CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PARALEGAL ASYSTEMS APPROACH Third Edition pot

CRIMINAL LAW
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CRIMINAL LAW
AND
PROCEDURE
FOR THE
PARALEGAL
ASYSTEMS APPROACH
Third Edition
James W. H. McCord, J. D.
Eastern Kentucky University
Sandra L. McCord, M. A.
Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
WEST LEGAL STUDIES
CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE
A SYSTEMS APPROACH 3E
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McCord, James W. H.
Criminal law and procedure for the
paralegal: a systems approach/James W. H.
McCord and Sandra L. McCord—3rd ed.
p. cm.—(West Legal studies)
ISBN-13 978-1-4018-6564-1
ISBN-10 1-4018-6564-X
1. Criminal law—United States.
2. Criminal procedure—United States.
3. Legal assistants—United States—
Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. McCord,
Sandra L. II. Title. III. Series.
KF9219.3.M33 2005
345.73—dc22
2005010804
To our son
Quinten James McCord
with love
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CONTENTS
TABLE OF EXHIBITS xix
TABLE OF CASES xxi
PREFACE xxxv
1FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINAL LAW 3
I. INTRODUCTION 4
II. OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM 4
A. Rule of Law 4

B. The Constitution 4
C. Separation of Powers 5
D. Police Power 5
III. CRIMINAL LAW 6
A. Purpose of Criminal Law 6
B. Sources of Criminal Law 7
C. Model Penal Code 8
D. Administrative Crime 8
E. International Crime 8
F. Change in the Criminal Law 9
G. Divisions of Criminal Law 9
H. Due Process 9
I. Classification of Crimes 9
IV. PUNISHMENT AND CRIMINAL LAW 10
A. Introduction 10
B. Retribution 10
C. Deterrence 11
D. Rehabilitation 12
V. CRITICAL REASON AND CRIMINAL LAW 13
VI. THE DILEMMA OF CRIME IN A FREE SOCIETY 15
VII. CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES 15
A. Current State of Crime 15
B. Reasons for Drop in Crime 16
C. Special Concerns: Present and Future 16
vii
VIII. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL
LAW 17
A. The Significance of Studying Criminal Law 17
B. About This Text: Applying State Law 18
C. The System Folder 18

IX. SAMPLE CASES 18
A. Case I 19
B. Case II 19
C. Case III 19
D. Case IV 20
E. Case V 20
F. Case VI 21
X. CONCLUSION 21
2ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
AND THE
ROLE OF THE PARALEGAL 27
I. INTRODUCTION 28
II. LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES 28
III. PROSECUTORIAL AGENCIES 29
IV. DEFENSE BAR 30
V. CORRECTIONS AGENCIES 30
VI. CRIMINAL COURT SYSTEM 31
A. Court Structure 31
B. Jurisdiction 31
C. Criminal Procedure 32
VII. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN CRIMINAL LAW PRACTICE 36
A. Introduction 36
B. Adversary System 36
C. Role of the Prosecutor 37
D. Role of the Defense Attorney 38
E. Role of the Judge 40
VIII. ROLE OF THE PARALEGAL 41
A. Paralegal Tasks in Criminal Law Offices 41
B. Paralegal Ethical Responsibilities 42
C. Other Professional Considerations 45

D. Professional Development 45
IX. CONCLUSION 46
3COMPONENTS OF A CRIME 51
I. INTRODUCTION 52
II. HARM OR LIKELY HARM: THE CLASSIFICATION
OF CRIMES 52
III. ACTUS REUS 53
A. Introduction 53
B. Voluntary and Involuntary Acts 53
C. Omissions 54
D. Possession 55
E. Status 56
IV. MENS REA 56
A. Introduction 56
B. Model Penal Code Definitions 57
viii
■ Contents
C. General, Specific, and Transferred Intent 59
D. Concurrence 59
E. Strict Liability 59
V. CAUSATION 61
A. Introduction 61
B. Foreseeable Consequences 62
C. Supervening or Superseding Causes 62
VI. COMPLICITY 63
A. Introduction 63
B. Parties to Crimes 63
C. Actus Reus in Complicity 64
D. Mens Rea in Complicity 65
E. Abandonment 66

VII. VICARIOUS AND CORPORATE LIABILITY 67
A. Introduction 67
B. Vicarious Liability 67
C. Corporate Liability 68
VIII. CONCLUSION 71
4CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS AND CRIMES
AGAINST HABITATION 77
I. INTRODUCTION 78
A. Elements of Crimes 78
B. Lesser Included Offense 78
II. CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS 79
A. Introduction 79
B. Homicide 80
C. Assault and Battery 93
D. Civil Rights Violations 104
E. Sexual Battery 105
F. Criminal Abuse 116
G. Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Custodial Interference 119
III. CRIMES AGAINST HABITATION 123
A. Introduction 123
B. Arson 123
C. Vandalism 125
D. Burglary 125
IV. CONCLUSION 128
5CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY, PUBLIC ORDER
AND
SAFETY, PUBLIC MORALS, AND JUSTICE
AND
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 137
I. INTRODUCTION 138

II. CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY 138
A. Introduction 138
B. Larceny 138
C. Embezzlement 141
D. False Pretenses or Fraud 142
E. Bad Checks 144
F. Receiving Stolen Property 144
Contents ■ ix
G. Forgery and Uttering a Forged Instrument 144
H. Robbery 145
I. Extortion 148
J. Consolidated Theft 149
K. Cybercrimes 152
L. White-Collar Crime 154
III. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY 158
A. Introduction 158
B. Terrorism 159
C. Disorderly Conduct 160
D. Riot 161
E. Vagrancy and Loitering 161
F. Endangering Public Health and Environment 162
G. Use and Distribution of Firearms 163
IV. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS 164
A. Introduction 164
B. Nonviolent Sexual Conduct 164
C. Gambling 169
D. Drug Offenses 169
V. CRIMES AGAINST JUSTICE AND PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION 172
A. Introduction 172

