Sách - Biến Đổi Câu trong ngữ Pháp (tiếng Anh)

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TÓM TẮT LÝ THUYẾT VÀ BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG

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1. THÌ Q KHỨ ĐƠN ↔ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH

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2. MỆNH ĐỀ “IF/ WISH”

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3. RÚT NGẮN MỆNH ĐỀ THÀNH CỤM VÀ NGƯỢC LẠI

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4. ĐẢO NGỮ

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5. CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT

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6. CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG

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7. CÂU SO SÁNH

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8. CÂU CẦU KHIẾN (HAVE/ GET)

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9. SO ....THAT ↔ SUCH ….THAT ↔ TOO…TO ↔ ENOUGH… TO…

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10. NHỮNG CỤM TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA

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BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
A. BÀI TẬP TRÊN LỚP VÀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT QUỐC GIA

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B. BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI FCE, HỌC SINH GIỎI

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C. BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI CAE, HỌC SINH GIỎI

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ĐÁP ÁN GỢI Ý

CÁC DẠNG BÀI CHUYỂN ĐỔI CÂU

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A. BÀI TẬP TRÊN LỚP VÀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT QUỐC GIA

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B. BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI FCE, HỌC SINH GIỎI

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C. BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI CAE, HỌC SINH GIỎI

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KINDS OF PHRASES, CLAUSES AND SENTENCES
(CÁC LOẠI CỤM TỪ, MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ CÂU)
I. CỤM TỪ (PHRASES)
a. Cụm động từ
+ Cụm động từ chủ động: mở đầu là V-ing
+ Cụm động từ bị động: mở đầu là V3/ed
+ Cụm động từ chỉ mục đích: mở đầu là to + V1/ in order to + V1/ so as to + V1
Ex: Standing on the top of the mountain, we can see many houses from far distances
Considered one of the new sports, belly dance is the best choice for many young people
You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary in order not to misuse them
b. Cụm danh từ (Noun Phrase = NP)

Gồm có hai từ trở lên và tân cùng là danh từ. Cụm danh từ có dạng:
Mạo từ
(a/ an/ the)
Tính từ sở hữu
(my/ our/ your/ they/ his/ her/ its)
Số lượng

+ (Tính từ) + Danh từ

(many/ some/ few/ most…)
Chỉ thị
(this/ that/ these/ those)
Có thể có hoặc khơng có tính từ trong cụm danh từ. Nếu có nhiều tính từ thì trật tự như sau:
OSHACOM = (Option (lựa chọn) – Size (kích cỡ) – Shape (hình dáng) – Age (độ tuổi) – Color (màu
sắc) – Origin (nguồn gốc) – Material (vật liệu))
Ex: Her parents bought her a nice new black Japanese bike as her birthday present
c. Cụm giới từ
Là nhóm từ, mở đầu là giới từ
Prep + NP
Ex: on the table, across the river
II. MỆNH ĐỀ (CLAUSES)
Là nhóm từ gồm có một chủ ngữ và một động từ chia thì.
S+V
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Ex: My mother walks to work every day
S

(V = walks: thì hiện tại đơn, chủ động)

V

The book has been translated into many different languages (V = has been translated: thì hiện
S

V

tại hoàn thành, bị động)

III. CÂU (SENTENCES)
1. Câu đơn (simple sentence): là câu có một chủ ngữ và một động từ chia thì. Khơng có liên từ nối
trong câu đơn

S+V

Các thành phần của câu
* Subject (S: chủ ngữ): đứng đầu câu và là thành phần không thể thiếu trong câu. Chủ ngữ có thể
là đại từ (I/ You/ We/ They/ He/ She/ It) hoặc danh từ, danh động từ (V-ing), hoặc mệnh đề danh từ
Ex: The young student is looking for the meaning of the new words in the dictionary
* Verb (V: động từ): đứng sau chủ ngữ và là thành phần bắt buộc trong câu. Động từ phải chia
một thì hợp lí (hiện tại đơn, q khứ đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành…) và phù hợp với chủ ngữ (số ít, số
nhiều). Động từ có thể ở dạng chủ động hoặc bị động
Ex: They have translated the book into many languages
* Object (O: tân ngữ): đứng sau động từ hoặc giới từ. Tân ngữ có thể là đại từ (me/ you/ us/
them/ him/ her/ it) hoặc danh từ, hoặc danh động từ (V-ing) hoặc mệnh đề danh từ
Ex: We met a very nice girl at the party
* Complement (C: bổ ngữ):bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ. Bổ ngữ có thể là tính từ hoặc
danh từ
Ex: She is a nice girl

They painted their house green
* Modifier (M: thành phần bổ nghĩa): đây là thành phần không bắt buộc trong câu, có thể là
trạng từ, cụm giới từ, mệnh đề quan hệ
Ex: The baby is sleeping soundly
A new school was built near my house
Các cấu trúc câu đơn cơ bản
Dựa vào loại động từ mà có các cấu trúc câu sau
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a1. S

+ Vl +Adj

(Vl = be/ feel/ become/ seem/ appear/ sound/ smell/ stay/ remain/ get…)

Ex: She is a good student
She feels tired after a long working day
a2. S + BE + SC (N/NP)(S và SC cùng một đối tượng)
Ex: She is a good student
a3. S + BE + prep + N/NP
Ex: The book is on the table
b. S

+ Vi

(Vi = go/ come/ sleep/ lie/ rise/ happen/ arrive/ laugh/ swim/ exist…)

Ex: She sings very beautifully
c. S

+ Vt + O

(Vt = hầu hết động từ thuộc dạng này)

Ex: They are building a new school near my house
d. S

+ Vt + O + O

(V = give/ tell/ send/ buy/ show/ award/ lend/ offer/ bring/ teach/
send/ appoint/ call...)

