Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 588

Infectious Disease Emergencies
Systemic Infections (Bacteremia and Shock, Rickettsial Diseases, Babesiosis)
Andreola B, Bressan S, Callegaro S, et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein
as diagnostic markers of severe bacterial infections in febrile infants and
children in the emergency department. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26(8):672–
677.
Benito-Fernandez J, Mintegi S, Pocheville-Gurutezeta I, et al. Pneumococcal
bacteremia in febrile infants presenting to the emergency department 8 years
after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the Basque
Country of Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29(12):1142–1144.
Biondi E, Evans R, Mischler M, et al. Epidemiology of bacteremia in febrile
infants in the United States. Pediatrics 2013;132(6):990–996.
Brauner M, Goldman M, Kozer E. Extreme leukocytosis and the risk of serious
bacterial infection in febrile children. Arch Dis Child 2010;95(3):209–212.
Bressan S, Andreola B, Cattelan F, et al. Predicting severe bacterial infections in
well-appearing febrile neonates: laboratory markers’ accuracy and duration of
fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29(3):227–232.
Carstairs KL, Tanen DA, Johnson AS, et al. Pneumococcal bacteremia in febrile
infants presenting to the emergency department before and after the
introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine. Ann Emerg Med
2007;49(6):772–777.
Cruz AT, Mahajan P, Bonsu BK, et al. Accuracy of complete blood cell counts to
identify febrile infants 60 days or younger with invasive bacterial infections.
JAMA Pediatr 2017;171(11):e172927.
De S, Williams GJ, Hayen A, et al. Value of white cell count in predicting
serious bacterial infection in febrile children under 5 years of age. Arch Dis
Child 2014;99(6):493–499.
Gomez B, Mintegi S, Bressan S, et al. Validation of the “Step-by-Step” approach
in
the
management

of
young
febrile
infants.
Pediatrics
2016;138(2):e20154381.
Graham J, Stockley K, Goldman RD. Tick-borne illnesses: a CME update.
Pediatr Emerg Care 2011;27(2):141–147; quiz 148–150.
Greenhow TL, Hung YY, Herz A. Bacteremia in children 3 to 36 months after
introduction
of
conjugated
pneumococcal
vaccines.
Pediatrics
2017;139(4):e20162098.
Jaffe DM, Fleisher GR. Temperature and total white blood count as indicators of
bacteremia. Pediatrics 1991;87(5):670–674.


Kuppermann N, Dayan PS, Levine DA, et al. A clinical prediction rule to
identify febrile infants 60 days and younger at low risk for serious bacterial
infections. JAMA Pediatr 2019;173(4):342–351.
Kuppermann N, Walton EA. Immature neutrophils in the blood smears of young
febrile children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153(3):261–266.
Laupland KB, Gregson DB, Vanderkooi OG, et al. The changing burden of
pediatric bloodstream infections in Calgary, Canada, 2000–2006. Pediatr
Infect Dis J 2009;28(2):114–117.
Lee GM, Fleisher GR, Harper MB. Management of febrile children in the age of
the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Pediatrics

2001;108(4):835–844.
Mahajan P, Grzybowski M, Chen X, et al. Procalcitonin as a marker of serious
bacterial infections in febrile children younger than 3 years old. Acad Emerg
Med 2014;21(2):171–179.
Mistry RD, Wedin T, Balamuth F, et al. Emergency department epidemiology of
pneumococcal bacteremia in children since the institution of widespread
PCV7 vaccination. J Emerg Med 2013;45(6):813–820.
Powell EC, Mahajan PV, Roosevelt G, et al. Epidemiology of bacteremia in
febrile infants 60 days and younger. Ann Emerg Med 2018;71(2):211–216.
Pulliam PN, Attia MW, Cronan KM. C-reactive protein in febrile children 1 to
36 months of age with clinically undetectable serious bacterial infection.
Pediatrics 2001;108(6):1275–1279.
Rudinsky SL, Carstairs KL, Reardon JM, et al. Serious bacterial infections in
febrile infants in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg
Med 2009;16(7):585–590.
Sard B, Bailey MC, Vinci R. An analysis of pediatric blood cultures in the
postpneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in a community hospital emergency
department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006;22(5):295–300.
Shah SS, Shofer FS, Seidel JS, et al. Significance of extreme leukocytosis in the
evaluation of febrile children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24(7):627–630.
Simonsen KA, Harwell JI, Lainwala S. Clinical presentation and treatment of
transfusion-associated babesiosis in premature infants. Pediatrics
2011;128(4):e1019–e1024.
Stanley R, Pagon Z, Bachur R. Hyperpyrexia in infants younger than 3 months.
Pediatr Emerg Care 2005;21(5):291–294.
Stoll ML, Rubin LG. Incidence of occult bacteremia among highly febrile young
children in the era of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a study from a