B. Bribery 172
C. Perjury 173
D. Obstruction of Justice 174
E. Resisting Arrest 174
F. Escape 174
G. Contempt of Court 175
VI. CONCLUSION 175
6INCHOATE AND ORGANIZED CRIMES 185
I. INTRODUCTION 186
II. ATTEMPT 187
A. Introduction 187
B. Mens Rea in Attempt 187
C. Actus Reus in Attempt 189
D. Defenses to Attempt 192
III. CONSPIRACY 193
A. Introduction 193
B. Mens Rea in Conspiracy 194
C. Actus Reus in Conspiracy 195
D. Defenses to Conspiracy 199
E. Hearsay Exception 200
F. Problems with Conspiracy 203
IV. SOLICITATION 205
V. RACKETEERING INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT
ORGANIZATIONS (RICO) 206
A. Introduction 206
B. RICO Elements 206
C. Extent of Control 207
D. RICO Conspiracy 207
E. State Organized Crime Statutes 207
VI. CONTINUING CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE (CCE) 207

x
■ Contents
VII. CRIMINAL GANGS 210
VIII. CONCLUSION 211
7DEFENSES 219
I. INTRODUCTION 220
A. Types of Defenses 220
B. Effective Level of Defense 220
C. Burden of Proof 220
II. CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY DEFENSES 221
A. Introduction 221
B. Freedom of Religion 221
C. Freedom of Expression 222
D. Freedom of Assembly 223
E. Double Jeopardy 223
F. Substantive Due Process 225
G. Right to Privacy 226
H. Statute of Limitations 227
III. JUSTIFICATION 227
A. Introduction 227
B. Self-Defense 228
C. Defense of Third Persons 232
D. Defense of Property 233
E. Resisting Unlawful Arrest 233
F. Execution of Public Duties 233
G. Parental Discipline Justification 234
IV. EXCUSE 234
A. Introduction 234
B. Duress 234
C. Necessity 235

D. Entrapment 236
E. Insanity 238
V. MISSING ELEMENTS 244
A. Introduction 244
B. Actus Reus as a Missing Element 244
C. Mens Rea as a Missing Element 245
D. Consent 248
VI. SYNDROMES 249
VII. CONCLUSION 250
8INTAKE AND DRAFTING THE COMPLAINT 259
I. INTRODUCTION 260
II. INTAKE PROCEDURE 260
A. Introduction 260
B. Preparing for Intake 260
C. The Interview 264
D. Counseling the Victim 267
III. DECISION TO CHARGE 268
A. Authority, Limits, and Immunity from Civil Suit 268
B. Joinder of Offenses and Defendants 270
IV. DRAFTING THE COMPLAINT 272
A. Drafting from the Intake Form 272
B. Drafting from the Police Report 273
Contents ■ xi
V. SUMMONS AND WARRANT 274
A. Summons 274
B. Arrest Warrant 275
C. E-Filing and Monitoring 275
D. Checklist for Drafting and Filing the Summons and Warrant 276
VI. DOCKET TRACKING 276
VII. CONCLUSION 277

9SEARCH AND SEIZURE 307
I. INTRODUCTION 308
II. SCOPE OF THE FOURTH AMENDMENT 309
A. State Action 309
B. Reasonable Expectation of Privacy 309
III. WARRANT REQUIREMENTS 317
A. Issuance: Probable Cause, Neutrality, Particularity 317
B. Execution of the Warrant 320
C. Warrant Subsequent to Search: Independent Source 325
D. Officer Liability and the Fourth Amendment 325
IV. EXCEPTIONS TO THE REQUIREMENT FOR A WARRANT 325
A. Introduction 325
B. Arrest 326
C. Stop and Frisk (Investigatory Detention) 330
D. Search Incident to Lawful Arrest 332
E. Plain View 333
F. Motor Vehicle Searches 334
G. Hot Pursuit 339
H. Evanescent Evidence 339
I. Border, Regulatory, and Emergency Searches 340
J. Consent Searches 345
K. Inevitable Discovery 348
L. Community Caretaking Function 348
V. ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE AND THE PATRIOT ACT 351
VI. SECRET AGENTS 353
VII. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE 354
VIII. CONCLUSION 357
10 CONFESSIONS AND PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION
PROCEDURES 363
I. INTRODUCTION 364

II. THE FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-
INCRIMINATION 364
A. Introduction 364
B. Who Is Protected by the Right
Against Self-Incrimination? 365
C. In What Kinds of Hearings May the Right be Exercised? 366
D. What Is Incriminating Testimony? 366
E. When Can Incriminating Testimony be Compelled? 366
F. How Far Does a Waiver of the Right Extend? 368
G. When Is Evidence Testimonial? 368
III. CONFESSIONS AND INTERROGATION: MIRANDA 368
A. Introduction 368
xii
■ Contents
B. Miranda 376
C. Issues Miranda Left Unanswered 377
D. Effect of Denial of Right to Counsel (Massiah) and Harmless
Error 385
E. Challenging a Confession 386
F. The Paralegal’s Role 386
IV. LINEUPS, ONE-ON-ONE SHOW-UPS, AND PHOTO
IDENTIFICATIONS 388
A. Introduction 388
B. The Right to Counsel at Pretrial Identification 389
C. Due Process and Pretrial Identifications 389
V. CONCLUSION 390
11 PRETRIAL: INITIAL APPEARANCE
TO
PRELIMINARY HEARING 399
I. INTRODUCTION 400

II. INITIAL APPEARANCE 400
A. Introduction 400
B. Notice of Rights and Determination of Indigency 400
C. Bail 402
D. Initial Appearance: Paralegal’s Role 404
III. PRETRIAL DETENTION 409
A. Conditions of Confinement 409
B. Duty to Confirm Identity of Detainee 409
C. Terrorism and Detention Issues 409
D. Rocket Dockets 410
IV. INTERVIEWING 410
A. Introduction 410
B. Interviewing the Defendant 410
C. Interviewing Witnesses 416
D. Ethical Considerations 417
E. Dealing with the Difficult Client 417
F. Interview Summaries 418
V. OTHER PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION AND PREPARATION 419
A. Defense 419
B. Prosecution 419
C. Preparing Questions for the Preliminary Hearing 420
VI. PRELIMINARY HEARING 421
VII. EXTRADITION 423
VIII. CONCLUSION 423
12 PRETRIAL: GRAND JURY TO PRETRIAL
CONFERENCE 437
I. INTRODUCTION 438
II. GRAND JURY AND INDICTMENT 438
A. Introduction 438
B. Composition 438

