LỢI ÍCH, TÁC HẠI CỦA ĐÔ THỊ HÓA VÀ NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CẦN ĐẶT RA

TIỂU LUẬN MƠN KINH TẾ PHÁT TRIỂN

LỢI ÍCH, TÁC HẠI CỦA ĐƠ THỊ HĨA VÀ NHỮNG VẤN
ĐỀ CẦN ĐẶT RA

Họ và tên: Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương
Lớp: D03
GV: Trần Mạnh Kiên
Môn: Kinh tế học phát triển

TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH, 11/2017


Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03

MỤC LỤC
1.

Beginning: The urgency and cause to carry out the topic .................................. 3
1.1. The concept of urbanization.......................................................................... 3
1.2. Reasons ......................................................................................................... 4

2.

Benefits and hams that urbanization brings: ...................................................... 7
2.1. Benefits that urbanization brings: ................................................................. 7
2.2. The harms of urbanization: ........................................................................... 8
2.2.1.

About culture ...................................................................................... 8

2.2.2.

About environment ............................................................................. 9

2.2.3.
The fragmentation, division in the planning and the organization of
urban space ......................................................................................................... 9
2.3. Issues to be addressed beside the harms: .................................................... 11
2.3.1.
The issue of migration from rural to urban areas leads to high
population density in urban areas ..................................................................... 11
2.3.2.

Illiteracy, unemployment, and gap between the rich and the poor: .. 11

2.3.1.
The problem of housing and management of social order and safety
in urban areas: ................................................................................................... 11
3.

Solution to the problem of urbanization ........................................................... 12
3.1. Reducing the gap between rural and urban development opportunities: .... 12
3.2. Solutions to unemployment and social evils: ............................................. 12
3.3. Solutions to the problem of high population density, lack of housing and
poor quality of transport in urban areas:............................................................... 12
3.4. Solution for pollution: ................................................................................. 13

* CONCLUDE: ........................................................................................................ 14
4.

References ........................................................................................................ 14

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1. Beginning: The urgency and cause to carry out the topic
During the first decade of the 21st century, the whole world witnessed a
dramatic breakthrough in the field of science and technology with many inventions
and innovations in production. Not only lots of achievements are appeared but also
more and more countries with strong economic such as China, India, Brazil,
Singapore,… and Viet Nam. It can be said that urbanization has become an
indispensable factor for the current socio-economic development. This relationship
is characterized by factors such as industrialization, commercialization, increased
productivity, job creation, and improved access to various factors of production,
markets, infrastructure and other facilities. Urbanization, however, also has some
negative effects on urban development and the environment if there is no strict
management and control measures.. The face of each country is changing day by
day. The rapid formation of modern big cities and the expansion of old cities, that
process is called urbanization. Besides benefits, this process also caused many
negative. The lack of scientific planning will arise and leave many long-term
consequences that impede the development of the country. Due to the urgency of
this issue, I would like to present the topic: “Benefits and Harms of Urbanization”.
1.1. The concept of urbanization
 Urbanization is the process of transforming a region, an area from
"rural" into "urban”. Suburban or townships where urbanization opportunities exist,
they expand and attract people’s migration flow. Urbanization can be divided into
the following basic categories:
 Alternative urbanization: the urbanization process that takes place in

the metropolis itself to refurbish and upgrade the city to meet new needs. The
migration here is from the center to the suburbs or suburbs.
 Compulsory urbanization: is a concept used to refer to the movement
of people from rural to urban areas. This process is not only as planned but also
spontaneous.People's migration flows lead to overcrowding in urban areas.
 Reverse urbanization: is a concept used to refer to the migration from
big urban areas to small urban areas or from urban areas to rural areas. This is also
known as “Rural revitalization”. This process will help to bridge the gap and quality
of life between urban and rural areas, with the government directing its policies to
rural development.
 Overview of the urbanization process in Vietnam:
Since 1990, the urban areas of Vietnam have started to develop. At that time,
there were about 500 large and small urban centers (17-18% urbanization). By
2000, the number of urban centers was 649 and in 2003. Is 656 urban. By 2007, the
country had 729 cities. And in 2017 there are 790 cities, including:
- 2 Special type city: Ha Noi, HCM city
- 17 grade 1 cities: Hai Phong, Da Nang,Vung Tau, Can Tho, Hue,…
- 25 grade 2 cities.
- Over 700 grade 3,4,5 cities.