Ex: She gave me a present on my birthday
e. S

+V+O+C

(V = find/ paint/ make/ get/ name/ elect/ consider…)

Ex: She painted her house green
2. Câu kép (compound sentence): là câu có hai hay nhiều câu đơn và được nối với nhau bằng những liên
từ: FOR (bởi vì), AND (và), NOR (cũng không), BUT (nhưng), OR (hoặc), YET (tuy nhiên) =FANBOY)
Ex: She is a good students and she works very hard
3. Câu phức (complex sentences): là câu gồm có một mệnh đề chính (main clause) và một hay nhiều
mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clauses). Hầu hết các dạng biến đổi câu chỉ xảy ra ở mệnh đề phụ
Ex: We stayed at home because it was raining so heavily

MODELS OF STRUCTURES (CÁC DẠNG BÀI CHUYỂN ĐỔI CÂU)
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DẠNG 1. THÌ Q KHỨ ĐƠN ↔ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH
1a. QKĐ
(started/began …..ago/ in + năm)

HTHT
(for/ since)

* S + began/ started ……+ khoảng t/g + ago

S + have/ has + V3/ed …… for + khoảng t/g
* S + began/ started ………..in/when + QK

S + have/ has + V3/ed …… since + QK
Ex: He started working for this factory a year ago
→He has worked for this factory for a year
They began building the primary school in 2014
→ They have built the primary school since 2014
1b. HTHT
(for + khoảng t/g)

It is + khoảng t/g + SINCE + S+ V(QKĐ)

S + has/ have +V3/ed …+ FOR + khoảng
t/g…

IT IS + khoảng t/g + SINCE + S + V(QKĐ)
OR
The last time + S + V(QKĐ)….. + WAS + in/ ago

Ex: I have not seen my grandfather for two years
→ It is two years since I last saw my grandfather
→ The last time I saw my grandfather was two years ago
1c. HTHT
(not/ never...before)

….the first time/ so sánh nhất

S + have/ has + not/ never + V3/ed …....before
IT/ THIS + IS + the first time + S + has/ have + V3/ed
OR
IT/ THIS + IS + the + so sánh nhất + N + (that) S + has/ have + V3/ed
Ex: I have not read such an interesting book before
→ It is the first time I have read such an interesting book
→ It is the most interesting book that I have ever read
I have never eaten kind of food before
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→ It is the first time I have eaten that kind of food
That is the most delicious cake that I have ever eaten
→ I have not eaten such a delicious cake before
1d. QKĐ (last)

HTHT (since)
mốc t/g quá khứ

since +
S + V(QKĐ)
S + last + V2/ed …..WHEN + S + V2/ed

S + has/ have + not + V3/ed ……SINCE + S + V2/ed
Ex: The last time I heard about him was in August
→ I have not heard about him since August
I last saw him when I was a child
→ I have not seen him since I was a child
Exercise 1
1. Tom has not had his hair cut for over three months
It is over three …………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I have not enjoyed myself so much for years
It is ………………………………………………………………………………….………………….
3. I haven’t played football since 2010
The last time ……………………………………………………………………….…………………..
4. She has not driven a car before
This is the first …………………………………………………………………………………………
5. She started working as a secretary four years ago
She has …………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. We haven’t seen Tom since he moved to Bristol
We last …………………………………………………………………………………….……………
7. I have never eaten this kind of food before
This is the first …………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The last time Lucy wore that dress was in Barbara’s wedding
Lucy hasn’t …………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Jenny has learned to play the piano since she was a child
Jenny began …………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. I have never met such a famous singer before
It’s the first ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

DẠNG 2. MỆNH ĐỀ “IF/ WISH”
2a. Viết lại câu với IF
- Chọn loại:

+ Hiện tại: loại 2
+ Quá khứ: loại 3
- Chọn mệnh đề
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+ nguyện nhân (“because”/ “simply because”…) → mệnh đề IF
+ kết quả (“so”/ “that is why”…) → mệnh đề chính
- Phủ định ↔ khẳng định (ở mỗi mệnh đề)
Ex: She was late for the meeting because her car broke down
→ If her car had not broken down, she would not have been late for the meeting
She didn’t study hard so she failed the final exam
→ If she had studied hard, she would not have failed (have passed) the final exam
What a pity you failed in your driving test
→ I wish that you had not failed (had passed) in your driving test
She regretted leaving the job as a sales clerk at the bank
→ She wishes she had not left the job as a sales clerk at the bank
2b. Unless If….not
If + not = Unless (Mệnh đề chứa “Unless” không chia phủ định)
Ex: If she doesn’t hurry, she will be late for the last train
→ Unless she hurries, she will be late for the last train
Some of the rare animals will be extinct if there are no ways to protect them
→ Unless there are ways to protect the rare animals, some of them will be extinct
If she worked hard, she would not be sacked
→ Unless she worked hard, she would be sacked
2c. Đảo ngữ mệnh đề IF
Loại 1: If + S + V…..
Loại 2: If + S + V2/-ed…..
Loại 3: If + S + had + V3/-ed….