C. Powers 439
D. Autonomy and Secrecy 440
E. Procedure 440
Contents ■ xiii
F. The Paralegal’s Role: Prosecution 441
G. The Paralegal’s Role: Defense 442
III. THE INFORMATION 444
IV. ARRAIGNMENT 444
A. Introduction 444
B. The Paralegal’s Role 445
V. DISCOVERY 446
A. Introduction 446
B. The Law on Discovery 446
C. Exculpatory Evidence 447
D. Discovery Procedure and the Paralegal’s Role 448
VI. OTHER INVESTIGATION 451
VII. PRETRIAL MOTIONS 452
A. Introduction 452
B. Procedure 452
C. Common Pretrial Motions 452
VIII. NOTICE OF DEFENSES 454
IX. PLEA BARGAINING 455
X. THE RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL 457
XI. PRETRIAL CONFERENCE 458
XII. CONCLUSION 458
13 TRIAL: RIGHTS, PROCEDURE, TASKS 481
I. INTRODUCTION 482
II. TRIAL RIGHTS 482
A. The Right to a Jury Trial 482
B. The Right to Counsel 483

C. The Rights of Presence and Confrontation 484
D. The Right to Present Witnesses, to Testify, or Not to Testify 486
III. FAIR TRIAL VERSUS FREE PRESS AND PUBLIC ACCESS 486
IV. THE PARALEGAL’S ROLE IN PREPARATION FOR TRIAL 487
A. Introduction 487
B. The Trial Notebook 487
C. Preparation of Client and Witnesses 488
D. Trial Materials 488
V. TRIAL PROCEDURE AND THE PARALEGAL’S ROLE 489
A. Voir Dire 489
B. Opening Statements 493
C. The Prosecution’s Case and the Presentation of Evidence 493
D. Defense Cross-Examination of Prosecution’s Witnesses 499
E. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal 499
F. Defendant’s Case in Chief 500
G. Prosecution’s Rebuttal and Defendant’s Rejoinder 500
H. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal or Directed Verdict 500
I. Jury Instruction Conference 501
J. Closing Arguments 501
K. Judge’s Instructions to the Jury 502
L. Jury Deliberation 502
M. Jury Verdict and Polling 504
VI. POSTTRIAL MOTIONS 504
A. Purpose 504
B. Types of Posttrial Motions 504
VII. CONCLUSION 505
xiv
■ Contents
14 SENTENCING, PUNISHMENT, AND REVIEW 515
I. INTRODUCTION 516

A. Goals 516
B. Setting and Serving the Sentence 516
C. Review 517
II. FORMS OF PUNISHMENT 517
A. Introduction 517
B. Capital Punishment 518
C. Incarceration 525
D. Fines 526
E. Restitution 527
F. Forfeiture 527
G. Probation 528
III. SENTENCING STATUTES AND GUIDELINES 529
A. Sentencing Statutes 529
B. Three Strikes Laws and Mandatory Minimums 529
C. Sentencing Guidelines 530
IV. SENTENCING PROCEDURE 531
A. Introduction 531
B. Capital Sentencing 531
C. Presentence Report 531
D. Alternative Sentencing Plan 532
E. The Sentencing Hearing 533
V. SERVING THE SENTENCE 538
A. Revocation of Probation 538
B. Parole and Its Revocation 538
C. Rights and Responsibilities of Prisoners 539
VI. APPEALS 540
A. Introduction 540
B. Basis for Appeal 541
C. Appellate Procedure 542
VII. THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS 544

A. Introduction 544
B. Criteria for Access to Habeas Corpus 545
C. Habeas Corpus Procedure 546
VIII. CONCLUSION 546
APPENDIX A: SYSTEM FOLDER CONTENTS 587
APPENDIX B: EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA 593
GLOSSARY 599
SPANISH GLOSSARY 605
INDEX 609
Contents ■ xv
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PHOTO CREDITS
xvii
2: © Reza Estakhrian/Getty Images. 26: Creatas/Dynamic Graphics Inc. 50: © Roger Allyn Lee/SuperStock.
76: © Getty Images. 136: Chris Ryan/Getty Images. 184: Spencer Platt/Getty Images. 218: © Kevin/
CORBIS. 258: © Viviane Moos/CORBIS. 306: © Getty Images. 362: Tom Hussey/Getty Images.
398: PICTUREQUEST. 436: PICTUREQUEST. 480: © CORBIS. 514: © David J. Sams/Getty Images.
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TABLE OF EXHIBITS
xix
1–1 Regional Violent and Property Crime
Rates 16
2–1 Federal Criminal Courts 32
2–2 Tracking a Case Through the Criminal Justice
System 33
2–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Presumption of
Innocence—Burden of Proof—Reasonable
Doubt 35
3–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Knowingly—

Defined; Deliberate Ignorance 58
3–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Unlawful Sale of
Alcoholic Beverage 61
3–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Aiding and
Abetting 63
4–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Assault with
Dangerous Weapon [18 U.S.C.
§ 113(c)] 95
4–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Second-Degree
Burglary 127
4–3 Common Elements of Crimes 128
5–1 Levels of Possession in Theft 142
5–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Theft or
Embezzlement by Bank Officer or
Employee (18 U.S.C. § 656) 149
5–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Intentional Damage
to a Protected Computer (18 U.S.C.
§ 1030(a)(5)(A) and (3)(2)(A)&(B)) 153
5–4 Sample Jury Instructions: Disorderly
Conduct 160
5–5 Sample Jury Instructions: Controlled
Substance—Possession with Intent to
Distribute [21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)] 172
5–6 Sample Jury Instructions: Bribery of Public
Official [18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(1)] 173
5–7 Common Elements of Crimes 176
6–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Attempt;
“A Substantial Step”—Defined 188
6–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Conspiracy—
Elements 204

