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Fein JA, Zempsky WT, Cravero JP, et al. Relief of pain and anxiety in
pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics
2012;130(5):1391–1405.
Assessment of Pain
Bird SB, Dickson EW. Clinically significant changes in pain along the visual
analog scale. Ann Emerg Med 2001;38:639–643.
Drendel AL, Brousseau DC, Gorelick MH. Pain assessment for pediatric
patients in the emergency department. Pediatrics 2006;117:1511–1518.
Procedural Sedation and Analgesia
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and
Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and
analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1004–1017.
Godwin SA, Burton JH, Gerardo CJ, et al. Clinical policy: procedural
sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med
2014;63(2):247–258.
Green SM, Roback MG, Krauss BS, et al. Unscheduled procedural sedation:
a multidisciplinary consensus practice guideline. Ann Emerg Med
2019;73(5):e51–e65.
Preprocedural Fasting
Beach ML, Cohen DM, Gallagher SM, et al. Major adverse events and
relationship to nil per os status in the pediatric sedation/anesthesia outside
the operating room. Anesthesiology 2016;24(1):80–88.
Bhatt M, Johnson DW, Taljaards M, et al. Association of preprocedure
fasting with outcomes of emergency department sedation in children.
JAMA Pediatr 2018;172(7):678–685.
Green SM, Roback MG, Krauss BS, et al. Unscheduled procedural sedation:
a multidisciplinary consensus practice guideline. Ann Emerg Med
2019;73(5):e51–e65.
Green SM, Roback MG, Miner JR, et al. Fasting and emergency department
procedural sedation and analgesia: a consensus-based clinical practice
advisory. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49(4):454–461.

Monitoring