→ Should + S + V….
→ Were + S + …./ Were + S + to +V….
→ Had + S + V3/-ed….

Ex: If there is any problem, don’t hesitate to call me
→ Should there be any problem, don’t hesitate to call me
If I were you, I would not behave in such a way
→ Were I you, I would not have in such a way
If she worked hard, she would get well-paid
→ Were she to work hard, she would get well-paid
If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you
→ Had I known you were in hospital, I would have visited you
2d. Câu điều kiện ẩn với “Without/ But for”
Without
If there had not been + NP
+ NP
or
But for
If it had not been for + NP
Ex: Without your help, we could not have completed our project as planned
→ If there had not been your help, we could not have completed our project as planned
→ If it had not been for your help, we could not have completed our project as planned
Exercise 2
1. Unless he starts at once, he’ll be late for school
If he ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. We didn’t go because it rained
If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. Tom never does anything if you don’t tell him what to do
Unless ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I’m having a lot of trouble now because I lost my passport last week
If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. She fails the final exam simply because she doesn’t study the lesson well
If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. My brother didn’t buy that car because he didn’t have enough money
If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. If it doesn’t rain soon, millions of pounds’ worth of crop will be lost
Unless ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. You didn’t have breakfast; that is why you are hungry now
If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The accident happed as a result of the driver’s not paying attention to the road
If ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. The violent storm prevented the ship from sailing
If ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Go right now or you will be late for the last train
Unless …….……………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Study hard and you will pass the exam
If ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

DẠNG 3. RÚT NGẮN MỆNH ĐỀ THÀNH CỤM
V-ING
Mệnh đề: S + V
Because
Though
Although

+S+V

Cụm:
Danh từ (The/ Tính từ sở hữu + (Tính từ) + Danh từ)
because of
+ V-ing/ Cụm danh từ (NP)
in spite of/ despite

3a. Hai chủ ngữ trùng nhau (S1 = S2), → dùng V-ING
Because/ Although + S1 + V…, S2 + V….
Because of/ In spite of/ Despite + V-ing…., S2 + V
Although Bob worked very hard, he didn’t get any promotion
→ In spite of working hard, Bob didn’t get any promotion
She stayed at home because she felt tired
→ Because of feeling tired, she stayed at home
3b. Hai chủ ngữ khác nhau (S1 ≠ S2), → dùng Cụm danh từ (NP)
Because/ Although + S1 + V…, S2 + V….
Because of/ In spite of/ Despite + cụm danh từ…., S2 + V
Ex: Because she behaved well, everyone loved her
→ Because of her good behavior, everyone loved her
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Although both his legs were broken in the crash, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded
→ In spite of his broken legs in the crash, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded
We didn’t go for a walk because it rained
→ Because of the rain, we didn’t go out for a walk
Because the weather changed, we cancelled our trip to Ha Long bay
→ Because of the weather change, we cancelled our trip to Ha Long bay
3c. When/ Before/ After/ Since + S + V…, S + V

V-ing/ Having + V3/ed (chủ động)

V3/ed (bị động)

Ex: Tom had failed twice, so he decided not to try again
→ Having failed twice, Tom decided not to try again
The mother smiled happily. She took the baby in her arm
→ Smiling happily, the woman took the baby in her arm
Ballet is considered one of the most beautiful forms of performance art. It is a combination of dance and
mine performed to music
→ Considered one of the most beautiful forms of performance art, ballet is a combination of dance and
mine performed to music
3d. “so that” + S + V

to + V1/ in order to + V1/ so as to + V1

Ex: We had to leave quietly so that we would not disturb other people
→ We had to leave quietly so as not to disturb other people
Exercise 3
1. He couldn’t come to the party because he was seriously ill
Because of ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. My sister gets high pay because she works well
Because of ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Although it was very noisy, we continued to study our lesson
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. Mary went to the party though she felt depressed
In spite ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..
5. My father retired last month because he was old
Because of ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Despite living in the same street, we hardly ever see each other
Though ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..
7. In spite of Mary’s sadness at loosing the contest, she managed to smile

Although …………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Although the weather changed, the trip went ahead as planned
In spite…….……………………………………………………………………………………….……..
9. She didn’t eat much although she was hungry
Despite …..…..…………………………………………………..................................………………….
10. Having finished the work, Tom went home
After Tom ……………………………………………………...………………………………………...