6–3 Increments of Inchoate Crimes 212
6–4 Inchoate Crimes 213
6–5 Organized Crimes 214
7–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Entrapment 237
7–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Insanity 241
7–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Insanity 242
7–4 Sample Jury Instructions: Alibi 245
7–5 Defenses 250
8–1 Standardized Intake Form 277
8–2 Standardized Criminal Complaint:
Federal 279
8–3 Standardized Criminal Complaint: State 280
8–4 Standardized Summons 281
8–5 Standardized Arrest Warrant: Federal 283
8–6 Standardized Arrest Warrant: State 285
8–7 Assault Counseling Brochure 286
8–8 Victim Impact Statement 288
8–9 Crime Victim Claim Form 290
8–10 Completed Criminal Complaint (Cordoba
Case) 298
8–11 Standardized Crime Report 299
8–12 Arrest Warrant (Completed) 301
9–1 Application and Affidavit for Search
Warrant 321
9–2
Sample Warrant and Inventory 322
9–3 Exceptions to the Fourth Amendment
Requirement for a Warrant 349
10–1 Defense Motion to Suppress Confession 387
10–2 Prosecution Response to Defense Motion to

Suppress Confession 388
11–1 Uniform Bail Schedule (Sample Page) 424
11–2 Order Setting Conditions of Release 425
11–3 Pretrial Services Interview Form 428
11–4 Sample Printout of NCIC Search 405
11–5 Release of Information (HIPAA) 430
11–6 Motion to Reduce Bond 431
12–1 Grand Jury Docket 459
12–2 Grand Jury Subpoena 460
12–3 Indictment Form 462
12–4 Motion to Dismiss Indictment 463
12–5 Motion for Bill of Particulars 464
12–6 Bill of Particulars 465
12–7 Arraignments 466
12–8 Motion for Discovery in Routine Case 466
12–9 Motion for Discovery in Murder Case 468
12–10 Motion for Sanctions for Failure to Provide
Timely Discovery 475
12–11 Pretrial Motion for Separate Trials 476
13–1 Juror Attitude Survey: Instruction Sheet for
Pollsters Plus Survey Questions 505
13–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Direct and
Circumstantial Evidence 497
13–3 Motion for Judgment of Acquittal (at Close of
State’s Case) 508
13–4 Motion for a New Trial 509
14–1 Appeals Chart 518
14–2 Number of Persons under Correctional
Supervision 525
14–3 Number of Persons in Custody of State

Correctional Authorities by Most Serious
Offense, 1980–2001 526
14–4 Sample Presentence Report 547
14–5 Sample Motion for Probation with Alternative
Sentencing Plan 565
14–6 Judgment of Sentence of Probation 571
14–7 Disposition of Federal Criminal Appeals 541
14–8 Federal Notice of Appeal 572
14–9 Affidavit in Support of Motion to Proceed on
Appeal in Forma Pauperis 572
14–10 Federal Application for Habeas Corpus 573
xx ■ Table of Exhibits
TABLE OF CASES
xxi
Abel v. U.S., 80 S.Ct. 683 (1960). 357
Acevedo, California v., 111 S.Ct. 39 (1991). 335
Acevedo-Ramos v. U.S., 961 F.2d 305 (1st Cir.
1992). 227
Acosta, People v., 284 Cal. Rptr. 117 (Cal. App.
1991). 131
Acosta, People v., 609 N.E.2d 518 (N.Y. 1993). 189
Acton, Vernonia School District 47 v., 115 S.Ct. 2386
(1995). 342
Adami, People v., 111 Cal. Rptr. 544 (Cal. App.
1973). 215
Adams v. Williams, 92 S.Ct. 1921 (1972). 331
Adams, State v., 605 A.2d 1097 (N.J. 1992). 380
Addy v. State, 849 S.W.2d 425 (Tex. App. 1993). 486
Aguilar, People v., 53 Cal. Rptr.2d 731 (Cal. 1996). 95
Aguilar v. Texas, 84 S.Ct. 1509 (1964). 317, 318

Aguilar, U.S. v., 967 F.2d 111 (5th Cir. 1992). 144
Aguilar, U.S. v., 883 F.2d 662 (9th Cir. 1989). 235
Agurs, U.S. v., 96 S.Ct. 2392 (1976). 44
Ake v. Oklahoma, 105 S.Ct. 1087 (1985). 486
Akins v. U.S., 679 A.2d 1017 (D.C. App. 1996). 309
Albers, U.S. v., 226 F.3d 989 (9th Cir. 2000). 57
Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 86
S.Ct. 194 (1965). 367, 372
Alford, North Carolina v., 91 S.Ct. 160 (1970). 445, 455
Allen v. Illinois, 106 S.Ct. 2988 (1986). 366
Allen v. State, 453 A.2d 1166 (Del. 1982). 102
Allen v. U.S., 17 S.Ct. 154 (1896). 503
Allen, Illinois v., 90 S.Ct. 1057 (1970). 484, 485
Allen, People v., 25 Cal. Rptr. 26 (Cal. App.
1993). 60
Almeida-Sanchez v. U.S., 93 S.Ct. 2535 (1973). 341
Alston v. State, 662 A.2d 247 (Md. 1995). 84
Alvarez-Machain, U.S. v., 112 S.Ct. 2188 (1992). 328
Alward v. State, 912 P.2d 243 (Nev. 1996). 311
American Booksellers Foundation v. Dean, 342 F.3d
(2d Cir. 2003). 166
Amos v. U.S., 255 U.S. 313, 41 S.Ct. 266 (1921). 347
Anders v. California, 187 S.Ct. 1396 (1967). 543
Anderson, State v., 631 A.2d 1149 (Conn. 1993). 229
Andreas, Illinois v., 103 S.Ct. 3319 (1983). 313
Andresen v. Maryland, 96 S.Ct. 2737 (1976). 320
Angiulo, U.S. v., 847 F.2d 956 (1st Cir. 1988). 206
Apfelbaum, U.S. v., 100 S.Ct. 948 (1980). 367
Apodaca v. Oregon, 92 S.Ct. 1628 (1972). 483
ApolloMedia Corp. v. Reno, 19 F.Supp.2d 1081 (N.D.

