AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PETROLEUM POLLUTION doc

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PETROLEUM POLLUTION
by
Peter H. Albers
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
Beltsville Lab, c/o BARC-East, Building 308
10300 Baltimore Avenue
Beltsville, MD 20705


Please cite this material as:
Albers, P. H. 1998. An Annotated Bibliography on Petroleum Pollution. Version 2007. USGS Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD.
INTRODUCTION

Petroleum has been recognized as a potential environmental contaminant since shortly after the
beginning of the Twentieth Century. Reports of the biological consequences of ship wrecks involving
cargos of crude and fuel oil began to appear in the popular and scientific press. Scientific literature on the
subject was sparse until after World War II when reports of the effects of oil pollution began to appear
with greater frequency. The wreck of the Torrey Canyon off the coast of England in 1967 stimulated
worldwide interest in the effects of petroleum and cleanup methods on environmental resources.
Research on the environmental effects of petroleum peaked during the 1970s and early 1980s. A recent
surge of interest in North America was induced by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William
Sound, Alaska. The accumulated literature on this well-studied contaminant is vast, covering topics as
diverse as analytical chemistry, chemical fate, oil spill prevention and response, mitigation and
restoration, economic and social analysis, and biological effects on all forms of plant and animal life in
saltwater, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. A small amount of literature on shale oil, synthetic
(coal) oil, oil sands crude oil, and non-petroleum oils (animal and plant) are also included in this
bibliography.

The bibliography is based on a personal reference collection exceeding 2,000 citations and growing at an
approximate rate of 50 citations per year. It is primarily a collection of published and readily accessible
scientific reports appearing in journals, conference proceedings, serial publications, and books.
Unpublished or poorly distributed reports are few. The collection is divided into13 categories and all
categories receive new references on an annual basis. Presently, there are 2,107 references in the
database. The collection does not contain everything published on the subjects represented by the 13
categories, but it is representative of the published English-language literature. Books, international
meetings, workshops, handbooks, government reports, published bibliographies, or non-technical books
dealing with various aspects of oil pollution are not well represented in this bibliography; the emphasis is
on original reports and a selection of review articles and book chapters. As such, it is most useful for
persons seeking detailed technical references or specialized reviews.
Each record consists of the full citation, a list of keywords, and one or more lines of text describing the
contents of the reference. The keywords will assist with retrieval of references specified by the search
option. The "Notes" text describes the content of the reference. The 13 categories and their primary
category identifier (a keyword) are Bird (Oone), Mammal (Otwo), Fish (Othree), Amphibian (OthreeA),
Reptile (OthreeR), Marine Invertebrate (Ofour), Freshwater Invertebrate (Ofive), Marine Plant (Osix),
Freshwater Plant (Oseven), General Effect (Oeight), Technical (Onine), Microbes (Oten), and
Miscellaneous (Oeleven). If a reference contains information on chemical oil dispersants, it will have a "D"
next to the "O"; for example, ODone is a petroleum and chemical dispersant reference with primary
emphasis on birds. References on biodegradation of oil or bioremediation of oil spills have become
abundant in recent years; these are classified as Microbes (Oten).
Category Primary ID Secondary ID
Bird Oone bird
Mammal Otwo mammal
Fish Othree fish
Amphibian OthreeA amphibian
Reptile OthreeR reptile
Marine Invertebrate Ofour marine invertebrate
Freshwater Invertebrate Ofive freshwater invertebrate
Marine Plant Osix marine plant

Freshwater Plant Oseven freshwater plant
General Effect Oeight general effect
Technical Onine technical
Microbes Oten microbes
Miscellaneous Oeleven miscellaneous
References only have one primary category identifier; references containing relevant information but
present in other primary categories can be retrieved by using the category name (also a keyword) which
is used as a secondary category identifier for all references. Examples: (1) Retrieval of all references that
have any information about petroleum, dispersants, and mammals will be accomplished with the search
combination of "Otwo or ODtwo or mammal" or just the word "mammal". (2) Retrieval of all primary
references that have information about petroleum and reptiles will be accomplished with the word
"OthreeR "; if just the word "reptile" is used, all references presenting information on reptiles will be
included. Retrievals based solely on keywords that are not primary or secondary identifiers are likely to
miss relevant references. Consequently, it is recommended that the primary category identifiers and
secondary category identifiers (category names) be used to help with your search.
In addition to the references in this topical bibliography, the user should consider the following collections
of papers and publication series. Except for Item 1, very few of the individual papers are listed in the
bibliography.
1. The biennial “Oil spill conference” series has been published since 1973 by the American Petroleum
Institute, Washington, DC. Each conference publication contains many articles on a wide range of topics
relevant to worldwide petroleum contamination.
2. Proceedings of the international conferences on “Effects of oil on wildlife” are published by Tri-State
Bird Rescue & Research, Inc., Newark, DE, and other wildlife rehabilitation organizations. The first
2
conference proceedings was published in 1982; the 9
th
conference will be held in 2007. This series
contains articles oriented toward the effects of petroleum on air-breathing vertebrates.
3. 1990. Sea otter symposium: proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of
sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound, Anchorage, Alaska, 17-19 April

1990. K. Bayha and J. Kormendy (Eds.). Biological. Report. 90(12), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, DC. A collection of 43 reports describing the capture, rehabilitation, and release of sea otters
affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William sound, Alaska.
4. 1994. Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez. T.R. Loughlin (Ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York,
NY. Contains 21 chapters.
5. 1995. Exxon Valdez oil spill: fate and effects in Alaskan waters. P.G. Wells, J.N. Butler, and J.S.
Hughes (Eds.). STP 1219, American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA. Contains an
introduction and 25 papers from a symposium dealing with the fate and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil
spill in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Most of the papers are by scientists employed by
Exxon Corporation.
6. 1996. Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium. S.D. Rice, R.B. Spies, D.A. Wolfe, and
B.A. Wright (Eds.). American Fisheries Society Symposium 18, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda,
MD. Contains 62 papers from a symposium sponsored by the American Fisheries Society. Most of the
papers are by scientists representing Trustees of the natural resources affected by the Exxon Valdez oil
spill.
7. 1997. Exxon Valdez oil spill seabird restoration workshop. K.I. Warheit, C.S. Harrison, and G.J. Divoky
(Eds.). Pacific Seabird Group, Seattle, WA, 1995. Thirteen chapters describing the results of a workshop
on restoration of seabirds affected by the 1989 Alaskan oil spill. The workshop was held in Girdwood, AK;
participants wrote all or portions of the chapters. The workshop resulted in policy, research, and specific
restoration recommendations.
8. 2000. Bioremediation of contaminated soils. D.L. Wise (Ed.). Environmental science and pollution
control series, Vol. 22. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Contains 12 papers on remediation of soils
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
9. 2002. Environmental Forensics 3(3-4). A special issue containing 14 technical papers on the chemical
analysis of petroleum, and three introductory articles.
10. 2003. Oil and California's Seabirds Symposium Issue. Marine Ornithology 31(1):1-70. Contains nine
papers on the status of oil pollution and seabirds along coastal California.

11. 2006. Marine Pollution Bulletin 53(5-7). The entire issue (13 articles, one editorial) is devoted to the
2003 Prestige oil spill off the coast of Spain.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aarab, N., C. Minier, S. Lemaire, E. Unruh, P D. Hansen, B. K. Larsen, O K. Andersen, J F.
Narbonne, 2004. Biochemical and histological responses in mussel (Mytilus edulis) exposed to North
Sea oil and to a mixture of North Sea oil and alkylphenols. Marine Environmental Research 58:437-441.
Keywords: abnormalities/ biochemical/ bivalve/ crude oil/ flow-through/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/
North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Norway/ Ofour/ oil/ PAH/ protein/ salt water/ tissue
Notes: Blue mussels from coastal Norway were exposed to 0.5 ppm North Sea crude oil, with or without
a mixture of 0.1 ppm alkylphenols and 0.1 ppm extra PAH (undefined) for 3 weeks in a continuous flow-
through system. Removed gonadal tissue at the end of the study; examined for tissue abnormalities and
the presence of vitellin and vitellin-like proteins.
3
Abdullah, A. R., N. M. Tahir, L. K. Wei, 1994. Hydrocarbons in seawater and sediment from the west
coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:618-626.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ Malaysia/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/
sediment
Notes: Samples of seawater (29) from a depth of 1 m and sediments (21) were collected along the west
coast of Malayasia. Samples were analyzed for total aromatic hydrocarbons and compared to sites
throughout the world.
Abdullah, A. R., W. C. Woon, R. A. Bakar, 1996. Distribution of oil and grease and petroleum
hydrocarbons in the Straits of Johor Penninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 57:155-162.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ Malaysia/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/
petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ Singapore
Notes: Samples of seawater (31) from a depth of 1 m and sediment (19) were collected from the Straits
of Johor between Malaysia and Singapore. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and
expressed as chrysene, crude oil, and oil and gas equivalents. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were analyzed for
presence but not quantified.
Abraham, K. F. 1975. Waterbirds and oil-contaminated ponds at Point Storkersen, Alaska. Iowa State
University. M.S. thesis. i-ii-39 leaves.

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ crude oil/ discharges/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ general
effect/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ oil field/ oiled/ petroleum/ physical characteristics/
population/ Prudhoe Bay/ sampling/ sediment/ time/ tundra/ water column
Notes: A Master's thesis dealing with an assessment of potential adverse effects of petroleum
contamination in the Prudhoe Bay oil field of Alaska. Two years of field work consisting of oiling six
tundra ponds, censusing birds, sampling macroinvertebrates in the water column and in the sediment,
measuring the physical characteristics and some water chemistry characteristics of all ponds, and
comparing the results to those from three reference ponds. Also sampled a pond contaminated by oil
well discharges.
Abu-Ashour, J., A. B. Shahalam, 2002. Water infiltration through diesel-contaminated soil. Journal of
Environmental Science and Health A37:1041-1049.
Keywords: clay/ concentration/ diesel fuel/ distribution/ miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ sand/ soil/
time
Notes: Two soil types (clay loam and sand) were used in a laboratory assessment of the movement rates
of water through soil columns containing varying proportions of diesel fuel. The diesel fuel proportions
were 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 % of the soil mass. Infiltration time was 3 hr. The diesel concentration
distribution in the soil columns also was determined after the 3 hr period.
Abu-Hilal, A. H., H. K. Khordagui, 1994. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the nearshore marine sediments of
the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Pollution 85:315-319.
Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ coast/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic carbon/ PAH/ petroleum hydrocarbons/
salt water/ sediment/ United Arab Emirates
Notes: Sediment samples (46 ) from the coast of the United Arab Emirates were analyzed for total
petroleum hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total organic carbon. Results were compared to sites throughout
the world.
Adam, G, H. Duncan, 2003. The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health 25:123-130.
Keywords: biomass/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ freshwater plant/ germination/ nitrogen/ Oseven/ plant/ rate/
roots/ ryegrass/ seed/ soil/ species/ time
Notes: Seeds of the common vetch and a ryegrass species were planted in soil mixed with diesel fuel at
a rate of 0, 5, 10, or 15 g /kg for 4 months. The number of root nodules was determined for the common