DẠNG 4. ĐẢO NGỮ
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A. Đảo ngữ với Trợ động từ (đem Trợ động từ đặt trước Chủ ngữ)
Trợ động từ + S
+ BE (am/ is/ are/ was/ were),
+ MODALS (can/ could/ should..),
đem đặt trước chủ ngữ
+ HOÀN THÀNH (has/ have/ had + V3/ed)
+ Khơng có các động từ trên: mượn DO/ DOES/ DID
4a. Trong mệnh đề IF (bỏ IF)
- Loại 1: IF + S + V1/s/es
- Loại 2: IF + S + V2/ed
- Loại 3: IF + S + had + V3/ed

Should + S + V1…
Were + S +…/ Were + S + to + V1
Had + S + V3/ed

Ex: Call me if there is any urgent problem
→ Should there be any urgent problem, call me

If I were you, I would not behave like that
→ Were I you, I would not behave like that
If she spoke English well, she would get a better job
→ Were she to speak English well, she would have get a better job
If you had taken my advice, you would not get into the trouble now
→ Had you taken my advice, you would not get into the trouble now
4b. Từ phủ định đứng đầu câu
* No/ Not/ Not until/ No longer
Never/ Hardly = Rarely = Scarcely = Barely/ Little…

+ trợ động từ + S

* Hardly + had + S + V3/ed + when/ before + S + V2/ed
= No sooner/ Scarcely/ Barely + had + S + V3/ed + than + S + V2/ed
Ex: Hardly had she put the telephone down when her boss rang
→ No sooner had she put the telephone down than her boss rang
As soon as she arrived home, it rained
→ Hardly had she arrived home when it rained
The little boy didn’t do his homework until his father came home
→ Not until his father came home did the little boy do his homework
4c. So/ Such ….. that….
S + V + so + tính từ/ trạng từ + that + S + V
So + tính từ/ trạng từ + trợ động từ + S + that + S + V
S + be + such + (a/an) + tính từ + danh từ + that + S +V
Such + (a/an) + tính từ + danh từ + be + S + that + S +V
Ex: She was so angry that she burst into tears
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→ So angry was she that she burst into tears

It was such a violent storm that it could destroy everything
→ Such a violent storm was it that it could destroy everything
4d. . “ONLY” đứng đầu câu
+ Only + giới từ/ cụm giới từ/ trạng từ
Only in (on/ at/ by/ with…)
Only once/ recently/ then…
+ Only + liên từ
Only if/ because/ until/ when/ after…

Ex: We only send you books after we receive the money
→ Only after we receive the money do we send you books
I can only make a good impression on her by doing so
→ Only by doing so can I make a good impression on her
Exercise 4
1. The performance had hardly begun when the light went out
Scarcely …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
2. We only send you books after receiving the money
Only after …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………..
3. We shouldn’t be impolite to our parents in any circumstance
Under no circumstance …..…………………………………………………………...............................
4. The tea was so strong that we couldn't drink it.
So strong …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
5. I would have visited you sooner someone if someone had told me you were in the hospital
Had …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………………
6. If he worked more slowly, he wouldn’t make too many mistakes
Were …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….
7. Tom is so short that he can’t reach the switch on the wall
So…..…………………………………………………………..................................…………………..
8. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements.
Much ……..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….

9. The girl was so angry that she burst into tears
Such …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………..
10. The boy didn’t do his homework until his father came home
Not until ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. As soon as she arrived, things went wrong
No sooner.………………………………………………………………………………………………...

DẠNG 5. CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
Quy tắc đổi (trong dấu ngoặc kép nếu có)

- đổi đại từ ngơi 1 (I/ We) và ngơi 2 (You)
- lùi thì (TH → QK → QKHT)
- đổi trạng từ (this → that/ yesterday → the previous day…

5a. Câu phát biểu (statements)
“S + V….” S + V + (O)
S: người nói
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O: người nghe
S + said/ told + O + that + “S + V…….”
Ex: “You are my best friend, Nam” said the schoolgirl
→ The schoolgirl told Nam that he was her best friend
5b. Câu hỏi WH
“Wh + trợ động từ + S + ….?” S + V + (O)
S + asked/ wanted to know…+ (O) + “Wh- + S + V….”
Ex: “What time does the meeting start?” she asked me
→ She asked me that time the meeting started
5c. Câu hỏi Yes-No

“Trợ động từ + S +……” S + V + (O)
S + asked + (O) + IF/ WHETHER + “S + V ….”
Ex: “Do you finish doing your homework?” asked my father
→ My father asked me whether I finished doing my homework
5d. Câu mệnh lệnh (Imperatives) và câu mang hàm ý: mời (invite), khuyên (advise)…
“ V1/ Don’t + V1…….” S + V (O)
S + told/ advised/ invited + O + (not) + to + “V1…….”
Ex: “Please be on time for the meeting” said the team leader
→ The team leader told us to be on time for the meeting
“You should not drink too much beer” said the doctor to the patient
→ The doctor advised the patient not to drink too much beer
“Would you like to come to my birthday party” John said to Mary
→ John invited Mary to come to his birthday party
5e. Câu diễn đạt mang hàm ý
+ Hàm ý: gợi ý (suggest), từ chối (deny), thú nhận (admit)…
“S + V +…..” S + V + (O)
S + suggested/ denied/ admitted + (Adj sở hữu) + “V-ing…..”
Ex: “Why don’t we go to the cinema tonight?” said the boy
→ The boy suggested going to the cinema that night
+ Hàm ý: xin lỗi (apologize FOR), cố nài (insist ON)….
“S + V +…..” S + V + (O)
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S + V + giới từ + “V-ing……”
Ex: “I am sorry I did not phone you earlier” said the hotel receptionist
→ The hotel receptionist apologized for not phoning me earlier
+ Hàm ý: cám ơn (thank…FOR), chúc mừng (congratulate…ON), nhắc nhỡ (remind...OF),
buộc tội (accuse…OF/ blame….FOR), khen ngợi (compliment…ON)…
“S + V +…..” S + V + (O)