Cal. 1998) 166
ApolloMedia Corp. v. Reno, 119 S.Ct. 1450
(1999). 166
Apprendi v. N.J., 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000). 104, 273,
526, 530, 531
Arave v. Creech, 113 S.Ct. 1534 (1993). 519
Argersinger v. Hamlin, 92 S.Ct. 2006 (1972). 30, 483
Arias v. State, 593 So.2d 260 (Fla. App. 1992). 214
Armstrong, U.S. v., 116 S.Ct. 1480 (1996). 269
Arnold v. State, 510 N.E.2d 167 (Ind. 1987). 120
Arthurs, U.S. v., 73 F.3d 444 (1st Cir. 1996). 234
Artuz v. Bennett, 121 S.Ct. 361 (2000). 546
Arvizu, U.S. v., 122 S.Ct. 744 (2002). 330
Ash, U.S. v., 413 U.S. 300 (1973). 389
Ashcroft, v. Free Speech Coalition, (2002). 166
Ashe v. Swenson, 90 S.Ct. 1189 (1970). 225
Askew, State v., 716 A.2d 36 (Conn. 1998). 495
Atkins v. Virginia, 122 S.Ct. 2242 (2002). 519
Atwater v. Lago Vista, 121 S.Ct. 1536 (2001). 328, 330
Austin v. U.S., 113 S.Ct. 2801 (1993). 527
Avila, People v., 770 P.2d 1330 (Colo. App.
1988). 145
B.C. v. Plumas Unified School District, 192 F.3d 1260
(9th Cir. 1999). 342
Baca v. State, 742 P.2d 1043 (N.M. 1987). 237
Backun v. U.S., 112 F.2d 635 (4th Cir. 1940). 65
Bagley, U.S. v., 105 S.Ct. 3375 (1985). 447
Bailey, People v., 657 N.E.2d 953 (Ill. 1995). 103
Bailey v. U.S., 116 S.Ct. 501 (1995). 164
Bajakajian, U.S. v., 118 S.Ct. 2028 (1998). 527

Baker, State v., 976 P.2d 1132 (Ore. 1999). 483
Ballew v. Georgia, 98 S.Ct. 1029 (1978). 483
Balsys, U.S. v., 118 S.Ct. 2218 (1998). 365
Bani, State v., 36 P.3d 1255 (Haw. 2002). 107
Banks, People v., 799 N.E.2d 503 (Ill. App. 2003). 120
Banks, U.S. v., 124 S.Ct. 521 (2003). 320
Barker v. Wingo, 92 S.Ct. 2182 (1972). 457
Barrett v. State, 618 So.2d 269 (Fla. App. 1993). 353
Bartlett, State v., 830 P.2d 823 (Ariz. 1992). 106
Bartlett, State v., 525 N.W.2d 237 (Neb. App. 1994). 62
Bash, State v., 925 P.2d 978 (Wash. 1996). 60
Bass v. Singletary, 143 F.3d 1442 (11th Cir. 1998). 540
Bass v. State, 950 S.W.2d 940 (Mo. Ct. App. 1997). 66
Bass, U.S. v., 122 S.Ct. 2389 (2002). 269
Batson v. Kentucky, 106 S.Ct. 1712 (1986). 439, 490
Bazeley, The King v., 168 Eng. Rep. 517 (K.B.
1799). 141
Beach v. State, 512 N.E.2d 440 (Ind. App. 1987). 102
Beardsley, People v., 113 N.W. 1128 (Mich. 1907). 71
Beaudry, State v., 365 N.W.2d 593 (Wis. 1985). 72
Bechtel v. State, 840 P.2d 1 (Okl. Cr. 1992). 249
Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89 (1964). 311
Becker, State v., 935 P.2d 1321 (Wash. 1997). 170
Behrel v. State, 823 A.2d 696 (Md. App. 2003). 319
Bell v. Wolfish, 99 S.Ct. 1861 (1979). 409
Bell, State v., 805 P.2d 815 (Wash. App. 1991). 228
Belton, New York v., 101 S.Ct. 2860 (1981). 333, 335
Benn v. Lambert, 283 F.3d 1040 (9th Cir. 2002). 496
Bennis v. Michigan, 116 S.Ct. 994 (1996). 528
Berger v. New York, 87 S.Ct. 1873 (1967). 351

Berkemer v. McCarty, 104 S.Ct. 3138 (1984). 377
Berrigan, U.S. v., 285 F.Supp. 336 (4th Cir. 1969). 248
Bertine, Colorado v., 107 S.Ct. 738 (1987). 338
Bibo-Rodriguez, U.S. v., 922 F.2d 1398 (9th Cir.
1991). 495
Bigelow v. State, 768 P.2d 558 (Wyo. 1989). 200
Binnie v. State, 583 A.2d 1037 (Md. 1991). 247
Birch, State v., 479 N.W.2d, 284 (Iowa 1991). 146
Bishop v. State, 356 S.E.2d 503 (Ga. 1987). 233
Biswell, U.S. v., 92 S.Ct. 1593 (1972). 340
Black, Virginia v., 123 S. Ct. 1536 (2003). 104
Blackledge v. Allison, 97 S.Ct. 1621 (1977). 456
Blackledge v. Perry, 94 S.Ct. 2098 (1974). 269
Blair, U.S. v., 54 F.3d 639 (10th Cir. 1995). 169
Blake, U.S. v., 888 F.2d 795 (11th Cir. 1989). 348
Blakely v. Washington, 124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004). 273, 530
Blockburger v. U.S., 52 S.Ct. 180 (1932). 101, 229
Blocker, U.S. v., 354 F.Supp. 1195 (D.C.D.C. 1973). 379
Blotcher, U.S. v., 142 F.3d 728 (4th Cir. 1998). 510
Blow, State v., 602 A.2d 552 (Vt. 1991). 353
Board of Education of Independent School District
No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls, 122
S.Ct. 2559 (2002). 342
Boardman v. Estelle, 957 F.2d 1523 (9th Cir.
1992). 582
Boehm, State v., 379 N.W.2d 874 (Wis. App.
1985). 205
Bond v. U.S., 529 U.S. 334 (2000). 313
Bond, U.S. v., 167 F.3d 225 (5th Cir. 1999). 313
Bonner, State v., 411 S.E.2d 598 (N.C. 1992). 84