vetch at 2 months. At 4 months, percent germination, shoot biomas, root biomass, plant height, and
percent of diesel fuel remaining in the soil were determined.
4
Adam, G., K. Gamoh, D. G. Morris, H. Duncan, 2002. Effect of alcohol addition on the movement of
petroleum hydrocarbon fuels in soil. Science of the Total Environment 286:15-25.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ ground water/ hydrocarbons/
leachate/ movement/ No.2 fuel oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ soil/ technical
Notes: A soil column was treated with diesel fuel and leached by the continuous addition of distilled water
for a period of 5 da. The process was repeated with the addition of 5% ethanol additive. The leached
water was analyzed for the concentration of several aromatic hydrocarbons.
Adams, G. G., P. L. Klerks, S. E. Belanger, D. Dantin, 1999. The effect of the oil dispersant Omni-
Clean
R
on the toxicity of fuel oil No. 2 in two bioassays with the sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon
variegatus. Chemosphere 39:2141-2157.
Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ concentration/ dispersant/ fish/ fuel oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODthree/ oil/ ratio/ salt
water/ sheepshead minnow/ static/ toxicity
Notes: A series of toxicity tests employing the sheepshead minnow to determine toxicity of the chemical
dispersant Omni-Clean. Experimental mixtures were No. 2 fuel oil alone, dispersant alone, and
dispersant:oil ratios of 1:10, 1:5, 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1. Concentrations of mixtures were 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 300,
and 600 ppm. Performed a 7-da early life stage bioassay (static renewal) and a 96-hr acute bioassay
(static without renewal).
Adams, N. J., 1994. Patterns and impacts of oiling of African penguins Spheniscus demersus: 1981-
1991. Biological Conservation 68:35-41.
Keywords: bird/ distribution/ evaluation/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/
seasonal/ size
Notes: Evaluation of the oiling of African penguins during the period 1981-91. Information on distribution
of penguins, distribution of oiled penguins, annual and seasonal patterns of oiling, frequency and size of
oiling events, and an assessment of the consequences of the oiling.
Addy, J. M., J. P. Hartley, P. J. C. Tibbetts, 1984. Ecological effects of low toxicity oil-based mud drilling

in the Beatrice oilfield. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:429-436.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ coast/ concentration/ drilling mud/ effects/ evaluation/
general effect/ hydrocarbons/ Oeight/ oil-based/ physical characteristics/ salt water/ sampling/ saturated
hydrocarbons/ Scotland/ sediment/ toxicity/ transect/ water-based
Notes: An evaluation of the effects of water-based and low-toxicity oil-based drilling muds off the
northeast coast of Scotland. Four sampling transects were established radiating outward from the core
drilling area; 20 sampling stations were established. Seabed sediments were sampled and analyzed for
saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, physical characteristics, the number of benthic taxa, and the
number of benthic individuals.
Adeniyi, A. A., J. A. Afolabi, 2002. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refined petroleum products in Lagos metropolis. Environment
International 28:79-82.
Keywords: concentration/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum
hydrocarbons/ petroleum products/ pollution/ soil
Notes: Soil samples were collected from two petroleum fueling stations, two auto mechanics shops, an
electric power station, and two non-industrial locations in Nigeria. The soil was analyzed for total
petroleum hydrocarbons (gravimetrically) and metals (AAS).
Agard, J. B. R., M. Boodoosingh, J. Gobin, 1988. Petroleum residues in surficial sediments from the
Gulf of Paria, Trinidad. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:231-233.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum
hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ Trinidad
Notes: Surface sediments were collected from 80 sites along the west coast of Trinidad and analyzed for
concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatic hydrocarbons). Results were plotted as a
concentration map along the coast and compared to several international sites.
5
Ahsanullah, M., R. R. C. Edwards, D. G. Kay, D. S. Negilski, 1982. Acute toxicity to the crab
Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), of Kuwait light crude oil, BP/AB dispersant, and an oil-
dispersant mixture. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33:459-464.
Keywords: acute/ Australia/ combination/ crab/ crude oil/ dispersant/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ light/
marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ species/ survival/ toxicity

Notes: One species of crab exposed to Kuwait crude oil, BP/AB dispersant, or a combination for 96 hr;
calculation of 96 hr LC
50s
.
Ainley, D., C. R. Grau, S. Morrell, T. Roudybush, and J. Dobbs 1978. Reproductive responses of
Cassin's auklets to orally administered Bunker C oil and eliminative responses in seabirds. Pages 36-37
in Fourth Annual Meeting, Pacific Seabird Group. Pacific Seabird Group.
Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ dosed/ elimination/ female/ fuel oil/ hatching/
numbers/ oil/ Oone/ Pacific/ rate/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ structure/ western gull
Notes: Female Cassin's auklets fed capsules containing 0, 300, or 600 mg Bunker C fuel oil.
Comparisons made with undosed controls for laying, hatching, yolk structure, and fledging success.
Subsequently dosed small numbers of six species of birds with Bunker C in capsules to determine rates
of regurgitation or fecal elimination.
Ainley, D. G., C. R. Grau 1978. Influence of petroleum on egg formation and embryonic development in
seabirds. Pages 188-198 in D. A. Wolfe, editor. Marine Biological Effects of OCS Petroleum
Development: a program review of research supported under the NOAA Outer Continental Shelf
Environmental Assessment Program, November 29 - December 1, 1977. NOAA technical memorandum
ERL OCSEAP. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado.
Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ development/ effects/ eggs/
ingestion/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum development/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ western gull/
review/ technical
Notes: Effect of ingested Bunker C oil on reproduction in several species of birds.
Ainley, D. G., C. R. Grau, T. E. Roudybush, S. H. Morrell, J. M. Utts, 1981. Petroleum ingestion
reduces reproduction in Cassin's auklet. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:314-317.
Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ crude oil/ eggs/ ingestion/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/
Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ salt water
Notes: Effect of ingested Bunker C and Prudhoe Bay crude oil on reproduction in Cassin's auklet.
Aisien, F. A., F. K. Hymore, R. O. Ebewele, 2003. Potential application of recycled rubber in oil pollution
control. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 85:175-190.

Keywords: cleaning/ crude oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ particle size/ petroleum/ pollution/
temperature
Notes: Used tires, minus the steel threads, were ground up into particles, sorted by particle size, and
used in a test of their ability to absorb spilled crude oil. The trials were performed at temperatures varying
from 5 to 40 C and lasted 60 min.
Aislabie, J., M. Balks, N. Astori, G. Stevenson, R. Symons, 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
fuel-oil contaminated soils, Antarctica. Chemosphere 39:2201-2207.
Keywords: Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ depth/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/
miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ soil
Notes: Determination of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil from three locations in Antarctica
contaminated with fuel oil; the spilled fuel oil was up to 30 yrs old. Measured 18 aromatic hydrocarbons
from two or three soil depths.
Aislabie, J. M., M. R. Balks, J. M. Foght, E. J. Waterhouse, 2004. Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soils:
effects and management. Environmental Science and Technology 38:1265-1274.
Keywords: Antarctica/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ remediation/ review/ soil/ spill
Notes: A review of hydrocarbon contamination in Antarctica. Sections on soils, hydrocarbons in soils,
6
effects of hydrocarbons on soil properties and biota, management of polluted sites, and gaps in current
knowledge.
Akaishi, F. M., H. C. Silva de Assis, S. C. G. Jakobi, D. R. Eiras-Stofella, S. D. St-Jean, S. C.
Courtenay, E. F. Lima, A. L. R. Wagener, A. L. Scofield, C. A. Oliveira Ribeiro, 2004. Morphological
and neurotoxicological findings in tropical freshwater fish (Astyanax sp.) after waterborne and acute
exposure to water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 46:244-253.
Keywords: activity/ acute/ assay/ crude oil/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ static/ tissue/
total hydrocarbons
Notes: Water-soluble fractions (WSF; 15, 33, 50 %) of crude oil were used in a static laboratory assay
lasting for 96 hrs. Fish were collected at 12, 24, and 96 hrs of exposure. Removed liver and gill tissue for
histopathological assessment and muscle tissue for acetylcholinesterase activity. The WSF was
measured for total hydrocarbons.

Akintonwa, A., A. G. Ebere, 1990. Toxicity of Nigerian crude oil and chemical dispersants to Barbus Sp.
and Clarias Sp. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45:729-733.
Keywords: crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fingerling/ fish/ fresh water/ Nigeria/ Nigerian crude oil/
ODthree/ oil/ species/ toxicity
Notes: Effects on fingerlings and eggs of two species of fish from experimental exposure to local Nigerian
crude oil and two chemical dispersants.
Al-Abdali, F., M. S. Massoud, A. N. Al-Ghadban, 1996. Bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf III.
Trace metal contents as indicators of pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the Kuwait oil
slick. Environmental Pollution 93:285-301.
Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ crude oil/ fate/ Gulf oil spill/ indicator/ Kuwait/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/
oil/ oil slick/ pollution/ sediment
Notes: Trace metals in sediments of the Arabian Gulf as an indicator of oil pollution.
Al-Ghadban, A. N., P. G. Jacob, F. Abdali, 1994. Total organic carbon in the sediments of the Arabian
Gulf and need for biological productivity investigations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:356-362.
Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ grain/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/
organic carbon/ productivity/ salt water/ sediment/ size/ total hydrocarbons
Notes: Surface sediment samples from 78 sites in the Arabian Gulf were sampled and analyzed for grain
size, total hydrocarbons, and inorganic and organic hydrocarbons.
Al-Hadhrami, M. N., H. M. Lappin-Scott, P. J. Fisher, 1996. Effects of the addition of organic carbon
sources on bacterial respiration and n-alkane biodegradation of Omani crude oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin
32:351-357.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ carbon/ composition/ Corexit 9130/
Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ fertilizer/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ molasses/ ODten/ oil/
organic/ organic carbon/ respiration/ salt water/ sources/ species
Notes: Biodegradation of Omani crude oil by one bacterium or a mixture of eight species of bacteria after
addition of fertilizer, cane sugar molasses, Corexit 9527, or Corexit 9130. Measured respiration during
degradation and hydrocarbon composition after 16 to 30 hr.
Al-Hadhrami, M. N., H. M. Lappin-Scott, P. J. Fisher, 1997. Studies on the biodegradation of three
groups of pure n-alkanes in the presence of molasses and mineral fertilizer by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:969-974.