S + V + O + giới từ + “V-ing……”
Ex: “It is very kind of you to help me with my homework” the little girl said to her brother
→ The little girl thanked her brother for helping her with her homework
+ Hàm ý: đe dọa (threaten), đề nghị (offer), hứa hẹn (promise), từ chối (refuse)…
“S + V +…..” S + V + (O)
S + V + “to + V1……”
Ex: “If you pay the ransom, we’ll kill your boy” the kidnapper told us
→ The kidnapper threatened to kill our boy if we didn’t pay the ransom
“I’ll help you with your homework, John” said Mary
→ Mary promised to help Mary with her homework
Exercise 5
1. John said, “You'd better not lend them any money, Daisy”
John advised….………………………………………………………………………………..………..
2. “I didn't break the vase of flowers” the boy said
The boy denied ……………………………………………………………………………….……..…..
3. “Why don’t you take an English course?” said Katie to me
Katie suggested….…………………………………………………………………………….…..…….
4. Would you like to come to my birthday party, Sarah?” asked Frederic
Frederic invited…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. “Peter, please don’t tell anyone my new address” said Ann
Ann told………………………………………………………………………..................................…..
6. Ann’s mother said to her “Don’t forget to take your passport with you”
Ann’s mother reminded………………………………………………................................…….….…..
7. Anne said to John “Would you like to stay for dinner with us?”
Anne invited John……………………………………………………………................................…….
8. “Sorry, I didn’t phone you earlier” Ms White said to Peter
Ms White apologized………………………………………………………....................................…….
9. What did you do before working for this company, John?” asked Lan
Lan asked………………………………………….………………………...................................……..
10. “How much does a dictionary cost?” she asked me

She asked………………………………………………………………..……..................................……
11. “It was nice of you to give me the present. Thank you” Miss White said to Peter
Miss White thanked …………………………………………………………………………….……….
12. “When did you leave school?” the interviewer asked me
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The interviewer asked………………………………………………………................................………
13. “Why don’t you apply for the job, Ann” said her friend
Ann’s friend suggested that …..…………………………………………………………........................
14. “Can I borrow your typewriter for a moment?” said Tom
Tom asked …..…………………………………………………………..................................………….
15. “You are my best friend, Nam” said the schoolgirl
The schoolgirl told …..…………………………………………………………......................................
DẠNG 6. CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG: (BE + V3/ed)
6a. Câu một mệnh đề
S + V + O + ….
S + (be) + v3/ed +…..(by + O)
Ex: They are building a new primary school in my village
→ A new primary school is being built in my village
No one has ever discussed that question
→ That question has not been discussed before
They are going to organize a surprise party tonight
→ A surprise party is going to be organized tonight
6b. Câu 2 mệnh đề với liên từ “THAT”
say
think
They/ People + believe + that + S + V…
rumor…
→ It + (be) + V3/ed + that + S + V…

→ S + (be) + V3/ed +

to + V1
to have + V3/ed

(hành động xảy ra trước)

Ex: People believe that the prisoner escaped from the jail through the window
→ It is believed that the prisoner escaped from the jail through the window
→ The prisoner is believed to escape from the jail through the window
They rumored that the man had left a big amount of money to the poor before he died
→ It was rumored that the man had left a big amount of money to the poor before he died
→ The man was rumored to have left a big amount of money to the poor before he died
Exercise 6
1. People spend a lot of money on advertising every year
A lot ……………………………………………………………………………................................…
2. Nobody invited her to the party
She……………………………………………………………………………................................……
3. Have you finished your homework yet?
Has your homework …..…………………………………………………………..................................
4. They have translated the interesting story into many languages
The interesting…..…………………………………………………….………................................…...
5. It is believed that the man was killed by terrorists
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The man …..………………………………………………………….................................…………….
6. They didn’t buy anything from the supermarket
Nothing……..…..……………………………………………………………..............................……...
7. People believe that this new teaching method is more effective than the old one

This new teaching method …..………………………………………………...............................……...
8. People think that the company is planning a new advertising campaign
The company …..…………………………………………………………..................................……….
9. The students in my class are going to organize a surprise party tomorrow evening
A surprise party.…………………………………………………….………................................……...
10. People said that the president had suffered a heart attack
The president …..…………………………………………………….……..................................………

DẠNG 7. CÂU SO SÁNH
Cấu trúc so sánh:

7a. So sánh không bằng
(not)

bằng (as/ so + Adj/ Adv + as)
hơn
Adj/ Adv –ER
+ than
MORE + Adj/ Adv
nhất Adj/ Adv –EST
MOST + Adj/ Adv
+ in/ of/ that
So sánh hơn

S1 + V + not + so/ as……. as + S2 + trợ động từ
S2 + V + ….er/ more + than + S1 + trợ động từ
Ex: I can’t cook as well as my mother
→ My mother can cook better than I can
Susan doesn’t play the guitar as well as her younger sister does
→ Susan’s younger sister plays the guitar better than she does