Booker, U.S. v., 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005). 493
Booth v. Maryland, 107 S.Ct. 2529 (1987). 533
Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 98 S.Ct. 663 (1978). 269, 455
Bostick, Florida v., 111 S.Ct. 2382 (1991). 331, 347
Bounds v. Smith, 97 S.Ct. 1491 (1977). 539
Bourjaily v. U.S., 107 S.Ct. 2775 (1987). 485
Bowers v. Hardwick, 106 S.Ct. 2841 (1986). 165
Boykin v. Alabama, 89 S.Ct. 1709 (1969). 455
Brady v. Maryland, 83 S.Ct. 1194 (1963). 447, 448
Brady v. U.S., 90 S.Ct. 1463 (1970). 455
Branch, U.S. v., 91 F.3d 699 (5th Cir. 1996). 228
Brandt, State v., 992 P.2d 1034 (Wash. App.
2000). 443
Brandyberry, People v., 812 P.2d 674 (Colo. App.
1990). 253
Branzburg v. Hayes, 92 S.Ct. 2646 (1972). 441
Braverman v. U.S., 63 S.Ct. 99 (1942). 196
Brennan, State v., 775 A.2d 919 (Vt. 2001). 180
Brewer, State v., 932 S.W.2d 1 (Tenn. Cr. App.
1996) 248
Brewer v. Williams, 97 S.Ct. (1977). 385
Bridges, State v., 329 A.2d 247 (Me. 2003). 391
Brignoni-Ponce, U.S. v., 95 S.Ct. 2574 (1975). 341
Brinegar v. U.S., 69 S.Ct. 1302 (1949). 317, 356
Brogan v. U.S., 118 S.Ct. 805 (1998). 365
Bronston v. U.S., 409 U.S. 352 (1973). 173
Brooker v. Commonwealth, 587 S.E.3d 732 (Va. App.
2003). 205
Brooks v. State, 584 A.2d 82 (Md. App. 1991). 227
Brosnan, State v., 608 A.2d 49 (Conn. 1992). 233

Brosseau v. Haugen, 125 S.Ct. 596 (2004). 328
Brown v. Boise-Cascade Corp., 946 P.2d 324 (Or.
App. 1997). 495
Brown v. Hammond, 810 F.Supp. 644 (E.D. Pa.
1993). 44
Brown v. Ohio, 97 S.Ct. 2221 (1977). 224
Brown v. Texas, 99 S.Ct. 2637 (1979). 331, 343, 345
Brown v. Walker, 16 S.Ct. 644 (1896). 367
Brown, Commonwealth v., 605 A.2d 429 (Pa.
1992). 95
Brown, People v., 277 Cal. Rptr. 309 (Cal. App.
1991). 214
Brown, State v., 931 P.2d 69 (N.M. 1996). 246
Brown, State v., 364 A.2d 27 (N.J. 1976). 248
xxii
■ Table of Cases
Brown, U.S. v., 352 F.3d 654 (2nd Cir. 2003). 490
Bruton v. U.S, 88 S.Ct. 1620 (1968). 271
Bryan v. U.S., 118 S.Ct. 1939 (1998). 163
Bryant v. State, 574 A.2d 29 (Md. App. 1990). 228
Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 113 S.Ct. 2606 (1993). 270
Bucuvalas, U.S. v., 909 F.2d 593 (1st Cir. 1990). 200
Buggs, State v., 806 P.2d 1381 (Ariz. Ct. App.
1990). 228
Buie, Maryland v., 110 S.Ct. 1093 (1990). 333
Bull, State v., 611 A.2d 672 (N.J. 1992). 140
Bullock, People v., 277 Cal. Rptr. 63 (Cal. App.
1990). 339
Bumper v. North Carolina, 88 S.Ct. 1788 (1968). 347
Burch v. Louisiana, 99 S.Ct. 1623 (1979). 483

Burdeau v. McDowell, 41 S.Ct. 574 (1921). 309
Burger, New York v., 107 S.Ct. 2636 (1987). 340
Burk v. State, 848 P.2d 225 (Wyo. 1993). 197
Burns v. Reed, 111 S.Ct. 1934 (1991). 270
Burns v. U.S., 111 S.Ct. 2182 (1991). 530
Burston, U.S. v., 159 F.3d 1328 (11th Cir. 1998). 317
Busacca, U.S. v., 936 F.2d 232 (6th Cir. 1991). 142
Buswell, State v., 460 N.W.2d 614, (Minn. 1990)
certiorari denied, 111 S.Ct. 1107 (1991). 309
Butler, North Carolina v., 99 S.Ct. 1755 (1979). 379
Butt, State v., 656 A.2 1225 (Me. 1995). 120, 122-123
Byers, California v., 91 S.Ct. 1535 (1971). 367
Illinois v. Caballes, 125 S.Ct. 834 (2005). 316, 332
Cabrera-Teran, U.S. v., 168 F.3d 141 (5th Cir.
1999). 442
Cady v. Dombrowski, 93 S.Ct. 2523 (1973). 348
Calandra, U.S. v., 94 S.Ct. 613 (1974). 354, 440
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798). 226
Callaway, State v., 317 N.W.2d 428 (Wis. 1982), cert.
denied, 459 U.S. 967 (1982). 338
Camara v. Municipal Court, 87 S.Ct. 1727 (1967). 340
Campbell v. Louisiana, 118 S.Ct. 1419 (1998). 439
Campbell, People v., 532 N.E.2d 86 (N.Y. 1988). 188
Campos, State v., 921 P.2d 1266 (N.M. 1996). 246
Capparelli, People v., 603 N.Y.S.2d 99 (N.Y. Sup.
1993). 156
Caracciola, Commonwealth v., 569 N.E.2d 774
(Mass. 1991). 107
Cardoza-Hinojosa, U.S. v., 140 F.3d 610 (5th Cir.
1998). 312