Keywords: alkane/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ degradation/ evaluation/ fertilizer/ microbes/ molasses/
Oten/ species
Notes: Laboratory evaluation of the influence of molasses and mineral fertilizer on the degradation of
pure alkanes by a species of bacteria.
Al-Hasan, R. H., D. A. Al-Bader, N. A. Sorkhoh, S. S. Radwan, 1998. Evidence for n-alkane
consumption and oxidation by filamentous cyanobacteria from oil-contaminated coasts of the Arabian
7
Gulf. Marine Biology 130:521-527.
Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ coast/ consumption/ evaluation/ incubation/ microbes/ Oten/
petroleum hydrocarbons/ reduction/ salt water/ species
Notes: Laboratory evaluation of the ability of two species of cyanobacteria from the Arabian Gulf to
consume and oxidize n-alkanes. The contribution of associated organotrophic bacteria to the overall
reduction of n-alkanes was assessed and compared to that of the cyanobacteria. Incubation periods of
up to 7 da were utilized.
Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2000. Time-related increase of hydrocarbons in
barnacles in the north-western waters of the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 65:646-653.
Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ barnacle/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ PAH/ petroleum
hydrocarbons/ salt water/ species/ time
Notes: Two species of barnacles were collected during 1996-99 from five locations in the northwestern
part of the Gulf. Samples were analyzed for alkanes and PAHs. Authors compare results between years
and infer temporal changes over the 3-yr collection period (two locations only); and provide causal
explanations for some sites based on recent events in the Gulf.
Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2000. Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sharks in
the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65:391-398.
Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ fish/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum
hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ shark/ tissue
Notes: Twelve sharks, including three newly born and one unborn, were collected at various locations in
the Arabian Gulf and the gills, liver, and muscle tissue were removed for petroleum analysis. All sharks
were analyzed for 15 PAHs and seven sharks were analyzed for 18 alkanes.

Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, V. N. R. Chava, S. Fayad, 2001. Hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf
catfish (Arius bilineatus Val.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66:646-652.
Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ catfish/ concentration/ fish/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ PAH/ pollution/
salt water/ tissue
Notes: Arabian Gulf catfish were collected from seven sites in the northwestern part of the Gulf during
1997 and 1999. Liver, gills, and muscle were analyzed for alkane and PAH concentrations. [Tables 1 &
2 have a summed total for the concentrations of the three tissue types (makes no sense) as well as totals
for all analytes within each tissue].
Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2003. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in edible fish from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 70:205-212.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ fish/ gill/ hydrocarbons/
Kuwait/ liver/ marine invertebrate/ muscle/ offshore/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ tissue
Notes: Eleven species of fish and a species of shrimp were collected from three areas in offshore Kuwait
and a Kuwaiti fish market. Tissues (liver, muscle, gills) were analyzed for 14 PAHs and 20 alkanes.
Al-Hubail, J., K. El-Dash, 2006. Managing disposal of water produced with petroleum in Kuwait. Journal
of Environmental Management 79:43-50.
Keywords: cost/ effluent/ injection/ Kuwait/ methods/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil field/ petroleum/
pollution/ pressure/ produced water/ rate/ water
Notes: A questionnaire was sent to petroleum field managers requesting them to rate four methods of
produced water disposal (seepage pits, sealed pits, underground effluent injection, underground injection
to recover reservoir pressure). Ratings were based on a sliding scale of 1-5 for categories of cost,
pollution, and efficiency.
Al-Lihaibi, S. S., L. Al-Omran, 1996. Petroleum hydrocarbons in offshore sediments from the Gulf.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:65-69.
Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ grain/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/
organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ size/
8
transect
Notes: Surface sediments were collected from five transects containing 21 sampling sites in the Arabian

Gulf and analyzed for grain size, organic carbon, and total petroleum hydrocarbons. Results were
compared with similar studies in the Gulf region.
Al-Lihaibi, S. S., S. J. Ghazi, 1997. Hydrocarbon distributions in sediments of the open area of the
Arabian Gulf following the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:941-948.
Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/
petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ total
hydrocarbons/ war
Notes: Survey of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the off shore portions of the central
Arabian Gulf. Measured total hydrocarbons and performed detailed analysis of the saturated
hydrocarbons.
Al-Saad, H., 1987. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surficial sediments from
Shatt Al-Arab River and the north-west region of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:248-251.
Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/
Oeleven/ organic/ organic carbon/ PAH/ region/ river/ salt water/ sediment
Notes: Surface sediments from 29 sites in the northwest Arabian Gulf and the Shatt Al Arab River were
collected and analyzed for nine PAHs and total organic carbon.
Al-Saad, H. T., A. Ak.Al-Timari, 1993. Seasonal variations of dissolved normal alkanes in the water
marshes of Iraq. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:207-212.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ concentration/ dissolved/ distribution/ fresh water/
hydrocarbons/ Iraq/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ seasonal/ sources
Notes: An assessment of the distribution and seasonal variation of n-alkanes (C13-C34 plus squalene,
pristane and phytane) in the marshes of southern Iraq. Water samples were collected from seven
locations during the winter, spring, and summer of 1987. Results were interpreted in terms of the likely
sources of these hydrocarbons.
Al-Saad, H. T., A. Ak.Al-Timari, 1993. Sources of hydrocarbons and fatty acids in sediment from Hor Al-
Hammar marsh, Shatt Al-Arab, and north-west Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:559-564.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Gulf/ concentration/ fatty acids/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/
Iraq/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ origin/ salt water/ sediment/ sources
Notes: An assessment of n-alkanes in sediments of the lower Hor Al-Hammar marsh, the Shat Al-Arab
River, and two locations in the northern end of the Arabian Gulf. The four locations were sampled during

1988-89 and analyzed for n-alkanes (C11-C36 plus squalene, phytane, and pristane) and a range of fatty
acids (C6-C36). Results were interpreted in terms of the likely origin of the hydrocarbons and fatty acids.
Al-Saad, H. T., S. M. Shamshoom, J. K. Abaychi, 1998. Seasonal distribution of dissolved and
particulate hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the north-west Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 36:850-855.
Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ dissolved/ distribution/ estuary/
hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ particulate/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/
sampling/ seasonal/ time
Notes: Water was sampled at seven locations in the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the north-west portion of
the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatics via UVF analysis) in the
dissolved and particulate phases. Sampling conducted five times between June 1993 and July 1994.
Al-Saleh, E. S, C. Obuekwe, 2005. Inhibition of hydrocarbon bioremediation by lead in a crude oil-
contaminated soil. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 56:1-7.
Keywords: activity/ bacteria/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/
Kuwait/ lead/ metals/ microbes/ mineralization/ naphthalene/ nitrate/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum
hydrocarbons/ pollution/ soil/ war
Notes: Soil from petroleum-contaminated and uncontaminated areas in Kuwait were used in an
assessment of the effect of lead on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Determined the amount
9
of lead and lead-tolerant bacteria capable of degrading naphthalene, hexadecane, and overall crude oil in
the soils. Added lead nitrate (0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/g) to clean soil and cultured each concentration for 14
da in the presence of either naphthalene, hexadecane, or crude oil. Measured total residual
hydrocarbons at study termination. Determined effect of lead on hydrocarbon mineralization and
dehydrogenase activity in the naphthalene and hexadecane soils.
Al-Sarawi, M., M. S. Massoud, S. A. Wahba, 1998. Physical properties as indicators of oil penetration in
soils contaminated with oil lakes in the greater Burgan oil fields, Kuwait. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
102:1-15.
Keywords: crude oil/ indicator/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil lakes/ soil/ soil profile
Notes: Eight soil profiles were dug in oil contaminated and oil-free portions of the Burgan oil fields of
Kuwait. Sixty soil samples were taken from the profiles and analyzed for soil characteristics.

Al-Sarawi, M., M. S. Massoud, F. Al-Abdali, 1998. Preliminary assessment of oil contamination levels in
soils contaminated with oil lakes in the Greater Burgan oil fields, Kuwait. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
106:493-504.
Keywords: carbon/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil
lakes/ organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ soil/ soil profile
Notes: Assessment of the extent of petroleum contamination in the soils of the Southen Oil Lakes region
of Kuwait. Two sites sampled and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons, total organic carbon, and
trace metals. Oil penetration through soil profiles measured also.
Al-Senafy, M. N., M. N. Viswanathan, Y. Senay, A. Sumait , 1997. Soil contamination from oil lakes in
northern Kuwait. Journal of Soil Contamination 6:481-494.
Keywords: depth/ fresh water/ ground water/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil lakes/ petroleum/
soil/ war
Notes: An assessment of the petroleum contamination of soil in northern Kuwait that resulted from the
1991 Gulf War. Soil was sampled in 1992 and 1995 at surface, 4 m, and 10 m depths. Much concern
about oil penetration to the important subsurface freshwater lenses.
Al-Thukair, A. A., K. Al-Hinai, 1993. Preliminary damage assessment of algal mats sites located in the
western Gulf following the 1991 oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:229-238.
Keywords: algae/ Arabian Gulf/ damage assessment/ estimate/ Gulf oil spill/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/
Osix/ salt water/ spill/ war
Notes: Algal mats in the western portion of the Arabian Gulf were surveyed prior to (1990) and after
(1991) the Gulf War. Satellite images were used to locate the mats and estimate damage. Six major
sites were visited for sample collection in 1992.
Al-Thukair, A. A., 2002. Effect of oil pollution on euendolithic cyanobacteria of the Arabian Gulf.
Environmental Microbiology 4:125-129.
Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ coast/ community/ crude oil/ depth/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/
pollution/ population/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ species/ spill/ survey/ war
Notes: A survey of the presence of euendolithic (boring) cyanobacteria in the Arabian Gulf. Sample of
ooids (spherical calcium carbonate nodules) were collected in 1989 and 1992 at three depths from four
locations along the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia and examined for the presence of bore holes and live
bacteria. Identified the species of bacteria and focused on six common species. Results were compared

between years and the changes attributed to the Gulf War oil spill of 1991.
Al-Wadae, A. E. J., E. Raveendran, 1993. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment, fish
and air following the Gulf crisis in 1991. Environmental Technology 14:673-679.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Bahrain/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/
Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ war
Notes: Concentration of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in fish caught in the waters around Bahrain
in 1991, shortly after the Gulf War ended.
10
Al-yakoob, S., T. Saeed, H. Al-hashash, 1993. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible tissue of fish
from the Gulf after the 1991 oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:297-301.
Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ muscle/ oil/ oil spill/
Othree/ salt water/ species/ spill/ tissue
Notes: Concentrations of selected aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle of six species of fish collected from
the Arabian Gulf in 1992.
Al-Yakoob, S. N., T. Saeed, 1994. Potential hazards associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
weathered crude oil from Kuwait's oil lakes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A29:1777-
1787.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ hazard/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/
miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil lakes/ PAH/ rate/ time/ weathered
Notes: Four oil lakes in Kuwait were sampled for crude oil between 9/92 and 6/93 at 3 mo intervals. The
samples were analyzed for PAHs and the rates of change in PAH concentration were calculated for the 8
mo period. Confusing data presentation.
Al-Yakoob, S. N., D. Gundersen, L. Curtis, 1996. Effects of the water-soluble fraction of partially
combusted crude oil from Kuwait's oil fires (from Desert Storm) on survival and growth of the marine fish
Menidia beryllina. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35:142-149.
Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ fish/ growth/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ survival/ war
Notes: Effects on a marine fish of the water-soluble fraction of Kuwaiti crude oil or partially combusted
crude oil from the oil well fires of the Gulf War.
Al-Yamani, F. Y., K. Al-Rifaie, W. Ismail, 1993. Post-spill zooplankton distribution in the NW Gulf.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:239-243.