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Approximately 37% of urbanization, according to the development plan,VN
will reach 40% by 2020, equivalent to the population of more than 45 million
inhabitants.The target set for the per capita area is 100m2 per person. If the rate is
100m2 / person, Vietnam needs about 450,000 hectares of urban land, but the
current urban land area is only 105,000 hectares.
(Source: Wikipedia)

Due to the rapidly increasing of urbanization, VN will face more and more
complex problem arising from urbanization process, especially rural in VN.
1.2. Reasons
 Rural to urban migration
 Rural people believe that living standards in urban areas will be much
better in rural areas.
 The natural increase rate is caused by the reduction in mortality while
the birth rate remains high.
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→ Urbanization is the rise of urban residents. This increase is in three main ways:
the increase of the natural population of urban dwellers, the flow of rural-to-urban
migration and the adjustment of the administrative boundaries of the city. Three
ways have different roles and positions at different historical stages.
Urbanization comes naturally from individual and corporate to reduce travel
and transportation time and costs, while enhancing job opportunities, education,
housing and transportation. in. Living in cities allows individuals and families to
take advantage of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and market competition.
The rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two factors: natural
population growth and migration to urban areas.
The Torado model represents one of the causes of urbanization as immigrants:

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Additional
factors (eg
land ...)

Government
policy (eg
tax)

Income

Mental factor
(eg: urban
comfort)

of rural areas

Communicatio
n between
urban and rural
areas

Distance
Socialinstitut
ion (decision
maker)

Education

Cash flow

Benefits
from
migration

Education,
communicati
on

Information stream

between 2 areas

Wages in
urban areas

Personal
income

Income in urban
areas

Current expected
value of migration

The perceived
value of
migration

Probability
have a job

Immigra
t-ion
decision

Opportunity cost
Cost of living

Cost of
migration
Moving expenses

Psychological costs (eg,
risk, social adaptation)

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2. Benefits and hams that urbanization brings:
2.1. Benefits that urbanization brings:
The first, the urbanization process has provided a large, young, highly
qualified workforce.The economy in one of the most dynamic cities in our country
has experienced continuous economic growth for 20 years, averaging 10,2%. In
2005, contributing 21% to GDP and 30% to total state revenues 29% Industrial
production value and nearly 40% of total export turnover.Among these
contributions are the labor force generated by urbanization.Compared to urban
migrants, migrant workers are more flexible and more aggressive in finding
employment that accepts low-wage, low-income jobs that city people do not want to

do. Migrant workers make up 70% of labor in industrial parks 44% of labor
transport vehicles 2 3 public wheels 43% operate on sidewalks 55% of mobile
workers. They contribute to the economic development of the city about 30% of
GDP.
The second, urbanization contributes to job creation that alleviates surplus
labor today. The urbanization process in Ho Chi Minh City has attracted a large
force of surplus agricultural labor every year with hundreds of thousands of people.
Due to the development of special science and technology of biotechnology, the
labor force in the countryside is working for 30-40 days a year. Non-agricultural
occupations of the rural industrial processing industry have not yet developed.
Agricultural workers can not find jobs right in their homeland. Moreover, the
process of industrialization and modernization of the market economy in the context
of globalization of economic integration, the less trained farmers are always in the
state of being knocked out of the field. They are a growing army of potential for
urbanization. As mentioned above, about 1 5 million people lose their jobs, lose
their jobs, lose their incomes, their basic skills in the labor force will find a simple
labor market, and the economy is increasingly demanding skills. Through training
on the trends of advocacy to the knowledge economy, learning requires that the
whole learning society be required. This is not possible with the majority of
farmers. New industrial zones in their hometowns will receive a lot of people
working. But according to the imperatives of the market economy they only receive
trained people according to the standards of the companies. It is easy to understand
that the companies themselves are also in a state of losing market economy
challenges are increasingly grim. They have to recruit so because they have to
survive and develop rather than bankrupt. All business firms each man in the most
requested by the market economy. Freedom of discretion may be failure. Studies
show that 90% of the poor live in our countryside. The farmer after delivering the
field to the project owners receive compensation for debt repayment to build motor
home ... began to lose as the loss of property. They start fighting to make a living.
The most hopeful way is to return to the city. Many places have not lost their