Cardwell v. Lewis, 94 S.Ct. 2464 (1974). 313, 337
Carmell v. Texas, 120 S.Ct. 1620 (2000). 226
Carney, California v., 105 S.Ct. 2066 (1985). 334
Carnley v. Cochran, 82 S.Ct. 884 (1962). 379
Carpenter, U.S. v., 142 F.3d 333 (6th Cir. 1998). 530
Carroll v. U.S., 45 S.Ct. 280 (1925). 334, 336,
341, 542
Carroll v. U.S., 77 S.Ct. 1332 (1957). 542
Carruthers v. State, 528 S.E.2d 217 (Ga. 2000). 502
Carter v. Kentucky, 101 S.Ct. 1112 (1981). 367
Carter, Minnesota v., 119 S.Ct. 469 (1998). 314-316
Casanova, Commonwealth v., 708 N.E.2d 86 (Mass.
1999). 80
Castaneda v. Partida, 97 S.Ct. 1272 (1977). 439
Castellano v. Fragozo, 352 F.3d 939 (5th Cir.
2003). 270
Castillo v. U.S., 120 S.Ct. 2090 (2000). 164
Chadwick, U.S. v., 97 S.Ct. 2476 (1977). 333, 335
Chamber, Commonwealth v., 599 A.2d 630 (Pa.
1991). 502
Chambers v. Mississippi, 93 S.Ct. 1038 (1973). 486
Chandler, Commonwealth v., 722 S.W.2d 899 (Ky.
1987). 117
Chandler v. Florida, 101 S.Ct. 802 (1981). 487
Chandler v. Miller, 117 S.Ct. 1295 (1997). 341
Chaney v. State, 267 So.2d 65 (Fla. 1972). 393
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 62 S.Ct. 766
(1942). 222
Chapman v. California, 87 S.Ct. 824 (1967). 542
Charbonneau, U.S. v., 979 F.Supp. 1177 (S.D. Ohio

1997). 313
Chavez v. Martinez, 123 S.Ct. 1994 (2003). 381-384
Chesternut, Michigan v., 108 S.Ct. 1875 (1988). 326
Childs, State v., 728 N.E.2d 379 (Ohio 2000). 198
Chimel v. California, 89 S.Ct. 2034 (1969). 332,
333, 335
Christie, Commonwealth v., 98 S.W. 3d 485
(2003). 496
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of
Hialeah, 113 S.Ct. 2217 (1993). 222
Ciraolo, California v., 106 S.Ct. 1809 (1986). 312
Citrino, People v., 90 Cal. Rptr. 80 (Cal. App.
1970). 392
Clabo, State v., 905 S.W.2d 197 (Tenn. Cr. App. 1995).
114-116
Clark v. Commonwealth, 833 S.W.2d 793 (Ky.
1991). 502
Clark v. Commonwealth, 472 S.E.2d 663 (Va. App.
1996). 126
Clark v. State, 667 S.W.2d 906 (Tex. App. 1984). 125
Class, New York v., 106 S.Ct. 960 (1986). 313
Clay v. Commonwealth, 414 S.E.2d 432 (Va. App.
1992). 146
Clay v. U.S., 123 S.Ct. 1072 (2003). 546
Cleaves, People v., 280 Cal. Rptr. 146 (Cal. App.
1991). 87
Cleveland v. U.S., 121 S.Ct. 365 (2000). 143
Clifford, Michigan v. 104 S.Ct. 641 (1984). 340
Coates v. City of Cincinnati, 91 S.Ct. 1686
(1971). 226

Cobb, Texas v., 121 S.Ct. 1335 (2001). 385
Cobb, U.S. v., 144 F.3d 319 (4th Cir. 1998). 146
Cockrell v. Burdine, 122 S.Ct. 2347 (2002). 483
Codispoti v. Pennsylvania, 94 S.Ct. 2687 (1974). 482
Coe, People v., 564 N.Y.S.2d 255 (N.Y. App. 1990). 145
Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp. (1949). 406
Table of Cases ■ xxiii
Coker v. Georgia, 97 S.Ct. 2861 (1977). 105, 520
Coleman v. Alabama, 90 S.Ct. 1999 (1970). 422
Coleman v. State, 846 P.2d 141 (Alaska App.
1993). 179
Coleman v. Thompson, 111 S.Ct. 2546 (1991). 582
Coleman, State v., 556 N.W.2d 70 (Wis. 1996). 236
Colten v. Kentucky, 92 S.Ct. 1953 (1972). 161
Comber v. U.S., 584 A.2d 26 (D.C. App. 1990). 88-89
Compassion in Dying v. Washington, 79 F.3d 790
(9th Cir. 1996). 87
Connelly, Colorado, v., 107 S.Ct. 515 (1986). 379
Cook, People v. (Pomona Super. Ct. 1998). 62
Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 91 S.Ct. 2022 (1971).
324, 334
Cooper v. People, 97 S.C. 662 (Colo. 1999). 59
Cooper v. State, 587 S.E.2d 605 (Ga. 2003). 346-347
Cooper, Commonwealth v., 899 S.W.2d 75 (Ky.
1995). 393
Costello v. U.S., 76 S.Ct. 406 (1956). 440
Counts v. State, 376 So.2d 59 (Fla. App. 1979). 541
Cox, U.S. v., 942 F.2d 1282 (8th Cir. 1991). 195
Craig, Maryland v., 110 S.Ct. 3157 (1990). 484-485
Crane, Kansas v., 122 S.Ct. 867 (2002). 108