7b. Phủ định so sánh hơn

So sánh nhất

S1 + V + not/ never + -er/ more + than + S2 + trợ động từ
S2 + V + the + -est/ most + that + S1 + have/ has + EVER + V3/ed
Hoặc
S1 + V + -er/ more + than + any other + S2 + trợ động từ
Ex: I have never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother
→ My mother was the most warm-hearted person that I have ever known
No one in the group is younger than her
→ She is the youngest person in the group
This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever read
→ This is the most interesting story that I have ever read
7c. So sánh nhất

so sánh hơn (than any other)
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so sánh bằng (No other ….)
Ex: The Nile is the longest river in the world
→ The Nile is longer than any other rivers in the world
→ No other rivers in the world is as long as the Nile
7d. 2 mệnh đề

So sánh kép (the….., the….)
S + V…., S + V…

The + er/ more + Adj/ Adv + S + V, the + er/ more + Adj/Adv + S + V

Ex: You will be fatty if you eat more
→ The more you eat, the fatter you will be
You will pay more money if you waste more water
→ The more water you waste, the more money you will pay
Exercise 7
1. As TV programs become more popular, they seem to get worse
The more …..……………………………………………………..……..................................…………
2. Nobody in our class sings better than Louis
Louis is …..……………………………………………………………................................……………
3. George doesn’t speak English as fluently as he used to be
George used …..…………………………………………………………..................................……….
4. My sister is taller than any other students in my class
My sister is …..…………………………………………………………..................................………...
5. Tom is the best football player in our team
No one …..………………………….…………………………………………………...........................
6. This stamp is rarer than any other in my collection
The other stamps ……………………..…………………………………...……….……………............
7. The painting Ed did is the ugliest one you can imagine
You can’t imagine…..…………………………………………………………..................................…..
8. I have never read a better book than this one
This is the …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………..
9. Mary dances more beautifully than I do
I cannot …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….
10. Have you got a cheaper carpet than this?
Is this …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………
.

DẠNG 8. CÂU CẦU KHIẾN (HAVE/ GET)
8a. Tân ngữ (O) là người

8b. Tân ngữ (O) là vật

get

to + V1

get

+ O + (V)
have (người)

V1

have

+ O + V3/ed
(vật)

Ex: Your hair needs cutting
→ You need to have your hair cut
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Mr. Pike got someone to paint his house yesterday
→ Mr. Pike got his house painted yesterday
Exercise 8
1. The garage is going to repair the car for us next week
We …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………………
2. Somebody repaired her car yesterday
She …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………………

3. Mr. Dryden mended the washing machine for me
I had …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………..
4. My shoes need to be cleaned before the interview
I must have …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………
5. Your car needs servicing once every two years
You need …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………

DẠNG 9. SO ....THAT ↔ SUCH ….THAT ↔ TOO…TO ↔ ENOUGH… TO…
9a. so ....that ↔ such ….that
S(danh từ) + (be) + so + adj + that + S + V
S(đại từ) + (be) + such + {a/an} + Adj + N + that + S + V
Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there
→ It is such a dirty restaurant that no one wants to eat there
9b. so ....that (phủ định) ↔ too…to
S + V + so + Adj/ Adv + that + S + not + V
S + V + too + Adj/ Adv + {for + O} + to + V1
Ex: It was so late that nothing could be done
→ It was too late for anything to be done/ It was too late to do anything
9c. so .....that ↔ enough… to…
Ex: He is too young to get married
→ He is not old enough to get married
The test was so difficult that I could not finish within forty-five minutes
→ The test was not easy enough for me to finish within forty-five minutes
* Lưu ý: Nếu Tân ngữ (O) trùng với Chủ ngữ (S) thì bỏ Tân ngữ
Exercise 9
1. The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it
The furniture was too …..…………………………………………………………................................
2. The bridge was so low that the bus couldn’t go under it
It was …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….
3. It was such bad news that she burst into tears

The news …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
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4. It was such a boring film that we left before the end
The film …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….
5. The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it
The water was not …..…………………………………………………………..................................….
6. He is such a slow speaker that his students get very bored
He speaks …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………..
7. Mark is too young to see the horror film
Mark is not …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………
8. The door was so heavy that the child couldn’t push it open
The door was too …..…………………………………………………………..................................…..
9. Henry is not old enough to drive a car
Henry is too …..…………………………………………………………..................................………...
10. The fridge was so heavy that we couldn’t move it
It was …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….