Keywords: abundance/ Arabian Gulf/ composition/ distribution/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/
salt water/ sampling/ spill/ war/ zooplankton
Notes: Sampling of zooplankton in the Arabian Gulf during April-May, 1992. Objective was to determine
if oil spills from the Gulf War had affected zooplankton distribution, abundance, and composition.
Al Bakri, D., W. Kittaneh, 1998. Physicochemical characteristics and pollution indicators in the intertidal
zone of Kuwait: implications for benthic ecology. Environmental Management 22:415-424.
Keywords: benthic/ carbon/ dissolved/ indicator/ intertidal/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/
organic carbon/ pH/ pollution/ salinity/ salt water/ sediment/ structure/ sulfide/ temperature/ transect/ war
Notes: Assessment of the intertidal zone of coastal Kuwait during 1984; serves as a pre-Gulf War
benchmark. Used 35 transects perpendicular to the coastline. Measured sediment structure,
temperature, salinity, pH, interstitial water, total organic carbon, and total dissolved sulfide.
Albaiges, J., M. R. Cuberes, 1980. On the degradation of petroleum residues in the marine environment.
Chemosphere 9:539-545.
Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ asphaltene/ crude oil/ degradation/ environment/
hydrocarbons/ marine environment/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ resin/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ tar
ball/ technical/ weathered/ Mediterranean
Notes: Weathered Arabian crude oil was used in a laboratory assessment of the degradation of crude oil
residues. The subsurface water was sampled after 15, 30, 60, and 120 da and analyzed for saturated
hydrocarbons, aromatics, resins, and asphaltines. Tar balls were collected from the Mediterranean Sea
and similarly analyzed.
Albers, P. H. 1977. Effects of oil on aquatic birds. Pages 61-67 in P. L. Fore, editor. 1977 Oil Spill
Response Workshop, FWS/OBS/77-24. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
Keywords: bird/ effects/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ overview/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ spill
response
Notes: Overview of effects of oil on birds and recent research at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
Albers, P. H. 1977. Effects of external applications of fuel oil on hatchability of mallard eggs. Pages 158-
163 in D. A. Wolfe, editor. Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms and
11
Ecosystems. Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
Keywords: age/ bird/ development/ duckling/ ecosystem/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ fate/ fresh

water/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ hatching/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ paraffin/
petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ reproduction/ weight
Notes: Assessment of the effects of eggshell applications of No. 2 fuel oil (first publ. of this method).
Exposed artificially-incubated mallard eggs to 1, 5, 10, 20, or 50 ul of No. 2 fuel oil, 50 ul of paraffin
mixture, or 50 ul of propylene glycol on the day 8 of incubation. Measured hatching success, age at
death, and weight of ducklings.
Albers, P. H., 1978. Effects of petroleum on different stages of incubation in bird eggs. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19:624-630.
Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ development/ duck/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hatchability/
hatching/ incubation/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ South
Louisiana crude oil/ survival/ weight
Notes: Effects of No. 2 fuel oil and South Louisiana crude oil on stages of embryo development in the
mallard duck. Artificially-incubated eggs exposed to oil on days 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, or 22. Measured
survival, days to death of embryo, and hatching weight.
Albers, P. H., R. C. Szaro, 1978. Effects of No. 2 fuel oil on common eider eggs. Marine Pollution Bulletin
9:138-139.
Keywords: bird/ common eider/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ eiders/ embryo/ fuel oil/ Maine/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/
Oone/ reproduction/ salt water/ survival
Notes: Assessment of field applications of No. 2 fuel oil to naturally-incubated common eider eggs in
Maine. Eggs were exposed by eggshell applications to either 5 ul No. 2 fuel oil or 20 ul No. 2 fuel oil and
opened 7 da later. Measured survival of embryos.
Albers, P. H., 1979. Effects of Corexit 9527 on the hatchability of mallard eggs. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 23:661-668.
Keywords: bird/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ development/ dispersant/ duckling/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/
embryo/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/ mallard/ ODone/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/
weight
Notes: Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and Corexit 9527 on mallard eggs. Artificially-incubated eggs
were exposed by eggshell application to varying amounts of either Prudhoe Bay crude oil, Corexit 9527, a
30:1 oil-dispersant mixture, or a 5:1 oil-dispersant mixture. Measured hatching success, stage of
development at death, and hatching weight of ducklings.

Albers, P. H. 1979. Oil dispersants and wildlife. Pages 67-72 in C. H. Brown, editor. 1979 U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Pollution Response Workshop. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
Keywords: bird/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ ODone/ oil/ pollution/ salt water
Notes: Presentation of the pros and cons of chemical dispersant use with particular reference to effects
on birds.
Albers, P. H., 1980. Transfer of crude oil from contaminated water to bird eggs. Environmental Research
22:307-314.
Keywords: age/ bird/ crude oil/ duckling/ eggs/ embryo/ female/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/
incubation/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ sources/ survival/ temperature/
transfer
Notes: Demonstration of the feasibility of parental transfer of surface oil by female mallards to their eggs.
Incubating females exposed to water sources covered with either 5 or 100 ml of Prudhoe Bay crude oil.
Thermocouple probes were used to monitor egg temperature. Measured hatching success, incubation
temperature, and survival of ducklings to 1 wk of age.
Albers, P. H., M. L. Gay, 1982. Unweathered and weathered aviation kerosine: chemical characterization
and effects on hatching success of duck eggs. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
28:430-434.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ aviation kerosine/ bird/ duck/ effects/ egg
12
shell/ eggs/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/ incubation/ mallard/ Oone/ pipeline/ reproduction/ spill/
weathered
Notes: Effects of weathered aviation kerosine from a pipeline rupture in northern Virginia on mallard egg
hatchability. Artificially-incubated mallard eggs were exposed by eggshell application to several amounts
of weathered and unweathered aviation kerosine on day 6 of incubation. Measured hatching success of
eggs and characterized the kerosine according to 14 aliphatic and 9 aromatic compounds.
Albers, P. H., M. L. Gay, 1982. Effects of a chemical dispersant and crude oil on breeding ducks. Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:404-411.
Keywords: age/ bird/ combination/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ development/ dispersant/ duck/ duckling/
effects/ embryo/ female/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/ incubation/ mallard/ ODone/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/
Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ survival/ temperature

Notes: Effects of chemically dispersed crude oil on mallard reproduction. Incubating female mallards
were exposed to a water source treated with either Prudhoe Bay crude oil, Corexit 9527, or a combination
of oil and dispersant during the first 10 da of development. Used thermocouple probes to monitor
incubation temperature. Measured hatching success, incubation temperature, and survival of ducklings
to 1 wk of age.
Albers, P. H., G. H. Heinz, 1983. FLIT-MLO and No. 2 fuel oil: effects of aerosol applications to mallard
eggs on hatchability and behavior of ducklings. Environmental Research 30:381-388.
Keywords: age/ avoidance/ behavior/ bird/ development/ duckling/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ FLIT-MLO/ fuel
oil/ hatchability/ hatching/ larvicide/ mallard/ mosquito/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ salt water
Notes: Effects of mosquito larvicide on mallard embryo development and behavior of ducklings. Exposed
artificially-incubated mallard eggs on days 3, 6, 12, or 18 to sprayed applications of either No. 2 fuel oil or
FLIT-MLO. Ducklings were tested for behavior avoidance at 2 da of age. Measured hatching success,
stage of development at death, and avoidance response.
Albers, P. H. 1983. Effects of oil on avian reproduction: a review and discussion. Pages 78-96 in The
Effects of Oil on Birds. A Multi-discipline Symposium. Tri-State Bird Rescue & Research, Inc., Newark,
DE.
Keywords: bird/ effects/ embryo/ fresh water/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ reproduction/ review/ salt water
Notes: A review of the effects of petroleum on avian reproduction.
Albers, P. H. 1984. Effects of oil and dispersants on birds. Pages 101-110 in 1984 Region 9 Oil
Dispersants Workshop. U.S. Coast Guard, Santa Barbara, CA.
Keywords: bird/ dispersant/ effects/ fresh water/ ODone/ oil/ region/ salt water/ vulnerability
Notes: General discussion of the effects of oil and dispersants on birds.
Albers, P. H., A. A. Belisle, D. M. Swineford, R. J. Hall, 1985. Environmental contamination in the oil
fields of western Pennsylvania. Oil & Petrochemical Pollution 2:265-280.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ conductivity/ discharges/ effluent/ fish/ fresh
water/ freshwater invertebrate/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ mammal/ metals/ Oeight/ oil/ oil field/
Pennsylvania/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salamander/ stream/ tissue
Notes: Assessment of the contamination of wildlife in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania. Collected
effluent discharges, stream water conductivity, aquatic invertebrates, fish, salamanders, and small
mammals during May 1980, August 1980, and June-July 1981. Analyzed all samples for a suite of 14

aliphatic and nine aromatic hydrocarbons and analyzed fish tissue for metals. Aquatic invertebrates were
classified to family.
Albers, P. H. 1991. Oil spills and the environment: a review of chemical fate and biological effects of
petroleum. Pages 1-11 in J. White, L. Frink, T. M. Williams, and R. W. Davis, editors. The Effects of Oil
on Wildlife. Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA.
Keywords: amphibian/ biological effects/ bird/ composition/ effects/ environment/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/
freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ habitat/ invertebrate/ mammal/ marine
invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ plant/ reptile/ review/ salt water/ spill
Notes: A general discussion of the environmental fate and biological effects of petroleum. Author
13
presents material on composition and characteristics of petroleum, environmental fate, biological effects
(plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles, birds, mammals), and habitat considerations.
Albers, P. H. 1995. Oil, biological communities and contingency planning. Pages 1-9 in L. Frink, K. Ball-
Weir, and C. Smith, editors. Wildlife and Oil Spills. Response, Research, and Contingency Planning.
Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA.
Keywords: amphibian/ biological effects/ bird/ community/ contingency/ diversity/ effects/ fate/ fish/ fresh
water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ marine
plant/ miscellaneous/ natural resource/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ petroleum/ pollution/ population/
rehabilitation/ reptile/ restoration/ salt water/ spill
Notes: A discussion of contingency planning for oil spills with regard to the requirements of the Oil
Pollution Act of 1990. Author presents information on characteristics and fate of petroleum, biological
effects of petroleum, and several special issues for contingency planners (natural resource restoration,
biological diversity, oiled wildlife rehabilitation).
Albers, P. H. 1995. Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 330-355 in D. J.
Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., J. Cairns, Jr., editors. Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.
Keywords: amphibian/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ composition/ effects/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/
freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ mammal/ marine
invertebrate/ marine plant/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ Oeight/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/
plant/ reptile/ salt water/ sources/ treatment

