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population being evaluated, making estimation of incidence of disease difficult.
Table 99.6 provides a differential diagnosis for pulmonary hemorrhage by
category.

Goals of Treatment
Management for pulmonary hemorrhage involves support of oxygenation and
ventilation and attention to hemodynamics, along with appreciation of the
underlying disorder for which other specific therapies may be necessary.
TABLE 99.6
CAUSES OF PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE IN CHILDREN

Clinical Considerations
Clinical Recognition
Pulmonary hemorrhage results from pathology of lung tissue which can occur in
the setting of acute infection such as pneumonia, exacerbation of chronic disease
such as CF, or acute localized injury after thoracic trauma. Hemoptysis is the
most common symptom and finding. Patients may have significant respiratory
distress and may exhibit signs of hemorrhagic shock.
Triage
Children with pulmonary hemorrhage require prompt assessment as they may
present with severe respiratory distress and hemorrhagic shock.
Initial Assessment/H&P
Hemoptysis is the most common presentation of pulmonary hemorrhage. It may
be necessary to distinguish this from hematemesis or blood from the nose, tonsils,