Crawford v. Washington, 124 S.Ct. 1254 (2004).
485, 494
Creek v. State, 588 N.E.2d 1319 (Ind. App. 1992). 126
Crimmins, U.S. v., 123 F.2d 271 (2d Cir. 1941). 195
Crisafi, State v., 614 A.2d 620 (N.J. 1992). 484
Crosby v. Delaware, 824 A.2d 894 (Del. 2003). 529
Cruz v. State, 465 So.2d 516 (Fla. 1985). 238
Cubbage, In re Detention of, 671 N.W.2d 442 (Iowa
2003). 243
Curtis, State v., 603 A.2d 356 (Vt. 1991). 193
Cutter v. Wilkinson, 349 F.3d 257 (6th Cir. 2003) cert.
granted 125 S.Ct. 308 (2004). 539
Cuyler v. Sullivan, 100 S.Ct. 1708 (1980). 484
Dalia v. U.S., 99 S.Ct. 1682 (1979). 352
D’Amour, Commonwealth v., 704 N.E.2d 1166
(Mass. 1999). 224
Daoud, State v., 679 A.2d 577 (N.H. 1996). 254
Darty v. State, 994 S.W.2d 215 (Tx. App. 1999). 233
Datcher, U.S. v., 830 F.Supp. 411 (M.D. Tenn.
1993). 503
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 113
S.Ct. 2786 (1993). 496
Davenpeck v. Alford, 125 S.Ct. (2005). 328
Davis v. Mississippi, 89 S.Ct. 1394 (1969). 326
Davis, People v., 30 Cal. Rptr.2d 50, (Cal. 1994). 81
Davis, People v., 958 P.2d 1083 (Cal. 1998). 126
Davis, People v., 392 N.Y.S.2d 195 (N.Y. 1977). 62
Davis, State v., 356 S.E.2d 607 (N.C. App. 1987). 57
Davis v. U.S., 114 S.Ct. 2350 (1994). 380
Davis v. U.S., 93 S.Ct. 1577 (1973). 545

Davis, U.S. v., 978 F.2d 415 (8th Cir. 1992). 154
Davis, U.S. v., 174 F.3d 941 (8th Cir. 1999). 400
Day, People v., 2 Cal. Rptr.2d 916 (Cal. App.
1992). 483
Degren v. State, 722 A.2d 887 (Md. 1999). 131
DeJesus, U.S. v., 347 F.3d 500 (3rd Cir. 2003). 490
Dellinger, U.S. v., 472 F.2d 340 (7th Cir. 1972), cert.
denied, 93 S.Ct. 1443 (1973). 485
DeMarco v. U.S., 94 S.Ct. 1185 (1974). 448
Dennis v. U.S., 71 S.Ct. 857 (1951). 203
Deperna, People v., 768 N.Y.S. 2d 238 (N.Y.A.D.
2003). 95
Dew v. State, 439 N.E.2d 624 (Ind. 1982). 125
DeZarn, U.S. v., 157 F.3d 1042 (6th Cir. 1998). 174
Diaz, U.S. v., 176 F.3d 52 (2nd Cir. 1999). 207
Dickerson, Minnesota v., 113 S.Ct. 2130 (1993).
332, 334
Dickerson v. U.S., 120 S.Ct. 2326 (2000). 377
Diehl v. State, 451 A.2d 115 (Md. 1982). cert. denied,
103 S.Ct. 1798 (1983). 222
Direct Sales v. U.S., 63 S.Ct. 1265 (1943). 195
Dixon v. State, 605 So.2d 960 (Fla. App. 1992). 485
Dobry, State v., 250 N.W. 702 (Iowa 1933). 60
Doe v. Renfrow, 631 F.2d 91 (7th Cir. 1980) cert.
denied 451 U.S. 1022 (1981). 342
Doe, Connecticut Dep’t. of Public Safety v., 123 S.Ct.
1160 (2003). 107
Doe, In Interest of, 869 P.2d 1304 (Haw. 1994). 103
Doe, U.S. v., 104 S.Ct. 1237 (1984). 366, 443
Donovan v. Dewey, 101 S.Ct. 2534 (1981). 340

Doran, Michigan v., 99 S.Ct. 530 (1978). 423
Dorman v. U.S., 435 F.2d 385 (D.C. Cir. 1970). 339
Dornhofer, U.S. v., 859 F.2d 1195 (4th Cir. 1988). 319
Dougherty, U.S. v., 473 F.2d 1113 (D.C. Cir.
1972). 503
Douglas v. California, 83 S.Ct. 814 (1963).
373, 543
Douglas v. State, 652 So.2d 887 (Fla. App. 1995). 85
Dow Chemical v. U.S., 106 S.Ct. 1819 (1986). 312
Dowd, State v., 411 S.E.2d 428 (S.C. 1991). 174
Doyle, State v., 587 S.E.2d 917 (N.C. Appl. 2003). 84
Doyon, State v., 416 A.2d 130 (R.I. 1980). 131
Draper v. U.S., 79 S.Ct. 329 (1959). 317
Drayton, U.S. v., 122 S.Ct. 2105 (2002). 347
Drew v. U.S., 331 F.2d 85 (D.C. Cir. 1964). 271
Dudley and Stephens, Regina v., 15 Cox Crim. Cas.
624 (Q.B. 1884). 235
Dunaway v. New York, 99 S.Ct. 2248 (1979). 326
Dunbar, State v., 817 P.2d 1360 (Wash. 1991). 212
Duncan v. Louisiana, 88 S.Ct. 1444 (1968). 482
Dunn, U.S. v., 107 S.Ct. 1134 (1987). 312, 313
Durant, State v., 857 P.2d 891 (Or. App. 1993). 140
Durham v. U.S., 214 F.2d 862, (D.C. Cir. 1954). 240
Dusky v. U.S., 80 S.Ct. 788 (1960). 243
Dutton v. Evans, 91 S.Ct. 210 (1970). 271
Dyer, People v., 403 N.W.2d 84 (Mich. App.
1986). 179
xxiv
■ Table of Cases