current agricultural land due to the development of science and technology. They
only have a few months to complete their work. Time is too big leisure time they
moved to the city looking for work.Ho Chi Minh City's urbanization not only
receives labor for itself but also contributes to solving social problems that are
important for the country's economy and society. Resolving surplus labor is a big
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problem to ensure political stability, social safety prerequisites for socio-economic
development investment.
The third, urbanization has contributed to the efficient use of land. Land
always has a high concentration of population in high parish or metropolitan areas,
making the highest land use index the most economical. The current average
population density in Ho Chi Minh City with the inner city is nearly 30,000 people /
km2. The price of land in urban areas is not low, but after urbanization, the price of
land has skyrocketed, for example, from Hoc Mon district to district 12 within five
years, from VND 300,000 /ha at 1997. 8 million VND / m2 in 2010 (now more than
that).
The fourth, urbanization facilitates a faster shift in economic structure. It
creates a market premise for the industry especially service. The economic and
cultural exchanges between regions of the economic sector shown by the process of
urbanization is also the process of marketization. It stimulates the bridge and paves
the way for supply.
The fifth, urbanization facilitates the exchange and preservation of culture in
the region to enrich the culture of modern culture. Migrants to the city at the same
time bring their own culture of the countryside into a common culture enjoyed by
the city.
The sixth, urbanization facilitates the transformation of purely rural people
into more urban industrialists from farmers with wet rice production totally

dependent on nature. This is also one of the paths to the socialist state through
training in the process of economic development. Many farmers who are free of our
agricultural economy today are not qualified to train them to fully meet the
requirements of objective conditions. But the market economy they are joining in
the city is much more demanding than in the countryside, forcing them to take their
own lessons in failing and succeeding and fulfilling their own needs. This process
goes from spontaneity to self-consciousness, from subjective to objective objective
understanding of the objective law in which the center is economic. They are
trained in the process of making a living to adjust themselves to suit the objective
requirements. Market economy forces them to turn to it as it tells them to act. This
process has taught them new qualities ranging from a sense of discipline to
technology and a degree in science culture. Many generations passed from the early
liberal peasants into the high-tech industrial city people. On the road to the highest
civilization development is socialism everyone is trained as such. But the reality
inherent in it is not consistent with it.
2.2. The harms of urbanization:
2.2.1. About culture
Rural Vietnam is the cradle to breed, nurture, protect the culture of ethnic
minorities thousand years. Over the years, some of the advancing elements of urban
culture have spread to the countryside, creating new nuances in the lives and
spiritual lives of farmers and village communities. Many types, cultural values in
rural areas are also introduced widely in urban areas. That's the pros. On the face of
disagreement, lack of preparation, lack of orientation, selection and due to both
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inadequacies in the planning, cultural management, many non-cultural factors,
counter-culture, urban and the media, especially from the internet, has penetrated
into rural life, leading to thoughtful social problems.

