Health Promotion for the Elderly in Peru, Bolivia
and Chile
SONIA VASQUEZ
THESIS FOR DEGREE OF MASTER IN HEALTH PROMOTION
SPRING 2005
HANDLEDARE:
PROFESSOR BO J A HAGLUND
KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET
Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap
Avdelningen för socialmedicin
2
Report series of Master theses in Public Health
These reports come from the Board of Education in Public Health
Sciences at Karolinska Institutet.
The master education of Public Health at KI is a collaborative work
of mainly three departments: Department of Public Health Sciences,
The Department of Biosciences at Novum , Division of Preventive
Nutrition, and The Institute of Environmental Medicine.
These reports are presented as pdf files on the webbpages of Master
of Public Health Education at Karolinska Institutet
Leif Svanström
Professor and Programme Director
3
ABSTRACT 5
DEFINITIONS 5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7
1. INTRODUCTION 7
2. BACKGROUND 9
2.1 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 9
2.2 GOALS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION IN OLDER PEOPLE 12
2.3 APPROACHES TO HEALTH PROMOTION FOR OLDER PEOPLE 12
2.3.1 The cultural change approach 13
2.3.2 The structural change approach 14
2.3.3 Intersectoral approaches 14
2.3.4 Community-based approaches 14
2.3.5 Family-based approaches 15
2.3.6 The individual approach 15
2.4 THEORETICAL MODELS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION IN OLDER PEOPLE 15
2.4.1 Individual-Level Models 16
2.4.2 Community-Based Models 17
2.5 METHODS OF IMPLEMENTING HEALTH-PROMOTION APPROACHES 17
2.5.1 Advocacy 18
2.5.2 Social Support 18
2.5.3 Empowerment 18
3. AIM 19
4. QUESTIONS 19
5. MATERIAL AND METHOD 19
5.1 CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION 19
5.2 SEARCH STRATEGIES 20
5.3 SELECTION OF ARTICLES IN THE DATABASE SEARCH 20
5.4 ANALYSING PROCESS 21
6. FINDINGS 22
6.1HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMMES IN WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 23
6.1.1 Oral Health 23
6.1.2 Physical Activity 23
4
6.1.3 Non communicable Diseases 24
6.1.4 Mental health 24
6.1.5 Diet and physical activity 24
6.2 HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMMES IN THE PAN AMERICA HEALTH ORGANIZATION 25
6.2.1 Elderly People and Family 25
6.2.2 Promotion of Active Life 25
6.3 HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMMES IN CHILE 26
6.4 HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMMES IN BOLIVIA 28
6.5 HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMMES IN PERU 29
7. DISCUSSION 30
7.1 MATERIAL AND METHOD 30
7.2 FINDINGS 31
8. CONCLUSION 34
9. CHALLENGES 35
APPENDIX 1 35
REFERENCES 37
FIGUR 1: APPROACHES TO HEALTH PROMOTION FOR OLDER PEOPLE 13
TABELL 1: DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AND TYPOLOGY OF THE CELADE FOR COUNTRIES OF LATIN
AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN; 1980 9
TABELL 2: DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS FOR CHILE, PERU AND BOLIVIA 10
TABELL 3: SOCIOECONOMICS INDICATORS FOR CHILE, PERU AND BOLIVIA 11
TABELL 4: NUMBER OF SOURCE ARTICLES 20
TABELL 5: PROGRAMMES HEALTH PROMOTION FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE IN CHILE, PERU AND BOLIVIA
22
TABELL 6: PROGRAMMES HEALTH PROMOTION FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE IN CHILE, PERU AND
BOLIVIA APPLY BY LEVELS 22
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Group 1: Countries
of initial
transition
High birth rate and high
mortality
Bolivia and Haiti
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Group 2: Countries
of moderate
transition
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moderate mortality
El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua and
Paraguay
Group 3: Countries
in full transition
Moderate birth rate and
moderate and low
mortality
Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Mexico, Panama,
Peru, Republic Dominicana and
Venezuela
Group 4: Countries
of advanced
transition
Low birth rate and
moderate and low
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Argentina, Chile, Cuba,
Uruguay, Bahamas, Barbados,
Guadalupe, Jamaica, Martinica
and Puerto Rico
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region, being observed clearly between Chile, Bolivia and Peru; Chile is the
country with the highest life expectancy at birth (see table 2)
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