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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE
ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus
THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE
ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
Berin Szoka
Adam Marcus
TECH
FREEDOM
This unique collection brings together 26 thought leaders on Internet
law, philosophy, policy and economics to consider what the next
digital decade might bring. Has the Internet been good for our culture?
Is the Internet at risk from the drive to build more secure, but less
“open” systems and devices? Is the Internet really so “exceptional?”
Has it fundamentally changed economics? Who—and what ideas—
will govern the Net in 2020? Should online intermediaries like access
providers, hosting providers, search engines and social networks do
more to “police” their networks, increase transparency, or operate
“neutrally?” What future is there for privacy online? Can online free
speech be regulated? Can it really unseat tyrants? These 31 thought-
provoking essays tackle these questions and more. This book is
essential reading for anyone gazing toward the digital future.
THE BEST THINKING ABOUT
THE FUTURE OF DIGITAL POLICY
CONTRIBUTORS
Rob Atkinson
Stewart Baker
Ann Bartow
Yochai Benkler
Larry Downes
Josh Goldfoot


Eric Goldman
James Grimmelman
H. Brian Holland
David Johnson
Andrew Keen
Hon. Alex Kozinski
Mark MacCarthy
Geoff Manne
Evgeny Morozov
Milton Mueller
John Palfrey
Frank Pasquale
Paul Szynol
Adam Thierer
Hal Varian
Christopher Wolf
Tim Wu
Michael Zimmer
Jonathan Zittrain
Ethan Zuckerman
TechFreedom
techfreedom.org
1899 L ST NW, 12th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20036
NextDigitalDecade.com
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE
ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET

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Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus
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NextDigitalDecade.com


TechFreedom
techfreedom.org
Washington, D.C.

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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 7
Berin Szoka
25 Years After .COM: Ten Questions 9
Berin Szoka
Contributors 29
Part I: The Big Picture & New Frameworks
CHAPTER 1: The Internet’s Impact on
Culture & Society: Good or Bad? 49
Why We Must Resist the Temptation of Web 2.0 51
Andrew Keen
The Case for Internet Optimism, Part 1:
Saving the Net from Its Detractors 57

Adam Thierer
CHAPTER 2: Is the Generative Internet at Risk? 89

Protecting the Internet Without Wrecking It:
How to Meet the Security Threat 91

Jonathan Zittrain
A Portrait of the Internet as a Young Man 113
Ann Bartow
The Case for Internet Optimism, Part 2:
Saving the Net from Its Supporters 139

Adam Thierer
CHAPTER 3: Is Internet Exceptionalism Dead? 163
The Third Wave of Internet Exceptionalism 165
Eric Goldman
A Declaration of the Dependence of Cyberspace 169
Alex Kozinski and Josh Goldfoot
Is Internet Exceptionalism Dead? 179
Tim Wu


4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 230 of the CDA:
Internet Exceptionalism as a Statutory Construct 189

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Internet Exceptionalism Revisited 209
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CHAPTER 4: Has the Internet Fundamentally
Changed Economics? 237
Computer-Mediated Transactions 239

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Decentralization, Freedom to Operate & Human Sociality 257
5).1'&!$6(-*6%
The Economics of Information:
From Dismal Science to Strange Tales 273

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The Regulation of Reputational Information 293
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CHAPTER 5: Who Will Govern the Net in 2020? 305
Imagining the Future of Global Internet Governance 307
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Democracy in Cyberspace: Self-Governing Netizens
& a New, Global Form of Civic Virtue, Online 315

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Who’s Who in Internet Politics:
A Taxonomy of Information Technology Policy & Politics 327

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Part II: Issues & Applications
CHAPTER 6: Should Online Intermediaries
Be Required to Police More? 345
Trusting (and Verifying) Online Intermediaries’ Policing 347
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Online Liability for Payment Systems 365
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 5

Fuzzy Boundaries: The Potential Impact of Vague

Secondary Liability Doctrines on Technology Innovation 393

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CHAPTER 7: Is Search Now an “Essential Facility?” 399
Dominant Search Engines:
An Essential Cultural & Political Facility 401

C%'(-!D':E>'*6
The Problem of Search Engines as Essential Facilities:
An Economic & Legal Assessment 419

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Some Skepticism About Search Neutrality 435
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Search Engine Bias &
the Demise of Search Engine Utopianism 461

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CHAPTER 8: What Future for Privacy? 475
Privacy Protection in the Next Digital Decade:
“Trading Up” or a “Race to the Bottom”? 477

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The Privacy Problem: What’s Wrong with Privacy? 483
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A Market Approach to Privacy Policy 509
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CHAPTER 9: Can Speech Be Policed
in a Borderless World? 529
The Global Problem of State Censorship

& the Need to Confront It 531

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The Role of the Internet Community
in Combating Hate Speech 547

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6 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 10: Will the Net Liberate the World? 555
Can the Internet Liberate the World? 557
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Internet Freedom: Beyond Circumvention 565
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 7

Foreword
Berin Szoka
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 9

25 Years After .COM: Ten Questions
Berin Szoka
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Who Will Govern the Net in 2020?
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 19

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12/cyber-libertarianism-the-case-for-real-internet-freedom/!
20 25 YEARS AFTER .COM: TEN QUESTIONS

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Part II: Issues & Applications
Should Online Intermediaries
Be Required to Police More?
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 21

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22 25 YEARS AFTER .COM: TEN QUESTIONS

Is Search Now an "Essential Facility?"
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 23

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