Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 1199 1199

I. Decreased erythrocyte or hemoglobin production
A. Nutritional deficiencies
1. Iron deficiency
2. Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency or associated metabolic
abnormalities
B. Aplastic or hypoplastic anemias
1. Diamond–Blackfan anemia
2. Fanconi anemia
3. Aplastic anemia a
4. Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood
5. Malignancy: leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma a
C. Abnormal heme and hemoglobin synthesis
1. Anemia of chronic disease
2. Lead poisoning a
3. Sideroblastic anemias
4. Thalassemias
II. Increased erythrocyte destruction
A. Erythrocyte membrane defects: hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis,
stomatocytosis, pyknocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
B. Erythrocyte enzyme defects
1. Defects of hexose monophosphate shunt: G6PD deficiency most
common
2. Defects of Embden–Meyerhof pathway: pyruvate kinase deficiency
most common
C. Hemoglobinopathies
1. Sickle cell syndromes a
2. Unstable hemoglobins
D. Immune hemolytic anemia
1. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia a
2. Isoimmune hemolytic anemia a
3. Infection

a. Viral: mononucleosis, influenzas, coxsackievirus, measles, varicella,
cytomegalovirus