According to many ways, some products are called culture, literature, art,
some concepts, lifestyle, behaviour, business ... not suitable, even contradictory.
Contrary to fine traditions, with good values spread to their villages, they infiltrate
and alienate a portion of the rural population, especially young people; Muddy the
cultural and social environment; Erosion and rupture of relationships of mutual
affection, sympathy, consensus and simplicity in rural areas.
2.2.2. About environment
Agriculture and rural areas are experiencing environmental consequences.
Unreasonable use, waste of land for cultivation; Leveling, encroaching on lakes,
rivers, streams, irrigation works; Exploitation of forests, arbitrary exploitation of
mineral resources along with the poor treatment of waste water, garbage, dust,
smoke, noise ... are depleting natural resources, disrupting the ecosystem, causing
environmental pollution and affecting agricultural production, rural landscape, life
and health of farmers, reduce the possibility of resistance and even aggravate
natural hazards.
Problems of environmental pollution, water pollution, air pollution and
noise.
Most waste water systems are not treated, solid waste is growing rapidly.
Land resources are fully exploited.
Cause considerable pressure on housing and environmental sanitation, the
formation of slums and urban poverty.
2.2.3. The fragmentation, division in the planning and the organization of
urban space
Urbanization is an objective trend that reflects the level of development of
the productive forces and the division of social labor. However, the quality of
urbanization is highly dependent on the human capacity of management, firstly the
planning and organization of urban space of the state management apparatus at all
levels.
Compared with the first two decades of national construction after the
unification of the country, the level of planning and organization of urban space in

Vietnam in the late twentieth century and early XXI century has taken a
considerable step , Both general planning, branch planning, detailed planning.
However, in comparison with the requirements of comprehensive development of
the country and compared with the level of planning, urban space organization of
many countries in the region and in the world, plans and planning in Vietnam are
still limited.
The distribution of urban areas is scattered and uneven among regions.
Although in recent years, along with the stretching and widening of the road system
along the roads, there are more and more new urban areas, but rural in deep, remote,
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mountainous and coastal areas, urban density is sparse. So far, vibrant urban
rhythms are still predominant outside of major cities and suburbs, especially in the
two central cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. In urban studies, centralized
development of a number of central cities without attention to the over-development
of other urban systems is called as a "major disease", which slows the pace, shifting
economic structure, labor structure; to limit the allocation and promotion of national
resources, especially labor resources, socio-economic development in general,
agricultural development, rural construction, and improvement of farmers' life in
particular.
The progress of construction, especially the implementation of regional and
interregional planning is slow, so most of the planning is carried out mainly in the
administrative area of the localities, leading to the lack of synchronization, division,
duplication, repeat, wasteful, less effective in exploiting and promoting natural,
economic and social resources, looking at the whole country. In each locality, the
common limitation in construction, planning implementation is the lack of
foresight, the lack of overall vision, the system and the loosening of management
and implementation planning. General planning, infrastructure planning framework

is not paid proper attention, the general trend is still focused on building and
implementing detailed planning, meeting the immediate needs. The inevitable
consequence is the state of arbitrariness, clutter, patchwork, division, even
deformation, distortion of architectural space. This is not to mention weaknesses in
the approval, inspection of the implementation of projects, the status of "hanging
planning", causing a great deal of land wastage and many social complications.
In urban areas where urbanization processes are taking place, it is clear that
the irrationality in the distribution of construction works is the lack of attachment
and interconnection between constituents of urban areas. Most of the industrial,
commercial, service, residential areas ... spill over, close to the road, creating
unbalanced development of construction space. In the same urbanized space, there
is a lack of harmony between production and residential areas; In the production
area, there is also a lack of necessary linkage between industrial zones and trade and
service centers with craft villages and clusters. In terms of architectural space, there
is a lack of cultural harmony between the modern lines of the city and the traditional
beauty of the countryside; Some of the architectural designs borrowed from the
urban centers and brought them to the countryside, ruining the beauty of old
villages, eco-villages and craft villages, which are the inspiration and pride of the
Vietnamese people. South and is a potential tourism resource today. From the
perspective of planning, planning and urbanization, it does not really link and
effectively serve the planning of economic and social development and the
construction of new rural areas for the purpose of improving the quality of farmer’s
life.

