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OAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC
THAI
OO
CUA NGUOI DAN
VUNG DONG
BANG
SONG HONG
VE MO HINH SONG HIEN TAI
Nguy§n
Thi Phuang Hoa
Vien Tdm ly hgc.
Nhu bdi
Viet
trudc da dang tren Tap chf Tam
ly
hgc sd 5 (5 - 2009), sdng
chung, an chung ciing bd me cua ngudi chdng (md hinh truyen thd'ng) vd sdng
rieng, an ridng (md hlnh hien dai) la hai md hlnh sdng pho bien cua cu dan
ddng bdng sdng Hdng (vdi
ti le
tuong
ling
la 38.9% va 54.5% tren tong sd 319
ngudi dugc hdi). Song, dd cd phai
Id
md hlnh sdng mong mud'n cua hg khdng?
Hay hg mud'n chuyen sang md hlnh sdng khac? Day cung
la
mdt cau hdi
nghien

ciiu
dugc dat ra nhdm du bao xu hudng bien doi cua md hlnh sdng d
ddng bdng sdng Hdng.
Mo hinh sdng mudn duy
tri
De biei dugc thai dg cua ngudi dan ddi vdi md hlnh sdng hien tai cua
minh,
chiing tdi da dat ra cau hdi "Ong/ bd cd mong mud'n duy
tri each
sdng
trdn (md hlnh sdng hien tai) khdng?". Cdc cau trd Idi dugc the hien trong bdng
1.
Bdng 1: Mong mudn duy tri md hinh sdng hien tgi (%)
Mong mudn duy
tri
Mong mudn duy tri
Nira mong mudn, nira khdng
Khdng mong mud'n
Khd tra loi
Tdng
Md hinh sdng hien
Truyen thdng
29.3
6.0
1.9
1.6
38.8
Hien dai
39.1
4.7

8.5
2.2
54.6
tai
Hon hgp
5.7
0.6
0.3
0.3
6.6
Tong
74.1
11.4
10.7
38.8
100.0
34
TAP CHI'TAM LY
HQC,
Sd
12
(129),
12
-
2009
so
DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC
Nhln vdo bdng 1, chung ta cd the nhan thdy la: Phdn Idn ngudi trd
Idi
(74.1%)

mud'n duy tri md hinh sdng hien
tai ciia
minh, trong dd nhdm dang
sdng trong md hinh hien dai chiem ti le cao hon nhdm dang sdng trong md
hlnh truyen thd'ng (ti
le
tuong ting
la
39.1% vd
29.3%;
cdn nhdm dang sdng
trong md
hinh
hdn hgp chiem ti le khdng ddng ke
Id
5.7%). Sd ngudi khdng
khdng dinh mud'n
duytri
md hlnh sdng hien
tai
chiem 25.9% (trong dd
11.4%
sd ngudi trd loi nira mong mud'n, nira khdng mud'n duy
tri
md hlnh sdng hien
tai,
sd ngudi hodn toan khdng mong mud'n Id 10.7%, 3.8% sd ngudi dugc hdi
thay khd trd Idi.) Nhln chung,
dii
dang sdng theo md hlnh ndo. phdn

Ion
ngudi
dugc hdi ddu hdi
Idng
vdi md hinh sdng hien
tai ciia
gia
dinh
hg, ft ngudi mud'n
thay doi. Vay hg mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng ndo?
Bdng 2: So sdnh nhdm ngifdi mudn duy tri md hinh
scmg
hien tgi theo cdc tieu
chi khdc nhau
(%)
Noid
Hoc
van
Nghe
ho
Ndng thdn
Thi
Iran
Thanh phd
Cap
1
+ 2
Cap 3
CD,
DH

Cong chirc
Buon ban nhd
Nong nghiep
Hon hgp
Mo hinh sdng hien tai
Truyen thdng
52.8
32.2
31.3
54.0
43.3
24.5
21.4
32.5
56.0
41.4
Hien dai
40.6
60.0
63.5
41.4
50.0
67.3
72.9
57.5
36.9
54.0
Hdn hgp
6.6
7.8

