thuy san ... ), ngu6n boi tfch bi mat di va bo dao
bi xoi 16 manh. Vi vay, moi co hien nrong cac dao bi xoi 16 manh khi co nguoi den 6 va xay
dung cong trinh tren dao.

3. QUAN

LV

TAl BIEN BOI 'ru v A XOI LO.

Tai bien boi tu va xoi 16 bo bien khong chi gay thiet hai tnrc tiep cho dan sinh, kinh
te va con tac dong tieu cue den moi truong, sinh thai ven bien va tao nen sir phat trien ben
virng. Quan 1'1 cac tai bien nay thirc su la van d~ cap thiet, can co sir quan tam sau sac cua
Nha mroc va cac cap chfnh quyen dia phuong. Quan 1'1 tai bien bdi tu va xoi 16 bo bien
can phai co nhirng bien phap irng xu cap bach va ke' hoach co tinh chat chien hroc lau dai.
Nhirng nhiern vu trong tam can phai thirc hien la:
- Xay dung NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
c o s6 dfr lieu phuc vu quan 1'1 tai bien voi cac he thong thong tin d~y du
v~ phan b6, qui mo, cuong do, dien bien cua tai bien, cap do nguy hai tnrc tiep den dan
sinh, kinh te va kha nang tac dong den moi tnrong sinh thai.
- Lap ban d6 tai bien boi - xoi cho ca mroc va ban d6 chi tier cho cac vung trong
diem d~ x a y dung ke hoach ngan ngira va phong chong.
- Thanh lap he thong m a n g hroi quan trac, giam sat tai bien boi tu, xoi 16 b e bien
tren c o s6 phoi hop gitra cac c o quan khoa hoc Trung Uong va cac don vi ky thuat dia
phirong. H~ thong nay cho phep theo doi dien bien, ph at hien va canh bao nhirng tai bien
moi xuat hien de co nhfrng giai phap trng xu kip thai.

- Nghien CUu xay dung chien hroc qu6c gia tarn vi mo nham du bao ngan ngira va
phong chong tai bien boi - xoi, dong thai lap cac phirong an phong chong boi xoi cu the 6
cac vung trong diem.
- Nghien CUu d~ xuat cac giai phap ky thuat phong chong tai bien boi, xoi, xay dung
thanh cac mo hinh tieu bieu cho cac doi bo co dac tnrng dong hrc khac nhau va dira tren
su hieu biet ro v~ nguyen nhan sau sa, nguyen nhan true tiep.
- Thong qua cac van ban phap dinh, can chu trong tham dinh danh gia tac dong boi
xoi trong noi dung danh gia tac dong moi tnrong cua cac cong trinh xay dung ven bien, ke
d cac cong trinh khai hoang Ian bien, nuoi trong thuy san ma truce day thuong xem nhe
hoac be qua noi dung nay.

4.KETLU~N
Tai bien bdi tu va xoi 16 bo da trc
nguyen nhan trong do co tac dong cua hoat
ngay cang gia tang. Thier hai do cac tai bien
rat t6n kern. Ngoai nhirng irng XU tnroc mat
hroc quan 1'1 tai bien lau dai tarn c a qu6c gia.

T AI L~U

thanh pho bien
dong con ngiroi
sa boi, xoi 16 het
nham giai quyet

6 ven bien Viet Nam. Do
ma cac tai bien nay co xu
sire to Ian va d~u ttr phong
cac diem nong, can co mot

nhieu
huang

chong
chien

THAM KHAo

ba
1. Nguyen Chu Hoi v a nnk, 1992. Danh gia trang thai dia chat moi tnrong vung bien ven CBA
Dai Lanh-Hai Van. Bao caokhoa h9C. LUll trfr tai Phan vien Hai dirong h9C tai Hai Phong.
2. Nguyen Thanh Nga, Quan Ngoc An va nnk, 1995. Hien trang va nguyen nhan boi xoi dai
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VNU. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. Nat. Sci .. XI. 2000

COASTAL RISKS OF SEDIMENT A TION AND EROSION

IN VIETNAM

Tran Due Thanh, Dinh Van Huy NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
in s titu te

o f O c e a n o lo g y ,

H a iP h o n g

D iv is io n

Recently, coastal risks of sedimentation and erosion have been deeply paid an attention
by managers and scientists. In many sites, these risks have threatened seriously settlements,
coastal constructions and infrastructures
and negatively impacted on the sustainable

development. The in crease in the scale and the intensity of coastal sedimentation and erosion
have been caused by both natural factors and human activities in the coastal area and in the
watershed. A long-term strategy for management of these risks is necessary. Meanwhile, the
resolutions for controlling them in some hot sites are the urgent demand.

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