Notes: A general treatment of petroleum and PAHs including presentations on composition and
characteristics, sources, environmental fate, and effects on plants, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and
amphibians, birds, and mammals.
Albers, P. H. 2003. Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 341-371 in D. J.
Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., J. Cairns, Jr., editors. Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.
Keywords: amphibian/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ composition/ effects/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/
freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ mammal/ marine
invertebrate/ marine plant/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ Oeight/ PAH/ petroleum/ plant/ reptile/ salt water/
sources/ treatment
Notes: A general treatment of petroleum and PAHs including presentations on composition and
characteristics, sources, environmental fate, and effects on plants, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and
amphibians, birds, and mammals. A revision of the 1995 book chapter of the same title.
Albers, P. H., D. J. Hoffman, D. M. Buscemi, M. J. Melancon, 2003. Effects of the mosquito larvicide
GB-1111 on red-winged blackbird embryos. Environmental Pollution 125:447-451.
Keywords: activity/ bird/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ hatching/ larvicide/ liver/ microsome/
monooxygenase/ mosquito/ Oone/ salt water/ survival/ time/ weight
Notes: Eggs of the red-winged blackbird were collected, treated with external applications of GB-1111
equivalent to 0, 0.33, 1, 3, or 10 times the expected exposure from the maximum recommended field
application, and artificially incubated. Measured hatching success; weights of embryo, yolk, and liver;
and five skeletal dimensions. Also, measured the induction of microsomal P450-associated
monooxygenase activity (EROD) in the liver.
Alexander, M. M., P. Longabucco, and D. M. Phillips 1981. The impact of oil on marsh communities in
the St. Lawrence River. Pages 333-340 in 1981 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute,
Washington, D.C.
Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ community/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ general effect/
growth/ No.6 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ population/ spill/ vegetation/ wetland
Notes: A 2-year assessment of the effects of a spill of No. 6 fuel oil on a freshwater wetland community in
the St. Lawrence River. Four wetlands (heavy, moderate, slight, and no oiling) were sampled for fish,
birds, and vegetation. Fish were collected, identified, and marked. Birds were observed, captured and

marked, and examined for evidence of oiling. Cattail growth after cutting was measured.
14
Alexander, S. K. and J. W. Webb, Jr. 1985. Oil in the salt marsh: what have we learned? Pages 49-62 in
C. F. Bryan, P. J. Zwank, and R. H. Chabreck, editors. Proceedings of the Fourth Coastal Marsh and
Estuary Management Symposium. Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Baton Rouge,
LA.
Keywords: activity/ cleaning/ effects/ estuary/ fate/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ review/ salt
marsh/ salt water/ spill
Notes: A review of the literature on fate and effects of petroleum in salt marshes and the consequences
of oil spill cleanup activities.
Alexander, S. K. and J. W. Webb, Jr. 1987. Relationship of Spartina alterniflora growth to sediment oil
content following an oil spill. Pages 445-449 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication
4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ density/ growth/ light/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/
pipeline/ salt water/ sediment/ Spartina/ spill/ Texas/ transfer/ vegetation
Notes: An underwater transfer pipeline ruptured and discharged light crude oil into a coastal bayou in
Texas, USA. Vegetation was measured and sediment sampled 4-5, 7-8, and 16 mos post-spill.
Measured live stem density of Spartina alterniflora and total petroleum content of the sediment. Sediment
samples from bare and vegetated areas were collected and analyzed for petroleum 17-18 mos post-spill.
A final visual assessment was made 32 mos post-spill.
Allard, A S., M. Malmberg, A. H. Neilson, M. Remberger, 2005. Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons from creosote-contaminated soil in selected plants and the oligochaete worm Enchytraeus
crypticus. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 40:2057-2072.
Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ clover/ concentration/
creosote/ earthworm/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ germination/ hydrocarbons/ oligochaete/
Oseven/ PAH/ plant/ radish/ root/ roots/ ryegrass/ seed/ soil/ species
Notes: Soil samples were collected from two locations (high and low contamination) at a site
contaminated with creosote. Individual soil samples were used to determine their effect on germination of
ryegrass, clover, and radish seeds. Soils mixed together were used to grow the three plant species and
to expose earthworms for 42 da. Analyzed soils and the soil mixture, with and without azide added, for

13 PAHs. Analyzed plant roots, a stem-leaf mixture, and the earthworms for the same PAHs.
Alton, L. S., 1995. Survival of Penicillium species in marine and river water contaminated with diesel oil,
nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:39-
44.
Keywords: diesel/ fresh water/ fungi/ microbes/ nitrate/ nitrogen/ oil/ Oten/ phosphate/ phosphorus/ salt
water/ species/ survival/ temperature/ tolerance
Notes: Exposure of four species of Penicillium fungi for 1-2 years, at different temperatures, to salt or
fresh water containing diesel oil, nitrates, nitrites, or phosphates; an attempt to establish tolerance limits.
Alvarez-Legorreta, T., G. Gold-Bouchot, O. Zapata-Perez, 1994. Hydrocarbon concentrations in
sediments and clams (Rangia cuneata) in Laguna de Pom, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 52:39-45.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ clam/ coast/ concentration/
hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ sediment/ unresolved complex mixture
Notes: Analysis of hydrocarbons (aliphatics, aromatics, unresolved complex mixture) in the sediment and
clams of a lagoon on the east coast of Mexico; an oil well and several oil-processing facilities located in
and around the lagoon.
Amadi, A., A. A. Dickson, G. O. Maate, 1993. Remediation of oil polluted soils: 1. Effect of organic and
inorganic nutrient supplements on the performance of maize (Zea may L.). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
66:59-76.
Keywords: corn/ crude oil/ freshwater plant/ growth/ inorganic/ Nigeria/ nutrients/ oil/ organic/ Oseven/
remediation/ soil
Notes: Growth of corn in oil-contaminated (crude oil) soil supplemented with organic and inorganic
nutrients.
15
Amadi, A., S. D. Abbey, A. Nma, 1996. Chronic effects of oil spill on soil properties and microflora of a
rainforest ecosystem in Nigeria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 86:1-11.
Keywords: chronic/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ microbes/ Nigeria/
Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ pipeline/ soil/ spill/ transect
Notes: Measurement of soil and microbial characteristics along a transect line extending 2.5 km from a
1971 oil pipeline rupture in Nigeria.

Ameijeiras, A. H., J. S. Gandara, J. L. Hernandez, J. S. Lozano, 1994. Classification of the coastal
waters of Galicia (NW Spain) on the basis of total aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations in mussels
(Mytilus galloprovincialis). Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:396-398.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/
Ofour/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sampling/ Spain/ species/ tissue
Notes: Background classification of the coastal waters of Galicia province in Spain according to the
concentration of aliphatic hydrocarbons in soft tissue of a species of mussel. Sampled wild mussels from
11 sampling areas along the coast and four mussel raft farms located within the 11 natural sampling
areas. Analyzed for selected aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Amodio-Cocchieri, R., T. Cirillo, 2003. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in biota from the Gulf of Naples (Italy).
Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:362-377.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ bivalve/ chemical analysis/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine
invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ muscle/ mussel/ Oten/ salt water/ tissue
Notes: Mussels and fish were collected from three portions of coastline in the greater Gulf of Naples.
Samples were collected monthly from May through November but the samples were combined for
chemical analysis. Analyzed mussel tissue and fish muscle for nine aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Anderlini, V. C., L. Al-Harmi, B. W. DeLappe, R. W. Risebrough, W. Walker, II, B. R. T. Simoneit, A.
S. Newton, 1981. Distribution of hydrocarbons in the oyster, Pinctada margaratifera, along the coast of
Kuwait. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:57-62.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ distribution/
hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil terminal/ oyster/ petroleum/ refinery/ salt water/
survey/ unresolved complex mixture
Notes: Survey of aliphatic (most data), aromatic, and unresolved hydrocarbons in oysters from the Gulf
coast of Kuwait. Effort made to related concentrations to petroleum production, refining, and shipping
areas.
Anderson, C. M., R. P. LaBelle, 1994. Comparative occurrence rates for offshore oil spills. Spill Science
Technology Bulletin 1:131-141.
Keywords: crude oil/ estimate/ evaluation/ North Slope crude oil/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ pipeline/
rate/ salt water/ spill/ tanker/ technical/ transport
Notes: An evaluation of rates of spill incidence and characteristics of oil spills from U.S. OCS drilling

platforms and pipelines (1964-1992) and worldwide tanker spills (1974-1992). Special estimates for
tanker and barge spill rates in U.S. waters and spill rates for tankers carrying North Slope crude oil.
Anderson, D. W., F. Gress, D. M. Fry, 1996. Survival and dispersal of oiled brown pelicans after
rehabilitation and release. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:711-718.
Keywords: activity/ bird/ brown pelican/ coast/ dispersal/ evaluation/ oiled/ Oone/ pelican/ rehabilitation/
release/ reproduction/ salt water/ survival
Notes: Evaluation of the survival, dispersal, and reproductive activities of rehabilitated oiled brown
pelicans on the west coast of the US.
Anderson, D. W., S. H. Newman, P. R. Kelly, S. K. Herzog, K. P. Lewis, 2000. An experimental soft-
release of oil-spill rehabilitated American coots (Fulica americana): I. Lingering effects on survival,
condition and behavior. Environmental Pollution 107:285-294.
Keywords: behavior/ bird/ blood/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ index/ injury/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/
rehabilitation/ release/ spill/ survival/ weight/ wetland
Notes: Rehabilitated (crude oil spill) and reference coots were placed in two experimental wetlands and
16
monitored for 3 mos. Used 37 rehabilitated and 38 reference birds. All birds were marked with neck
collars and radio transmitters and wing clipped. Measured survival, a variety of behaviors, weight, foot
injuries, blood chemistries, and a body condition index.
Anderson, J. W., S. L. Kiesser, J. W. Blaylock, 1980. The cumulative effect of petroleum hydrocarbons
on marine crustaceans during constant exposure. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil
International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 179:62-70.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ crustacean/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/
index/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/
Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ species/ survival/ time/ toxicity/ toxicity index
Notes: Exposure of three species of marine crustaceans for 4-11 da to an extract of Prudhoe Bay crude
oil in laboratory experiments. The extract was 98% aromatics, mostly monoaromatics; the remainder
were di- and triaromatics. Calculation of a toxicity index based on LC
50
and time of exposure; survival
and water and crustacean concentrations of aromatics.