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2.3. Issues to be addressed beside the harms:
2.3.1. The issue of migration from rural to urban areas leads to high

population density in urban areas
Rapid urbanization and changing living conditions have led a large part of
the rural population to migrate to urban areas. The number of people living in urban
areas has suddenly increased with densely populated urban and rural areas, and
poses serious problems in solving employment, Housing and social evils make the
peri-urban social order more and more complex. According to the UNFPA, rural
migrants account for one third of Ho Chi Minh City's population and one-tenth of
Hanoi's population, and this wave is continuing. run. It is projected that the urban
population of Hanoi will reach 3.9 million by 2010, 4.2 million by 2020 and 7.9
million by 8.5 million. Also with Ho Chi Minh City in 2010 is 10 million people, by
2025 it is 16-17 million.
2.3.2. Illiteracy, unemployment, and gap between the rich and the poor:
In the process of integration and development, urban people need to have a
high level of culture and skills to access to science and technology and to meet the
demands of labor recruitment. But the reality is that in urban and peri-urban areas
there are still a large part of the unemployed, the education level is not high. These
are mostly simple workers who migrate from rural to urban areas to find jobs. Most
of them find simple jobs in industrial parks and export processing zones near the
city, some less fortunate than those who have to wander for unstable jobs in the
inner city with little income. Many problems arise as well when the incomes of
workers are not enough to accumulate to the family as previously expected. A
recent GSO survey found that among migrant workers, two thirds are young (15-19
years); More than 50% are migrant to find a job, 47% to improve living conditions.
Another survey by the Institute of Labor and Social Sciences also found that in
foreign-invested enterprises, the percentage of foreign workers accounted for 70%.
As of December 2007, there are more than 170 industrial parks and export
processing zones in 55 provinces and cities across the country with over 1 million
working people, of whom 700,000 migrant workers come from other provinces or
districts. Due to their low salaries, they have to work hard so the number of migrant
workers is likely to create disagreements and take unreserved actions. This is

unstable for the policy of developing a fair, stable and civilized urban society.
2.3.1. The problem of housing and management of social order and safety in
urban areas:
In most urban areas, there is a shortage of housing. Especially the urban poor
and newcomers to the city. UNFPA statistics show that currently 25% of
Vietnamese urban residents can not afford to buy housing, 20% of urban dwellings
are classified as substandard, and 300,000 live in the slums in Ho Chi Minh City.
30% of Hanoi's population lives in a crowded environment with an area of no more
than 3m2 per person. Therefore, some people, despite the regulations on urban
management, self-leveling, encroachment, land transfer to build a temporary house,
arbitrarily not planning to affect the beauty of municipalities. The construction is
not planned to appear the status of "unregistered, unnamed street" cluttered chaotic,
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dark, crowded. This has partly facilitated the social evils and criminals evading the
law, making it difficult to manage social order and safety.

3. Solution to the problem of urbanization
3.1. Reducing the gap between rural and urban development opportunities:
First, the acquisition of agricultural land to meet the needs of urbanization
and industrialization is inevitably required by the gradual shift of economic
structure to industry and services. It is possible to develop models of handicraft
villages or organize small processing workshops which are suitable for farmers and
bring about high economic efficiency in order to create jobs for people in his
hometown after being recalled, or it can be said that he is "leave agriculture not
leave home".
The second is to promote investment attraction in rural areas
underdeveloped. In order to do so, it is necessary to enter the state to build the

system of economic infrastructure such as transportation, water and electricity,
information and communication.... In addition, there should be policies to
encourage business and production in rural areas, creating favorable conditions for
investors. Increasing investment in rural areas will not only create more jobs for the
people, but will also encourage the development of other associated services for the
region.
3.2. Solutions to unemployment and social evils:
First, vocational training for rural people, especially their children, when
their production land is recovered. As a result, they can easily move to other
careers. In addition, farmers are also partially subsidized or eligible for preferential
loans.
Second, increase labor export by supporting tuition fees for learners, and
orientation education to go to work abroad. Labor export not only solved the
unemployment situation in the country but also collected not less foreign currency
for the country.
Third, support policies for employment, localities also need to invest in,
expand more trade markets to create business environment, trade for farmers, solve
part of redundant workers in local…
Fourth, rural industrialization. This is a long-term measure, but it helps solve
the most extreme unemployment in both rural and urban areas.
Unemployment and social evils are causal. The higher the unemployment
rate, the more widespread the social evils are. Once there is an ideal unemployment
rate, social evils will be diminished and no longer a burden on the whole society.
3.3. Solutions to the problem of high population density, lack of housing and
poor quality of transport in urban areas:
The solution to this problem must be implemented in a synchronous, longterm and large budget.