5.2
4.6
6.7
8.2
5.7
10.0
7.1
4.6
Tdng
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
p
<
0.001
<0.01
<0.01
De trd
Idi
cau hdi tren, chiing tdi chi lay nhirng ngudi trd
Idi
mud'n duy
tri md hlnh sdng

hien
tai de so sdnh. Ket qud so sdnh cho thdy mgt sd khac biet
(xem bdng 2):
Theo tieu chf noi d, ti
le
ngudi mudn duy
tri
md hlnh truydn thdng ma
hg dang sdng d ndng thdn cao hon d thdnh thi (52.8% so vdi 32.2% vd
31.3%).
Nhdm ngudi mong mud'n duy tri md hinh sdng
hien
dai phdn nhieu la ngudi
thanh thi (60.0% vd 63.5%).
Theo tieu chf hgc van, 67.3% ngUdi cd hgc van tir cao dang trd len mud'n
duy
tri
md hlnh sdng hien dai, chiem ti le cao nhat, tiep den Id nhdm cd hgc van
cap 3, cudi cung
la
nhdm cd hgc van cap 1 vd 2. Ngugc
lai.
trong nhdm mudn
TAP
CHI TAM LY
HQC,
Sd
12
(129),
12

- 2009
35
so
DAC BIET KY
NIEM
20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC
duy tri md hinh sdng truyen thd'ng, nhdm cd hgc van cap 1 va 2 chiem
ti
le cao
nhat, sau dd de'n nhdm hgc van cap 3, nhdm hgc van tir cao ddng trd Idn chiem
ti le thap nhat.
So sdnh theo nghe nghiep
ciia
hd gia
dinh
(nghe nghiep chfnh cua hai vg
chdng chil hg) thi ngudi sdng trong gia
dinh
cdng chirc chiem
ti le
cao nhat
trong nhdm mudn duy tri md hinh hien dai (72.9%); cdn ngudi sdng hd thuan
ndng chiem ti
le
cao nhat trong nhdm mud'n duy tri md hlnh truyen thdng
(56.0%).
Cdc hd budn ban nhd, hd hdn hgp mud'n duy tri md hlnh hien dai hon
md
hinh
truyen thd'ng.

Dudng nhu
ngudi
dan d ndng thdn, nhat la ndng dan vdn mud'n duy
tri
md hinh gia
dinh
truydn thdng hon ngudi thdnh thi. Ngugc
lai,
ngudi thdnh thi
hai Idng hon vdi md hinh hien dai. Ngudi cd hgc van cang cao cang thfch md
hinh hien dai hon. Gia
dinh
cdng chiic cdng
iing
hd md hinh hien dai hon.
Md hinh sdng mudn thay doi
Cdn nhirng ngudi khdng hoan toan mud'n duy
tri
md hlnh sdng hien tai
la
ai?
Phan tich sd
lieu
dieu tra cho thay: Nhirng ngudi khdng mud'n duy
tri
md
hinh sdng hien tai
ciia
minh phan bd kha ddng ddu giira nam va nir, giira cac do
tudi

khdc nhau, song dudng nhu hg tap trung nhidu d Hd Ndi (44.3%) hon
la
d
Thdi Blnh vd Ha Tay. Hg thudng Id nhirng ngudi cd hgc van cao (47.7%) vd d
trong gia
dinh
hat nhan (76.7%). Nhiing ngudi mud'n thay doi md hinh sdng
hien dang sdng theo md hlnh truydn thd'ng, hien dai hay hdn hgp?
Bdng 3: Mong mudn duy tri md hinh sdng hien tgi
ciia
cdc gia dinh cd
md hinh sdng khdc nhau (p <
0.01)
^"~~~~ ^Mong
mudn duy tri (%)
Mo hinh sdng hien tai
^"^^^^_,^^
Sdng chung
vaAioac
an chung ciing
bd me
ciia
nguoi chong
Sdng rieng, an rieng
Hoac sdng chung, hoac an chung
cung bd me
ciia
nguoi vg hoac ciing
bd me cua cd hai vg chdng
Mong