Children’s Hospital Emergency Department and Urgent Care Center. Arch

Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158(7):671–675.
Trautner BW, Caviness AC, Gerlacher GR, et al. Prospective evaluation of the
risk of serious bacterial infection in children who present to the emergency
department with hyperpyrexia (temperature of 106 degrees F or higher).
Pediatrics 2006;118(1):34–40.
Wilkinson M, Bulloch B, Smith M. Prevalence of occult bacteremia in children
aged 3 to 36 months presenting to the emergency department with fever in the
post pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med 2009;16(3):220–
225.
Woll C, Neuman MI, Pruitt CM, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of invasive
bacterial infection in infants < = 60 days old treated in emergency
departments. J Pediatr 2018;200:210–217.
Woods CR. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children. Pediatr Clin North Am
2013;60:455–470.
Yo CH, Hsieh PS, Lee SH, et al. Comparison of the test characteristics of
procalcitonin to C-reactive protein and leukocytosis for the detection of
serious bacterial infections in children presenting with fever without source: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2012;60(5):591–600.
Central Nervous System Infections (Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscesses,
Botulism, Tetanus)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM): 2018
case
definition.
Available
online
at
/>Cohn KA, Thompson AD, Shah SS, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule
to distinguish Lyme meningitis from aseptic meningitis. Pediatrics
2012;129(1):e46–e53.
Cruz AT, Freedman SB, Kulik DM, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection in

infants undergoing meningitis evaluation. Pediatrics 2018;141(2):e20171688.
Garro AC, Rutman M, Simonsen K, et al. Prospective validation of a clinical
prediction model for Lyme meningitis in children. Pediatrics
2009;123(5):e829–e834.
Goodkin HP, Harper MB, Pomeroy SL. Intracerebral abscesses in children:
historical trends at Children’s Hospital Boston. Pediatrics 2004;113(6):1765–
1770.


Halgrimson WR, Chan KH, Abzug MJ, et al. Incidence of acute mastoiditis in
Colorado children in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Pediatr Infect
Dis J 2014;33(5):453–457.
Hardasmalani MD, Saber M. Yield of diagnostic studies in children presenting
with complex febrile seizures. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012;28(8):789–791.
Hill HA, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, et al. Vaccination coverage among children
aged 19–35 months—United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
2018;67(40):1123–1128.
Kaplan SL, Barson WJ, Lin PL, et al. Early trends for invasive pneumococcal
infections in children after the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal
conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32(3):203–207.
Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R, et al. Children with bacterial meningitis
presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate
vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15(6):522–528.
Pifko E, Price A, Sterner S. Infant botulism and indications for administration of
botulism immune globulin. Pediatr Emerg Care 2014;30(2):120–124; quiz
125–127.
Pinninti SG, Kimberlin DW. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Pediatr
Clin North Am 2013;60(2):351–365.
Sejvar JJ, Lopez AS, Cortese MM, et al. Acute flaccid myelitis in the United
States, August-December of 2014: results of nationwide surveillance. Clin

Infect Dis 2016;63(6):737–745.
Seltz LB, Smith J, Durairaj VD, et al. Microbiology and antibiotic management
of orbital cellulitis. Pediatrics 2011;127(3):e566–e572.
Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure.
Pediatrics 2011;127(2):389–394.
Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al. The management of encephalitis:
clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(3):303–327.
Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the
management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(9):1267–1284.
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The management of communityacquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age:
clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and