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In order to reduce the urban population density as well as solve the housing
problem for large numbers of people migrating to urban areas, a rational solution is
to build new urban areas, satellite towns, urban suburban.
These cities should be invested in the construction of modern infrastructure,
high-grade residential areas, high-quality houses, convenient transportation systems,
cheap houses, etc., so that those in the old urban centers will be ready moved to. In
addition, the old urban centers must be repaired and upgraded more modern with
many floors, there are static traffic works such as parking lot, multi-storey garage ...
to take advantage of the narrow market land area.
Urban transport infrastructure needs to be upgraded. Firstly, Vietnam needs
to study foreign cities in the construction of multi-layered, multi-lane, multi-lane
roads to take advantage of vacant space. The construction should be planned and
deployed quickly, avoiding the situation of not clearing the ground, build long
causing the congestion increased. The planning should also take into account the
reduction of warping between in and out of urban traffic. The second is the
development of public transport in both quantity and quality to attract more
participants, reducing the amount of personal transportation that is the main cause
of congestion. Third is the construction of belt roads to force large vehicles not to
enter high density areas. Reducing population density in urban areas is also a
solution to improve the quality of urban transport.
3.4. Solution for pollution:
Environmental planning must first meet the needs of the population, such as
building a complete water supply system to end the situation is only half of the
current demand. In addition, the planning must take into account the long-term
future, can not be at the level of supply by demand, less how much offset.
There should be a close monitoring and coordination mechanism by the
competent authorities to limit the increase of urban environmental pollution. People
should be warned about potentially contaminated areas; To enhance the
management of pollution in the industrial sector, to strictly apply sanctioning

measures, to enhance the professionalism of the environmental inspection and
control forces.
It is necessary to strengthen the socialization, linking associations to reduce
environmental pollution. According to the Department of Environment (Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment), community participation is the decisive factor
for all successes in environmental protection. Propaganda and education to raise
people's awareness and understanding, thereby enhancing the sense of observance,
law enforcement, policies and implementation of environmental protection
measures ... is the fundamentally foundation for the success of this work. In
addition, the state should have mechanisms to encourage private sector business
registration, performance of obligations and environmental benefits as other
economic sectors under the corporate law. From there, it will create high quality
products and services in the urban sanitation industry.

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* CONCLUDE:
Urbanization is an indispensable development of that era, which is the
current global trend that has a powerful impact on every sector of a nation.
Making big changes in the socio-cultural and social aspects:
Economic: Make a shift in economic activity from Sector I (agricultural,
forestry and fishery) to Sector II and Sector III (industrial, commercial and service
sectors). Trade and service sectors in the economy, increasing productivity and
quality in agriculture.
On social culture: Impact and lifestyle change of rural people, improving
understanding and access to modern civilization.
The process of urbanization in our country is facing many difficulties and

challenges: The problem of planning, management and use of land is slow and
many weaknesses that are slow, less effective in shifting. The economic structure,
rural labor unrest and the fragmentation, fragmentation of urban planning and
spatial organization, together with the above problems, are the cultural, social and
environmental implications.
The state and competent authorities should be more aware of the need for
urbanization and should map out the right course for sustainable rural development
in the current integration trend.
The core issue is to strengthen education to improve people's understanding
and at the same time to raise the people's intellectual level so that they can
contribute to the construction of their homeland to avoid the labor force pouring
into big cities causing difficulties, complex in the current state.
Attention should be paid to the planning work to avoid the situation of
development planning is not synchronized, suspended planning. When
implementing the plan, attention should be paid to the issue of livelihoods and
ecological environment in order to protect and develop the natural environment.

4. References
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