mudn
75.6
71.7
85.7
Niia
mong
mudn
15.4
8.7
9.5
Khong
mong
mudn
4,9
15.6
4.8
Kho
tra
Idi
4.1
4.0
Tdng
100.0
100.0
100.0
Sd lieu bang 3 cho thay: Nhirng ngudi dang sdng trong md hlnh sdng
hien dai chiem ti le cao nhat trong nhdm ngudi khdng mudn duy
tri
md hlnh
hien tai (15.6%); nhirng ngudi dang sdng trong gia

dinh
kieu truydn thd'ng
36
TAP CHI'TAM LY
HQC.
Sd
12
(129),
12
-
2009
so
DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC
chiem ti le cao nhat trong nhdm nira mong mudn. nira khdng mong mudn duy
tri md hlnh sdng hien tai
(15.4%).
Vay hg mong mudn mgt
mg
hinh sdng nhu
the nao?
Nhung ngudi khdng hoan todn mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng hien tai mud'n
thay doi nhu the nao? Md
binh
sdng mong mud'n cua hg Id gl? Trong sd nhiing
ngudi dang sdng theo md hlnh hien
dai,
mgt bg phan nhd mud'n chuyen sang
sdng chung vdi bd me de (bd me chdng hoac bd me vg). Nhirng ngudi ndy
thudng d do tuoi trung nien. Sd ddng cdn
lai

vdn mud'n dugc sdng rieng nhung
gdn bd me hon. Chfnh
vi
vay, khi nhin vdo bdng 4 chung ta cd the thdy: md
hlnh sdng ridng vdn Id md hinh dugc lua chgn nhidu hon (50.9%).
Bdng 4: Md hinh sdng mong mudn
TT
1
2
3
Mo hinh sdng mong mudn
Sdng chung va/boac an chung ciing bd me
ciia
nguoi chong
(md binh truyen thdng)
Sdng rieng, an rieng (mo binh hien dai)
Hoac sdng chung, hoac an chung ciing bd me
ciia
nguoi vg
hoac bd me
ciia
ca bai vg chong (mo hinh hon hgp)
Tdng
SL
12
28
15
55
%
21.8

50.9
27.3
100.0
Tai sao nhiing ngudi sdng xa bd me thfch sdng ridng, nhung gdn nha bd
me.
Dieu nay xuat phdt tir hai
ly
do:
Thii
nhdt, hg cd the nhan dugc
sir
trg giup
ciia
bd me. Thir
hai,
hg cdng de cham sdc bd me hon.
"Nhd chi
CO
hai vg chdng, nhieu khi cung bi, mud'n di ddu khdng biet gid con
cho ai Luc cd con nhd cd dng bd d cung thi tdt. Tdt nhdi Id minh d gdn nhd dng bd
thi hay han. Minh vdn cd the nhd dng bd md it
phdi
va chgm, rdi khi dng bd trdi nang
trd trdi, minh qua lgi chdm sdc cung den han". (Nil, 28 tudi, Hd Tay).
"Ndi cluing Id cung mudn
difa
hd ve d ciing de trdng nom nhd cifu cho minh vd
cd dieu kien
phitng difdng
di han nhifng dng bd Igi thich d ddt cita to tien de

lgi.
Nen
minh Igi phdi chdm sdc, vi
dii nlnf
dm dau
tin minh
hdi han, cd thifc dn ngon thi minh
bien,
rdi
Id
mua thudc bd cdc
thif".
(T.T.T, nir,
TTidi
Binh).
Trong khdo sdt dai trd, sd lugng ngudi trd
Idi
mud'n thay ddi md
hinh
sdng khd khiem tdn chi cd 55 ngudi (55/ 88 ngudi khdng chgn phuOng dn
"mong mud'n duy
tri
md hinh sdng hien tai"). Tuy nhien, khdng phdi tat cd
nhirng ngudi
lira
chgn phuong an trd Idi "mong mud'n duy
tii
md hinh sdng hien
tai"
ddu hdi long vdi md hlnh sdng hien tai. Qua phdng van sau, chiing