Anderson, J. W., S. L. Kiesser, D. L. McQuerry, and G. W. Fellingham 1985. Effects of oil and
chemically dispersed oil in sediments on clams. Pages 349-353 in 1985 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention,
Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.
Keywords: amino acids/ behavior/ biochemical/ clam/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/
effects/ growth/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/
sediment/ species/ spill/ survival/ tissue
Notes: Exposure of two species of clams to sediment containing Prudhoe Bay crude oil with or without
Corexit 9527 dispersant for 1 to 6 mo. Measured oil concentrations in sediments and clam tissue, and
survival, growth, and amino acid concentrations in clam tissue.
Anderson, J. W., D. L. McQuerry, S. L. Klesser, 1985. Laboratory evaluation of chemical dispersants
for use on oil spills at sea. Environmental Science and Technology 19:454-457.
Keywords: dispersant/ effectiveness/ evaluation/ mixing/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ procedure/ spill/ technical/
temperature/ toxicity
Notes: Authors test the effectiveness and toxicity of 14 chemical dispersants and make
recommendations for a procedure to help decide what to use and when to use it. A decision tree is
presented as well as discussing the issues of effectiveness during mixing and after mixing, and the
influence of water temperature.
Anderson, J. W., R. Riley, S. Kiesser, and J. Gurtisen 1987. Toxicity of dispersed and undispersed
Prudhoe Bay crude oil fractions to shrimp and fish. Pages 235-240 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference
(Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum Institute, API Publication 4452,
Washington, DC.
Keywords: behavior/ crude oil/ dispersant/ distillation fraction/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ ODthree/ oil/ oil
spill/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ shrimp/ solubility/ species/ spill/ toxicity
Notes: Determination of the toxicity to a shrimp and a fish species of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and two
distillation fractions of the crude oil. Chemically dispersed and water soluble fractions of each were used
in the exposure trials.
Anderson, R. D. 1975. Petroleum hydrocarbons and oyster resources of Galveston Bay, Texas. Pages
541-548 in 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution. American Petroleum Institute,
Washington, DC.
Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ depuration/ experiment/

fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/
oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ South
Louisiana crude oil/ Texas
Notes: Field collections and experiments to assess the ability of oysters from the Galveston Bay area to
accumulate and eliminate petroleum hydrocarbons. Field collected oysters were analyzed for
hydrocarbons at collection and after a summer in clean water. Experiments exposed oysters to 1 or 5%
oil-water mixtures of Kuwait or South Louisiana crude oils, No. 2 fuel oil, or Bunker C fuel oil for up to 7
17
da; oysters analyzed periodically for saturated and non-saturated hydrocarbons up to 52 da after
exposure ended.
Anderson, R. D., J. W. Anderson, 1975. Effects of salinity and selected petroleum hydrocarbons on the
osmotic and chloride regulation of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Physiological Zoology
48:420-430.
Keywords: bivalve/ chloride/ crude oil/ effects/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/
marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ osmoregulation/ oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/
regulation/ salinity/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil
Notes: Assessment of the influence of petroleum exposure on osmoregulation and chloride regulation in
the oyster. Oysters exposed to 1% oil-water mixture of either No. 2 fuel oil or South Louisiana crude oil
for 96 hr, then moved to seawater with different salinities for up to 17 days; osmo- and chloride regulation
measured periodically during the 17 da period.
Andrade, M. L., E. F. Covelo, F. A. Vega, P. Marcet, 2004. Effect of the Prestige oil spill on salt marsh
soils on the coast of Galicia (northwest Spain). Journal of Environmental Quality 33:2103-2110.
Keywords: chemical characteristics/ coast/ degradation/ fuel oil/ intertidal/ metals/ miscellaneous/
Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt marsh/ salt water/ shoreline/ soil/ Spain/ spill/ time/ weathered/ wetland
Notes: Samples of freshly spilled oil from the November 2002 spill of heavy fuel oil by the Prestige and
shoreline samples of weathered oil residue (3 mos post- spill) were analyzed for physical and chemical
characteristics. Simultaneous with the collection of weathered oil, samples of surface and subsurface soil
were collected from the intertidal (polluted) and supratidal (unpolluted) area of four coastal wetlands.
Measured physical and chemical characteristics of soil and their metal (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb V) content.
Andreasen, J. K., R. W. Spears, 1983. Toxicity of Texan petroleum well brine to the sheepshead

minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), a common estuarine fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 30:277-283.
Keywords: brine water/ estuarine/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ oil field/ Othree/ petroleum/ salt water/
sheepshead minnow/ shrimp/ species/ Texas/ toxicity
Notes: Toxicity to several species of fish and shrimp of brine water from a Texas oilfield; experimental
exposure with primary emphasis on the sheepshead minnow.
Andres, B. A., 1997. The Exxon Valdez oil spill disrupted the breeding of black oystercatchers. Journal of
Wildlife Management 61:1322-1328.
Keywords: activity/ adult/ bird/ black oystercatcher/ effects/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ feeding/ mussel/
oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ rate/ reproduction/ salt water/ seasonal/ spill
Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on black oystercatchers on an oiled island
(Green Is.) and an unoiled island (Montague Is.). Data for 1989 and 1991 breeding seasons and partial
information for 1990, 1992, and 1993. Measured nesting activity, reproductive success, deaths of bay
mussels, and feeding rates of adults at the nesting sites.
Andres, B. A., 1999. Effects of persistent shoreline oil on breeding success and chick growth in black
oystercatchers. Auk 116:640-650.
Keywords: bird/ black oystercatcher/ chicks/ composition/ consumption/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ feces/
food/ foraging/ growth/ mussel/ nestling/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum/ population/ Prince William Sound/
productivity/ reproduction/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ weight
Notes: A post-spill (Exxon Valdez, 1989) assessment of the effects of persistent shoreline oil on the black
oystercatcher. Heavily oiled and nonoiled areas of Prince William Sound were compared by collecting
foraging information in 1991-93, breeding success and chick growth in 1992-93, oiled sediments in 1993,
and fecal samples from nestlings in 1993. Quantified food consumption and delivery to chicks,
reproductive productivity, weight gain of chicks, and composition of petroleum in sediments and feces.
Anker-Nilssen, T., P. H. Jones, O. W. Rostad, 1988. Age, sex and origins of auks (Alcidae) killed in the
Skagerrak oiling incident of January 1981. Seabird 11:28-46.
Keywords: age/ auks/ bird/ Denmark/ evaluation/ morphometry/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ origin/ salt
water/ sex/ spill/ wing
18
Notes: Evaluation of the body characteristics of auks killed in an oil spill north of Denmark. The author

attempts to determine origins of corpses based on measurements.
Anoliefo, G. O., D. E. Vwioko, 1995. Effects of spent lubricating oil on the growth of Capsicum annum L.
and Lycopersicon esculentum. Environmental Pollution 88:361-364.
Keywords: effects/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ leaves/ lubricating oil/ motor oil/ oil/ Oseven/
plant/ seed/ soil/ used motor oil
Notes: Seeds of tomato and hot pepper were planted in soil mixed with 1-5% used motor oil. Seed
germination was measured after 15 da. Height of plant and leaf area were measured at 14, 28, 42, 56,
70, and 84 da after planting.
Anonymous, 1972. A unique petroleum hydrocarbon for control of mosquito larvae. Agrichemical Age
15:4-5.
Keywords: bird/ FLIT-MLO/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ larvicide/ marine
invertebrate/ mosquito/ Oone/ petroleum/ salt water
Notes: Discussion of FLIT-MLO for use as a mosquito larvicide.
Ansari, Z. A., B. Ingole, 2002. Effect of an oil spill from M V Sea Transporter on intertidal meiofauna at
Goa, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:396-402.
Keywords: beach/ coast/ community/ concentration/ distance/ fuel oil/ India/ intertidal/ marine
invertebrate/ meiofauna/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ population/ recovery/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/
time
Notes: "Fuel oil" from a grounded cargo ship washed ashore on the central west coast of India. Intertidal
sediments to a depth of 5 cm were collected at low-, mid-, and high- tide locations from three beach areas
at varying distances from the spill site. Collections were made weekly for 5 weeks. Collections were also
made at the beach nearest the spill at mid-tide on a monthly basis for 1 yr. Identified and quantified the
meiofauna and determined the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations of the sediment samples.
Antrim, L. D., R. M. Thom, W. W. Gardiner, V. I. Cullinan, D. K. Shreffler, R. W. Bienert, 1995. Effects
of petroleum products on bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana). Marine Biology 122:23-31.
Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/
hydrocarbons/ kelp/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ plant/ polar compounds/
respiration/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ weathered
Notes: Bull kelp plants were exposed in indoor experimental tanks to either weathered or unweathered
diesel fuel, intermediated fuel oil (80% crude, 20 % fuel oil), or crude oil for 4 or 24 hrs. Measured visible

damage to the stipe, bulb, or blade of the plant for 7 da after removal to clean water. Determined
photosynthetic activity and respiration of experimental plants in a separate experiment. Analyzed
petroleum products and crude oil for saturated hydrocarbons, polar PAHs, phenolics, and very polar
compounds.
Ara, K., K. Nojima, J. Hiromi, 2002. Acute toxicity of Bunker A and C refined oils to the marine
harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus Mori. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
69:104-110.
Keywords: acute/ Bunker A/ Bunker C/ copepod/ experiment/ fuel oil/ grass/ grass shrimp/ marine
invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ refined oil/ salt water/ sex/ shrimp/ spill/ survival/ toxicity
Notes: Determination of the toxicity of the chemically-dispersed (D-1128) water-soluble fraction (WSF) of
Bunker A and C fuel oils to a marine copepod (both sexes). Exposures were for 96 hr with or without
medium renewal at 24 hr intervals. Results were compared to results of other experiments utilizing
dispersed Bunker C WSF from an oil spill and undispersed Bunker C WSF to assess toxicity to mysids,
grass shrimp, and brown shrimp.
Ara, K., D. Aoike, J. Hiromi, N. Uchida, 2004. Acute toxicity of Bunker C refined oil to the Japanese
littleneck clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Bivalvia:Veneridae). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology 72:632-638.
Keywords: acute/ Bunker C/ clam/ concentration/ dispersant/ invertebrate/ Japan/ marine invertebrate/
Ofour/ refined oil/ salt water/ survival/ time/ toxicity
19
Notes: Littleneck clams were collected from a petroleum-contaminated intertidal area of coastal Japan
and used in an acute toxicity test. Clams were exposed for 96 hrs to varying concentrations of the water-
soluble fraction (WSF) of either Bunker C oil or Bunker C plus a chemical dispersant. Determined the
relation between exposure time and water concentration. Compared results to results of studies with
other species of marine invertebrates .
Armstrong, H. W., K. Fucik, J. W. Anderson, J. M. Neff, 1979. Effects of oilfield brine effluent on
sediments and benthic organisms in Trinity Bay, Texas. Marine Environmental Research 2:55-69.
Keywords: benthic/ brine water/ concentration/ effects/ effluent/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/
numbers/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ oil field/ oil platform/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ species/ Texas/
transect