DẠNG 10. NHỮNG CỤM TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA
10a. Mất thời gian để làm gì (SPEND/ LAST)
spend/ last + khoảng thời gian

It + (TAKE) + O + khoảng thời gian + to + V1

Ex: Tuan spent three weeks preparing for his exam
→ It took me three weeks to prepare for the exam
It usually takes me two hour to mow the lawn
→ I usually spend two hours mowing the lawn
The flight to Moscow lasted three and a half hours

→ It took three and a half hours to fly to Moscow
10b. Thành cơng làm việc gì
manage to + V = succeed in + V-ing ≠ fail to +V
Ex: After fighting the fire twelve hours, the firemen succeeded in putting it out
→ The firemen managed to put the fire out after fighting it twelve hours
John Speke failed to find the source of the River Nile
→ John Speke didn’t succeed in finding the source of the River Nile
10c. Không thể
impossible = can’t + V1
Ex: Roses can’t possibly grow in such poor ground
→ It is impossible for roses to grow in such poor ground
10d. (Không) được phép làm
must not / let = (be) not allowed/ permitted to +V1
Ex: Candidates mustn’t bring any books and materials into the exam room
→ Candidate are not allowed to bring any books and materials into the exam room
My parents don’t let me stay up late
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→ I am not allowed to stay up late
10e. Mặc dù .....nhưng (although = no matter how = no matter what = as)
ALTHOGH + S + V + Adj/ Adv... =

Adj/ adv + AS + S + V
no matter how + Adj/ Adv + S + V
no matter what + noun + S + V

Ex: Although he felt tired, he was determined to continue to climb up the mountain
→ As tired he felt, he was determined to continue to climb up the mountain
Although he tried very hard, the results couldn’t be better

→ No matter how hard he tried, the results couldn’t be better
10f. Khơng quen/ gặp khó khăn
find it difficult/ not usually = (be) not used to+ V-ing
Ex: They don’t usually drink beer
→ They are not used to drinking beer
My French friend finds it difficult to drive on the left
→ My French friend is not used to driving on the left
10g. Không cần thiết
not necessary = not need
Ex: It is not necessary for you to finish by Saturday
→ You don’t need to finish by Saturday
10h. Đã từng (thói quen trong quá khứ, có thể dùng với trạng từ chỉ tần suất: always/ usually…)
QKĐ = used to +V1
Ex: John smoked a lot when he was young
→ John used to smoke a lot when he was young
10i. Khơng thể...bởi gì...
can/ couldn’t …..because of

prevent …..from + V-ing

Ex: The train couldn’t run because of the snow
→ The snow prevented the train from running
The violent storm prevented us from climbing up the mountain
→ We couldn’t climb up the mountain because of the violent storm
10j. QKĐ (phủ định)…until…
S + NOT + V…until + …

It was not until …..that … (mãi cho đến khi)
It was not until …. that + S + V(khẳng định)

Ex: The little girl didn’t sleep until her mother got home
→ It was not until her mother got home that the little girl slept
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10.l. Diễn tả sự chỉ trích: should (not) have + V3/ed
It + was + Adj (wrong/ careless) of you to + V…

should(not) have + V3/ed

Ex: It was wrong of you to leave the classroom without asking for your teacher’s permission
→ You should have asked for your teacher’s permission to leave the classroom
It was wrong of you to be rude to your friend yesterday
→ You shouldn’t have been rude to your friend yesterday
It was careless of you to leave the house without locking the door
→ You should have locked the door before leaving the house
10.m. Diễn tả sự thích hơn: prefer = would rather
prefer + V-ing …to + V-ing = would rather + V….than + V
Ex: She prefers staying at home to going out with friends at night
→ She would rather stay at home than go out with friends at night
Exercise 10
1. She felt unhappy and lonely although she was rich
As …..…………………………………………………………...................................….…………….
2. Handicapped people find shopping in supermarket difficult
It is …..…………………………………………………………...................................……………….
3. It was wrong of you to leave the class without asking for your teacher’s permission
You should not…..…………………………………………………..................................…………….
4. No matter how hard Fred tried to lose weight, he did not succeed.
Hard …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………
5. We spent five hours getting to London

It …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………….
6. After a lot of difficulty, he finally managed to open the door
Finally he succeeded ………………………………………..................................……………………
7. Having committed the crime, the boy was put in prison
Because the boy……………………………………...........................………………………………...
8. My grandfather usually walked for a long distance when he was young
My father used……………………………………..................................…………………………….
9. Working very hard, he cannot earn his living
Hard as……………………………………..................................……………….…………………….
10. She broke down the moment when she heard the news
On ……………………………………..................................…………………………………….…....
11. The little boy didn’t do his homework until his father got home
It was not until…………………..……..................................…………………………………….…....
Not until …………………..……..................................……………………………………………......
12. Treated badly by his step-mother, the little boy loved and respected her
Although………………………………..................................………………………………………....
13. The boy broke the window of his neighbor
It was the boy ………………………………..........................………………………………………....
14. It is necessary for you to get up early tomorrow morning
You have to……………………………………........................………………………………………...
15. He suggested playing a game
He made ……………………………………................................……………………………………...
16. It was wrong of you to allow a 4-year-old child to walk home alone
You should …………………………………................................……………………………………...
17. It was wrong of you to scare your little brother like that
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You oughtn’t …………………………………....................................…………………………………

EXERCISES
PHẦN A. (Trích từ đề thi Tốt nghiệp THPT quốc gia, Tuyển sinh đại học và đề gợi ý)
Complete each of the following sentences in such a way it has the closest meaning to the given one
TEST 1
1. She knows a lot more than I do
I don’t know …..…………………………………………………………..................................………
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2. We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough time
If we …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………
3. I advise you to put your money in the bank
You’d …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………..
4. There’s no need for you to talk so loudly
You don’t …..…………………………………………………………...................................…………
5. The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was very rough
The sea was too …..…………………………………………………………..................................……
6. What a pity you failed your driving test
I wish …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………
7. Peter managed to get promotion to the job of Office Manager because he worked extremely hard
By …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………….
8. People say that he is an excellent poet
He …..…………………………………………………………...................................………………….
9. I am sorry I didn’t buy a bike earlier
I wish …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….
10. The ink was so faded that I could not read the word
The ink was too …..…………………………………………………………..................................…….
11. We got lost because we didn’t have a map
If we …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………..
12. I would prefer you deliver the sofa on Friday