tdi
dugc
biei:
Mgt sd cap vg chdng tre (dac biet Id nhirng ngudi vg)
hien
dang sdng
TAP CHI'TAM
LY
HQC,
Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009
37
so
DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC
chung cung bd me chdng rat mud'n ra d ridng. Hg sdng chung vl
"tinh
the budc
phai
the^'
(vf du: ngudi chdng Id con trai duy nhat trong gia
dinh;
cha me gia
yeu, can ngudi cham sdc ).
"An rieng ai chang mudn nhifng hodn cdnh khdng cho phep thdi. Khdng cd gi
quy han dgc lap
tif
do.
Sdng cung dng bd, nhieu khi chuyen xich mich
giild
vg
chdng

be lgi thdnh to, dgy con cdi cung khdng dugc
nliuy
mudn ". (Nii,
31
tudi.
Ha Ngi).
"Sdng
chung nhieu cdi phifc tgp ldm. Sdng rieng Id mong mudn cluing
ciia
cdc
chi em. Chi em ndo chdng mudn dugc sdng rieng.
O
nhd rieng
ciia
minh, chi em cd
the "ndi to" han, cd the nhd chdng giiip dd md khdng nggi
sif
ddnh gid
ciia
bd
me
chdng. Chdng cung co trdch nhiem han, chia se cong viec gia dinh vdi vg han".
(Nam, 40
tuoi.
Ha Ngi).
Md hlnh sdng rieng, an rieng khdng chi
la
mong mud'n cua the he con
cdi - nhirng ngudi tre ma cdn
la

mong mud'n cua the he cha me - nhirng ngudi
gid. Mdt nghien cuu cua Duong Chf Thien (2002) da cho thay md hinh sdng
rieng, an rieng thudng
la lua
chgn
ciia
nhirng ngudi cao tudi cd ngudn thu nhap
cao,
dn djnh, cdn khde manh, nhat Id cdn du ca hai vg chdng gid (1).
"Cudi dugc mot ndm la chung tdi cho chung nd ra a
rieng.
Cd the
chiing
nd
mdi biet lo lang ldm dn, biet vun ven cho gia dinh. Dugc
tif
do chiing nd thich han
md
minh cung thodi mdi: thich dn
liic
ndo thi dn, thich di chai ddu thi di
Chiing
tdi
cd
luang
hint
chdng
difa ndo
phdi nudi, chung co bieu ddng qua tdm bdnh thi nhdn Tdi
cdn

khoe',
dng
d'y
dm thi tdi chdm, tdi dm thi dng
d'y
chdm. Chdng gi cdc cu cung ndi
"Con chdm cha khdng bdng bd chdm dng" md". (NG, 55 tuoi, Hd Ngi).
Tdm
lai,
dii
dang sdng chung hoac khdng sdng chung vdi bd me ngudi
chdng, phdn Idn ngudi dan vung ddng bdng sdng Hdng ddu hdi Idng vdi md
hlnh sdng dd vd ft cd mong mud'n thay
doi.
Tuy nhien, cd mgt nhu cau thuc te
dang tdn tai. Dd
Id
nhu cdu sdng ridng cua nhidu gia dinh tre,
dii
hg ft thira
nhan cdng khai. Mat khdc, dd cung Id su
lira
chgn
ciia
mdt bd phan ngudi gid
cd
siic
khoe vd khd nang ddc
lap
vd kinh te vdi con cai. Bdn canh dd, su ddng

tinh
ciia
ngudi thdnh thi,
ciia
nhdm ngudi cd hgc van cao, cua hd phi ndng
nghiep ddi vdi md hinh sdng hien dai cang chiing td rdng: Sdng rieng
la
mdt xu
the tat yeu
ciia
xa
hgi
hien dai. Md hlnh sdng
phii
hgp nhat vd dugc mong
mud'n nhat
ciia
ngudi dan viing ddng bdng sdng Hdng hien nay Id d gdn bd me
ngudi chdng nhung sdng ridng, an rieng.
• r
Tai lieu tham khao
•
1.
Duong Chf Thien (2002), "Tdc dgng
ciia
nhung yeu td
kinh
te - xd hgi vd vdn hod
tdi sif Ufa
chgn md hinh sdng trong gia dinh ddi vdi ngifdi cao tudi hien nay", trong

cudn Gia dinh trong tam guong xa hdi bgc do Mai Quynh
.Nam
lam chu bien.
38
TAP
CHI'TAM LY
HQC,
Sd
12
(129),
12-2009