Notes: Effects of oilfield brine effluent from an offshore oil platform in Trinity Bay, Texas were determined
with the use of three sampling transects from April, 1974 through December, 1975. Monthly samples of
sediment were analyzed for total naphthalene concentration and numbers and species of benthic
organisms.
Armstrong, J. E., J. A. Calder, 1978. Inhibition of light-induced pH increase and O
2
evolution of marine
microalgae by water-soluble components of crude and refined oils. Applied Environmental Microbiology
35:858-862.
Keywords: crude oil/ fuel oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ microalgae/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/
Osix/ oxygen/ pH/ photosynthesis/ refined oil/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ species
Notes: Several species (4) of marine microalgae were exposed to 10% water-soluble fractions of either
No. 2 fuel oil, South Louisiana crude oil, or Jay crude oil. Measured light-induced pH increase over a 38-
min period and photosynthetic oxygen production.
Artz, R. R. E., K. T. Semple, K. Killham, J. I. Prosser, G. I. Paton, 2002. The potential for anaerobic
mineralisation of hydrocarbon constituents of oily drill cutings from the North Sea seabed. Journal of
Environmental Monitoring 4:553-557.
Keywords: anaerobic/ concentration/ cuttings/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ microcosm/
naphthalene/ nitrate/ North Sea/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ phosphate/ reduction/ salt
water/ sulfate/ time
Notes: Assessment of the potential for anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in drill cuttings
from the floor of the North Sea. Cuttings were brought into the laboratory and mixed with one of three
radio-labelled compounds (hexadecane, octacosane, naphthalene) and incubated for 11 mos. Sets of
microcosms were either supplemented with N and P, sulfate reduction inhibited, methanogenesis
inhibited, and made abiotic with formaldehyde. Measured CO
2
production, nitrate and phosphate
concentration, and methane production.
Atagana, H. I., R. J. Haynes, F. M. Wallis, 2003. Optimization of soil physical and chemical conditions
for the bioremediation of creosote-contaminated soil. Biodegradation 14:297-307.

Keywords: bioremediation/ combination/ concentration/ condition/ creosote/ degradation/ experiment/
microbes/ microcosm/ nutrients/ Oten/ pH/ ratio/ soil
Notes: Soil contaminated with a high concentration of creosote was collected and the C:N:P ratio
adjusted in several combinations to determine the best nutrient situation for microbial degradation of the
creosote. Duration of the jar microcosm experiment was 6 wks. Authors made weekly measurements of
microbial concentrations, pH, soil moisture, and selected components of creosote.
Atema, J., 1977. The effects of oil on lobsters. Oceanus 20:67-73.
Keywords: adult/ behavior/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fuel oil/ kerosene/ La Rosa crude oil/ lobster/
marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water
Notes: Exposure of adult lobsters to kerosene, crude oil, and several concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil;
measured behavioral responses.
Atkinson, J., 1989. Bio-economics of oil-spill rescue - the dollars and sense. American Association of
Zoological Parks and Aquariums annual conference proceedings 1989:205-208.
20
Keywords: cost/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil spill/ oiled/ otter/ rehabilitation/ rescue/ seal/ whale
Notes: An examination of the cost of rehabilitation for oiled otters, seal pups, and killer whales.
Atlas, R. M., R. Bartha, 1973. Fate and effects of polluting petroleum in the marine environment.
Residue Reviews 49:49-85.
Keywords: biological effects/ composition/ effects/ environment/ fate/ marine environment/ Onine/
overview/ petroleum/ review/ salt water/ technical/ treatment
Notes: A thorough and very readable treatment of the nature, fate, and effects of petroleum in the marine
environment. Although the biological effects sections are no longer 'state of knowledge', it remains a
good source of basic information. One of the earliest (if not the earliest) works of its kind.
Atlas, R. M., E. A. Schofield, F. A. Morell, R. E. Cameron, 1976. Effects of petroleum pollutants on
Arctic microbial populations. Environmental Pollution 10:35-43.
Keywords: algae/ Arctic/ bacteria/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ estuarine/ fresh water/ freshwater
plant/ fungi/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ oil/ oil seep/ Oten/ petroleum/ population/ protozoa/ Prudhoe
Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ species
Notes: Assessment of the effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on freshwater and estuarine bacteria,
protozoa, algae, and fungi. Collected samples from Prudhoe Bay, two coastal ponds, and two oil seeps.

Two concentrations of crude oil were added to water samples from the ponds and Prudhoe Bay. Species
were identified and enumerated in controls and oil-exposed water samples.
Atlas, R. M. 1976. Fate and effects of oil pollutants in extremely cold marine environments. Dept. of
Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. Annual Report No. 4. Office of Naval Research,
Contract No. N00014-76-C-0400, Task No. NR 205-013, AD-A033 477 . 36 pp.
Keywords: amphipod/ bioassay/ biodegradation/ community/ effects/ environment/ evaluation/ fate/ flow-
through/ ice/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/
population/ salt water/ spill
Notes: A report on four types of research performed under contract by the author. (1) Flow through
chambers were used to assess changes in microbial populations exposed to petroleum. (2) Assessed
the fate of oil trapped under sea ice. (3) Developed a bioassay system employing amphipods to assess
the ecological consequences of enhanced oil biodegradation. (4) Evaluation of actual cold water
petroleum spills to determine their effects on the microbial community.
Atlas, R. M., 1978. Microorganisms and petroleum pollutants. BioScience 28:387-391.
Keywords: biodegradation/ commentary/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/
petroleum hydrocarbons/ remediation/ spill
Notes: General commentary and discussion of the ability of microorganisms to degrade petroleum
hydrocarbons and the implications for industry and oil spill remediation.
Atlas, R. M., 1991. Microbial hydrocarbon degradation bioremediation of oil spills. Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology 52:149-156.
Keywords: bioremediation/ degradation/ environment/ fresh water/ marine environment/ microbes/ oil/ oil
spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ rate/ review/ salt water/ soil/ spill
Notes: A summarized review of the bioremediation of petroleum from oil spills. Sections on general
microbial degradation, rates of petroleum degradation, bioremediation of contaminated soil and
groundwater, and bioremediation of oil in the marine environment.
Atlas, R. M., 1995. Petroleum biodegradation and oil spill bioremediation. Marine Pollution Bulletin
31:178-182.
Keywords: biodegradation/ bioremediation/ degradation/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt
water/ spill
Notes: A lucid and uncomplicated assessment and description of natural and enhanced biodegradation

of spilled petroleum. Sections on basic petroleum degradation, biodegradation after oil spills, and efforts
to enhance biodegradation at spill sites.
21
Atlas, R. M., C. E. Cerniglia, 1995. Bioremediation of petroelum pollutants. BioScience 45:332-338.
Keywords: bioremediation/ degradation/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ remediation/ spill/
treatment
Notes: A detailed treatment of the process of microbial degradation of petroleum. The author compares
bacterial and fungal actions and discusses examples of the role of microbial degradation at oil spill sites.
Specifics of site remediation and regulatory oversight are also discussed.
Atwood, D. K., R. L. Ferguson, 1982. An example study of the weathering of spilled petroleum in a
tropical marine environment: IXTOC-1. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:1-13.
Keywords: crude oil/ environment/ Ixtoc/ marine environment/ microbes/ movement/ oil/ Onine/
petroleum/ salt water/ sampling/ technical/ water column/ weathered
Notes: A water sampling cruise in September 1979 followed the movement of crude oil from the IXTOC-1
well blowout in June 1979. Petroleum appearance in the water column was described, multiple water
samples were collected and analyzed, and the state of weathering (microbial and physical-chemical) was
determined.
Atwood, D. K., F. J. Burton, J. E. Corredor, G. R. Harvey, A. J. Mata-Jimenez, A. Vasquez-Botello,
B. A. Wade, 1987. Results of the CARIPOL petroleum pollution monitoring project in the wider
Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:540-548.
Keywords: beach/ Caribbean/ dissolved/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ petroleum/
petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ region/ salt water/ tar ball
Notes: A petroleum pollution monitoring project focused on the Caribbean region was initiated in 1979.
Three types of measurement include tar on beaches, floating tar, and total dissolved and dispersed
petroleum hydrocarbons in surface water.
Augenfeld, J. M., J. W. Anderson, D. L. Woodruff, J. L. Webster, 1980. Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude
oil-contaminated sediments on Protothaca staminea (Mollusca: Pelecypoda): hydrocarbon content,
condition index, free amino acid level. Marine Environmental Research 4:135-143.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ amino acids/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ clam/ concentration/
condition/ crude oil/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ index/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe

Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ tissue
Notes: Two species of clams exposed to sediment containing 1237 ppm of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in a
field situation for 38 or 54 da. Measured aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon content of tissue, free amino
acid concentration, and a 'condition index'.
Augenfeld, J. M., 1980. Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil contamination on sediment working rates of
Abarenicola pacifica. Marine Environmental Research 3:307-313.
Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ lugworms/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude
oil/ rate/ salt water/ sediment
Notes: Exposure of lugworms to sediment containing 0, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm of Prudhoe Bay crude oil
for 11 da; measured amount of sediment processed by worms.
Austin, B., R. R. Colwell, J. D. Walker, J. Calomiris, 1977. The application of numerical taxonomy to
the study of petroleum-degrading bacteria isolated from the aquatic environment. Developments in
Industrial Microbiology 60:685-695.
Keywords: bacteria/ Chesapeake/ degradation/ development/ environment/ microbes/ motor oil/ oil/
Oten/ sediment/ taxonomy
Notes: Water and sediment from a polluted and two unpolluted sites in the Chesapeake Bay were the
source of petroleum-degrading bacteria grown on a medium containing motor oil. Bacterial isolates were
identified with a computerized numerical taxonomy program.
Avci, A., M. Kacmaz, I Durak, 2005. Peroxidation in muscle and liver tissues from fish in a contaminated
river due to a petroleum refinery industry. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60 :101-105.
Keywords: antioxidant/ biochemical/ effluent/ fish/ fresh water/ liver/ metabolism/ muscle/ Othree/
oxidation/ petroleum/ physiology/ refinery/ river/ species/ tissue
Notes: One species of fish was collected above (n=21) and below (n=20) an outfall of petroleum refinery
22
effluent in Turkey. Muscle and liver tissue were analyzed for oxidant and antioxidant measures.
Specifically, malondialdehyde, susceptibility to oxidation, antioxidant potential, superoxide dismutase,
glutathione peroxidase, and catalase.
Awad, H., 1988. Oil in Saudian Red Sea territorial waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:287-290.
Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/
petroleum/ Red Sea/ salt water