I would rather …..…………………………………………………………..................................………
13. The bridge was so low that the bus couldn’t go under it
It was …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….
14. That was a silly thing to say!
What …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………..
15. We’ve run out of tea
There …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….
16. Please do not smoke in this area of the restaurant
Customers are …..…………………………………………………………..................................………
17. I have not enjoyed myself so much for years
It’s years since …..…………………………………………………………..................................……..
18. “Don’t leave the house until I get back, William” his mother said
William’s mother told her son …..…………………………………………………………....................
19. This is the most delicious cake I have ever tasted
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I have …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………
20. She left university two years ago
It is two years …..…………………………………………………………..................................………
TEST 2
1. You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry
Unless …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………
2. It isn’t necessary to finish the work today
You don’t …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………..
3. Henry regretted buying the second-hand car
Henry wished …..…………………………………………………………..................................………
4. If there were no the atmosphere, we would die
Without …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….
5. Someone repaired her bike yesterday

She had …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….
6. “How long has it been since you left this city, Bob?”
He wanted to know …..…………………………………………………….…….....................................
7. He had no sooner got home than it began to rain
No sooner …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………..
8. The children are taken home by bus; their parent work late
The children whose …..………………………………………………………….....................................
9. “Let’s go for a walk in the park” said Andrew
Andrew suggested …..…..…………………………………………………………................................
10. Helen can play the piano better than Elizabeth
Elizabeth …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
11. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill
He couldn’t possibly …..…………………………………………………………...................................
12. What particularly impressed me was her excellent command of English
I …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………………….
13. Immediately after her arrival, things went wrong
No sooner …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………..
14. The men continued to feel unsafe until they had crossed the border
Not until …..…………………………………………………….……..................................……………
15. You can use it as long as you like it. It won’t wear out
No matter…..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
16. If it doesn’t rain soon, millions of pounds’ worth of crops will be lost
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Unless …..…………………….……………………………………..................................……………..
17. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard every day
Only by …..………………….………………………………………..................................……………
18. Someone has suggested abolishing income tax
It …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….……..

19. He speaks more persuasively than his brother
He is a …..…………………………………………………………..................................………..…….
20. Everyone heard about the accident before I did
I was …..…………………………………………………………..................................……….………
TEST 3
1. My parents find fault with everything I do
No matter what …..…………………………………………………………...................................……
2. I had to spend two hours finishing my homework
It …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………..…….
3. “Don’t talk while I am explaining the lesson” the teacher said to his students
The teacher told her students …..…………………………………………………………......................
4. We could not drive because of the fog
The fog …..…………………………………………………………..................................……….……
5. Mr. Pike mended the washing machine for me
I had …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….
6. He is such a slow speaker that his students get bored
He speaks …..…………………………………………………………..................................………….
7. You must not smoke in here
Smoking …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
8. We had to spend three hours opening the door
It …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………………...
9. It was not until midnight that I finished the homework
I …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………………
10. John Speke failed to find the source of the River Nile
John Speke did not succeed…..………………………………………………………….........................
11. Maria didn’t apply for the job in the library and regrets it now
Maria wishes …..…………………………………………………………..................................………
12. Although he did not speak Dutch, Bob decided to settle in Amsterdam
In spite …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….
13. Handicapped people find shopping in supermarket difficult

24


It is …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………………
14. Sally’s parents gave her a micro-computer for her birthday
Sally …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………….
15. Why don’t you buy a suite of furniture as a wedding present?
He suggested …..…………………………………………………………..................................………
16. “When did you leave school?”
She wanted …..……………………………………………..…………..................................…………
17. If Tom had worked hard he wouldn’t have failed the exam
Tom regretted …..………………………………………………………….................................………
18. They said he was the best student in his group
He …..…………………………………………………………..................................………………….
19. He’s getting someone to mend the window
He is having …..…………………………………………………………..................................……….
20. I had met Brian before but had never really talked to him
Although …..…………………………………………………………..................................………….
TEST 4
1. I am sure it wasn’t Hilary’s fault
It can’t …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………….
2. Unfortunately, Mr. Baker didn’t tell me until it was too late
I wish …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………..
3. I don’t think it is a good idea for you to go out this evening
I’d rather you…..…………………………………………………………..................................…….
4. I’m always nervous when I travel by air
Travelling …..…………………………………………………………..................................…………
5. He could not afford to buy the car
The car …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
6. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job

In spite …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………
7. I’m sorry I missed your birthday party
I wish …..…………………………………………………………..................................……………..
8. That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there
It is such…..…………………………………………………………..................................…...………
9. After fighting the fire for twelve hours, the firemen succeeded in putting it out
The firemen managed…..…………………………………………………………...............................
10. The mechanic serviced my car last week
25