Notes: Surface water (1 m depth) was collected from four areas of the Red Sea and analyzed for total
aromatic hydrocarbons.
Axiak, V., J. J. George, 1987. Bioenergetic responses of the marine bivalve Venus verrucosa on long-
term exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons. Marine Environmental Research 23:33-47.
Keywords: bivalve/ condition/ crude oil/ feeding/ food/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ long-term/
marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology/ rate/ salt
water
Notes: Exposure of bivalve Venus verrucosa to the water-accomodated fractions of Kuwait crude oil for
145 da. Measured feeding rates, food absorption efficiency, several physiological functions, and body
condition indicies.
Axiax, V., L. J. Saliba, 1981. Effects of surface and sunken crude oil on the behaviour of a sea urchin.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:14-19.
Keywords: behavior/ crude oil/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ sea urchin/ urchin/
weathered
Notes: Exposure of a sea urchin to fresh or weathered surface or sunken crude oil, or water-soluble
fractions of surface fresh crude oil (8, 16, 32 ppm) or sunken fresh crude oil (6, 11, 22 ppm); measured
righting response.
Baars, B J., 2002. The wreckage of the oil tanker 'Erika' human health risk assessment of beach
cleaning, sunbathing and swimming. Toxicology Letters 128:55-68.
Keywords: beach/ bird/ Bunker C/ cleaning/ coast/ composition/ effects/ France/ fuel oil/ hazard/ health/
ingestion/ inhalation/ mammal/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ risk/ risk assessment/ salt water/ skin/ tanker
Notes: The 1999 wreck of the tanker Erika (Bunker C) off the coast of France resulted in 500 km of oiled
beach. A human health risk assessment was conducted to determine the hazard to persons engaged in
beach cleaning or bird cleaning, and tourists. The fuel oil was analyzed and the composition related to
known toxic effects of individual compounds. Evaluated dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion as
potential routes of exposure.
Baca, B. J., C. D. Getter, and J. Lindstedt-Siva 1985. Freshwater oil spill considerations: protection and
cleanup. Pages 385-390 in Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4385. American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Keywords: cleaning/ effects/ environment/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Oseven/

protection/ review/ spill/ vegetation
Notes: A review and evaluation of the effects of oil spills in freshwater environments. Separates spills into
river spills and standing water spills. Provides examples from eight selected freshwater spills and
provides recommendations for protection and cleanup.
Baca, B. J., T. E. Lankford, and E. R. Gundlach 1987. Recovery of Brittany coastal marshes in the eight
years following the Amoco Cadiz incident. Pages 459-464 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API
Publication 4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ coast/ community/ evaluation/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ recovery/ review/
salt water/ species/ spill/ transect/ vegetation/ wetland
Notes: Begins with a review of studies performed on the Brittany coastal marshes in the years 1978-83
after the 1978 Amoco Cadiz spill. The assessment continues with this report of a 1986 evaluation at five
sites along the Brittany coast. Established transects, indentified vegetation, measured the occurrence of
common species, measured vegetative cover, and described geomorphic features.
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Badaway, M. I., I. S. Al-Mujainy, M. D. Hernandez, 1993. Petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in water,
sediment and biota from the Mina al Fahal coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:457-460.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ depth/ hydrocarbons/
invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ salt water/ sediment
Notes: On five occasions between March and November of 1990, water (1 m depth), sediments, and
benthic invertebrates were collected for petroleum analysis. All samples were analyzed for total aromatic
hydrocarbons, whereas sediments were also analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and a suite of 13 PAHs.
Badawy, M. I., R. A. Wahaab, H. F. Abou Waly, 1995. Petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons in water
from Lake Manzala and associated canals. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
55:258-263.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ Egypt/
hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ salt water/ survey/ total hydrocarbons
Notes: A survey of petroleum hydrocarbon and organochlorine concentrations in a shallow coastal lake
and feeder canals near Port Said, Egypt. Twelve locations were sampled for subsurface water; analysis
was for aliphatic hydrocarbons, selected aromatic hydrocarbons, total hydrocarbons, and selected
organochlorine compounds.

Baden, S. P., 1982. Impaired osmoregulation in the shrimp Palaemon adspersus exposed to crude oil
extract. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:208-210.
Keywords: crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ osmoregulation/
salt water/ shrimp
Notes: Exposure of the shrimp Palaemon adspersus to 20, 70, 100, or 200 ppb of water-soluble fraction
of North Sea crude oil for up to 34 da; measured osmoregulation.
Baek, K H., H S. Kim, H M. Oh, B D. Yoon, J. Kim, I S. Lee, 2004. Effects of crude oil, oil
components, and bioremediation on plant growth. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A39:1-8.
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Light crude oil/ assay/ biomass/ bioremediation/
concentration/ corn/ crude oil/ effects/ freshwater plant/ growth/ light/ microbes/ naphthalene/ oil/ Oseven/
PAH/ petroleum/ phenanthrene/ plant/ roots/ seed/ soil/ toxicity
Notes: Soils treated with either Arabian light crude oil, hexadecane, eicosane, naphthalene,
phenanthrene, or pyrene; or biodegraded for 50 da, were used in plant toxicity assays. Bean and corn
seeds were germinated in the treated soil for 14 da, after which shoots and roots were measured,
weighed, and biomass estimated. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration of bioremediated soil was
determined by normalizing results to the squalene peak and comparing to the control.
Bagg, J., J. D. Smith, W. A. Maher, 1981. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments
from estuaries of south-eastern Australia. Austraian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32:65-
73.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Australia/ benzo[a]pyrene/ coast/ distribution/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/
miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ perlene/ salt water/ sediment
Notes: Sediment was collected from a polluted river estuary, part of an urbanized bay, and an estuary
inlet in a rural area in southeast Australia. The samples were analyzed for benzo[a]pyrene and perylene.
Results were compared to other sites along the coast of southeast Australia and in other parts of the
world.
Baillie, S. R., T. J. Stowe, 1984. A comparison between the percentage of seabirds reported as oiled
from ringing recoveries and from the beached bird survey. Seabird 7:47-54.
Keywords: beached bird survey/ bird/ England/ oiled/ Oone/ rate/ recovery/ salt water/ survey
Notes: Comparison of oiling rates among birds from banding recovery and the beached bird survey in
England.

Bajt, O., 2001. The impact of a highway on hydrocarbon content in coastal sediments - a case study.
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 10:59-62.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ evaluation/ highway/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/
offshore/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ Slovenia/ transect
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Notes: An evaluation of the hydrocarbon pollution associated with a coastal highway in Slovenia.
Sediment samples were collected along the highway at 10 m offshore, two locations on a transect
extending to 200 m offshore, three sites along an unpolluted shoreline 10 m offshore, and two samples
well out into the ocean. In addition, a sample of highway runoff water was collected during a spring storm
(runoff water and water at the end of the drain in the ocean). Water and sediments were analyzed for
aromatic hydrocarbons.
Bak, R. P. M., J. H. B. W. Elgershuizen, 1976. Patterns of oil-sediment rejection in corals. Marine
Biology 37 :105-113.
Keywords: behavior/ Caribbean/ coral/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ salt water/ sediment/ species
Notes: Assessment of the sediment rejection behavior of 19 species of Caribbean corals. Compared
rejection of clean sediment particles with sediment-oil particles.
Bak, R. P. M., 1987. Effects of chronic oil pollution on a Caribbean coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin
18:534-539.
Keywords: Aruba/ Caribbean/ chronic/ coast/ coral/ coral reef/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/
pollution/ refinery/ salt water/ species/ survey
Notes: Documentation of the effects of 60 yr of chronic oil pollution near a refinery in Aruba; conducted a
survey of coral species along the coast near the refinery.
Baker, J. H., R. Y. Morita, 1983. A note on the effects of crude oil on microbial activities in a stream
sediment. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 31:149-157.
Keywords: activity/ carbon/ carbon dioxide/ concentration/ creek/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh
water/ freshwater invertebrate/ glucose/ microbes/ mineralization/ nitrogen/ Ofive/ oil/ rate/ sediment/
stream
Notes: Evaluation of the effect of crude oil on microbial activity in freshwater stream sediment. Sediment
from a creek was treated with either of two concentrations of Alaskan crude oil, placed in pots, and
replaced in the creek sediment. Pots were removed after 4, 8, and 16 wks. Measured ethylene (nitrogen

fixation), methane, and carbon dioxide production rates, phosphatase concentrations, and glucose
mineralization.
Baker, J. M., 1978. Marine ecology and oil pollution. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
50:442-449.
Keywords: behavior/ community/ effects/ general effect/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/
monitoring/ Oeight/ oil/ plant/ pollution/ population/ salt water
Notes: A description of the types of field and laboratory studies used by the Oil Pollution Research Unit of
the Field Studies Council (Great Britain) to determine the effects of oil pollution on marine plants and
invertebrates. Major discussion headings are: (1) Factors affecting extent of biological damage; (2)
Monitoring oil pollution effects; and (3) Biological monitoring.
Baker, J. M., L. M. Guzman, P. D. Bartlett, D. I. Little, and C. M. Wilson 1993. Long-term fate and
effects of untreated thick oil deposits on salt marshes. Pages 395-399 in Proceedings 1993 International
Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4580. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ Arabian Light crude oil/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ England/
fate/ fuel oil/ light/ long-term/ marine plant/ Metula/ miscellaneous/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ recovery/ spill/
vegetation/ wetland
Notes: Long-term assessment of the recovery of vegetation in two salt marshes. A 1969 spill of heavy
fuel oil in Milford Haven, England was evaluated 23 yrs later; several previous assessments were also
made. The grounding of the Metula in the Strait of Magellan, Chile in 1974 discharged Light Arabian
crude oil and Bunker C fuel oil. An assessment was made 17 yrs later; previous assessments were also
made.
Baker, J. R., A. M. Jones, T. P. Jones, H. C. Watson, 1981. Otter Lutra lutra L. mortality and marine oil
pollution. Biological Conservation 20:311-321.
Keywords: analysis/ Bunker C/ chemical analysis/ fuel oil/ mammal/ necropsy/ oil/ Otwo/ pathology/
pollution/ salt water/ sea otter/ Shetland/ spill/ stomach
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