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TIP chi N0KB cvv Nnvc ngoai, T|p 36, So 2 (2020) 145-155

145

DAC DIEM NGHiA CIJA NHOM CHir HAN
CO CHUA "It" (TRUC) TRONG HE THONG VAN T y HAN
Pham Ngoc Ham*
Tru&ng Dgi hge Ngogi nga, Dai hge Quoe gia Ha .\'di
Phgm Vdn Ddng, Cdu Gidy, Ha Ngi, Viit Nam
Nhan bai ngay 13 thang 02 nSm 2020
Chinh sua ngay 04 thang 03 nam 2020; ChSp nhan dSng ngay 31 th^g 03 nam 2020
T6ni tat: Chft Han von la lo^i hinh vin Ur hieu y, sau dugc coi Id biiu y kiem biiu am, thi hi^n sinh
dpng d|c diem tii nh|in cua nguoi xua vi Ute gidi khach quan trong m6i lien he \0i doi s6ng.Nh6m ch&
Hin cd chiia "Vt" (tnic) lam bo thu bieu nghia la mpt thi dy tieu bieu. Bai viit chit yiu sii dung cic phuong
ph4p vi thii phip nghien cihi nhu thong ke, mieu ta, phan tich, tiin hanh khio sit m6i quan h? gifta chft \'a
n^ia ciia nh6m chft Han co chiia "W" (tnic), lim sang to qui trinh phit triin nghTa ciing nhir him y v5n
h6a ciia chiing, nhim gop mpt tki li^u tham khao ve nghien ctxu chir Hin ciing nhir cong tac dgy hpc tieng
Hind VidtNam.
Tir khoa: Vl, tnic, chu Hin, nghTa, tri nh$n
I. D^t vin dl
Thi gioi khich quan trong do co muon
loii thyc vjt ton t^ii xung quanh la, moi loai
mpt ve. D$c Inmg cua cac loai thuc vat dugc
phan inh sinh dpng trong ngon ngG - vSn tyr
Han, the hi?n r5 nel nang lire kham pha the
gioi \k d$c diem nhan thOrc cua nguoi xua.
Voi tinh chat la mgt loai van tu bieu y kiem
bieu am, chO Han dugc coi la "hoa thach", la
"trim tich" v§n hoa, the hien sau sic kha nang
lien luong \*a siic sang tao to Ion ctia nhan
dfin Trung Hoa. Co thd noi, chiJ Han la mgt

bp ph^ hgp thanh cua ngon ngu va van hoa
Han. Tu xua den nay, chii Han luon thu hiit
sy quan tam ciia gioi nghien cuu ngon ngij va
vin h6a 6 Trung Quoc ciing nhu Viet Nam.
Thanh qua nghien cuu lnr6c h^t phai ki den
nhiing bp i\r dien 1cm nhu Thuyet vdn gidi tu
(i513:IS^) cua Hiia Than (\^i%), hoan thanh
trong khoang hon 20 nam, lu nim Han Hoa
D^ thii 12, nic nam 100 den nam An Di Kiin
DT 84-904123803
Email:

Quang nguyen nien, tiic nam 121), Khang Hy
tu dien ( 0 ^ ^ A ) cua Trucmg Nggc Thu
(5fe51i) va TrSn Dinh Kinh (P^jJi^) ra doi
vao nSm Khang Hv doi Thanh. Hai cuon t^r
dien nay ve sau da dugc tai ban nhieu lan. Tu
Ihang 10 nam 1986 din thang ID nSm 1990,
Tir Tnmg Thu ( ^ ' f ' ^ ) chii bien cung tap
the ban bien soan hon 300 nguoi sau nhieu
nam phan dau da xual ban bg Hdn ngu dgi tu
diin ( S ^ i § : ^ ^ ^ ) ISn ihii nhat va den nim
2010 tai ban lan ihii 2 gom 9 cuon, lap trung
giai thich hinh, am, nghia ciia khoang 56000
chir Han. Tiep do, nhieu cong trinh nghien
cuu noi tieng ve nguon goc, cau tao, y nghTa
va ngi ham van hoa the hien trong chO: Han
dugc xual ban thanh sach nhu Gdc nhin vimd
vi vdn hoa chu Hdn Trung Qudc (^WK"^
'Xib'XM) (f"I:^S, 1990), Gidi thich bdng

hinh dnh cdc cha Hdn thuang didng (%^ VJJ
^ S ^ ) ( # 7 ^ ^ , 1997), Vdn di chu Hdn vd
vdn hda (U.-^^XibHU)
in^%,
2000),
.\ldl md cha Hdn iW^rn^)
i^U, 2001),
Tit chu nhdn ( M A ^ i ^ S ) ( ^ ^ ^ . 2004).
CJ Viet Nam nhimg nam gan day, nghien ctiu


146

P.N. Him/ T»p chi NghifB cmi Nirix ngoii. T*p 36, SA 2 ao^*" '•'-'" ***

\ e cha Han phai nhic den Chu Hdn: chit vd
nghia (Pham Nggc Ham, 2012) va mgt s6 bai
\iet \ e chii Han khac ciia cung tac gia. Van lu
Hdn vd vai trd cua gi&i trong hdn nhdn (Cam
Tii Tai, Le Quang Sang, 2017). Cac cong trinh
tren day tu> o tam sau rpng khac nhau nhimg
diu tap trung nghien ciiu \e cau tao, nghia va
ham y v3n hoa cung nhu qua ninh dien tien
ciia chir Han.
Trong bon nguyen tic cau t^o chu: Han
gom tugng hinh, chi sir, hgi y va hinh thanh,
chu cau lao theo nguyen tac tugng hinh ra dcri
som nhSt va chii hinh thanh (loai chii gom
mgt phan bieu nghia, mgt phan bieu am h^p
thanh) chiem ty le cao nhat (Nguyen Kim

Than, 1984). Theo ghi chep ciia ong o-ong
chucmg 2 cuon sach nhan de Lugc sir ngdn
ngu hgc, muc chu viel a Trung Qude, hoc gia
Vuong Quan doi Thanh da khao sat 9353 chu'
Han thu thap trong Thuyit vdn gldi tu ciia Hiia
Than ra doi vao the ky 1 va phan xuat thanh
bon loai iheo bon nguyen tac cau lao chii Han,
trong d6 so chii dupc cau tao theo nguyen tic
tugng hinh la 264 chii, hinh thanh con ggi
Ik hai thanh la 7697 chii. Theo thong ke ciia
chiing toi lir phan Ion cac bp tu dien, trong he
thong chii Han co khoang 214 bo thu, trong
do "Yi" (tnic) vira co the dgc lap tao thanh
mgt chii Han, mgt tir don am tiet, vira co the
dong vai tro lam bp thu cau tao chir phiic thi.
NghTa ciia nhom chQ Han c6 chira "t^" (inic)
vo ciing phong phii, khong nhiing the hien die
diem tri n h ^ ciia nguoi xua \ e loai thuc vat
tuy thanh manh nhtmg co siic song manh liet,
vugt len hoan canh nay, ma con the hien gia tri
vat chat \ a gia trj tinh than doi dao ciia tre/tnic
doi \oi doi song xS hpi. Bai viet n3\ la su ki
thira bai tham luan nhan de Nghta cua cde cha
Hdn cd chda bg "tV" (tnic) vd mdy suy nghT
vi dgy hgc tiing Hdn ("t+"
^uZ^'^Si'^^
Sr^fi^/l.^..S^#) dang tren Ky yiu Hgi thao
khoa hpc ve Giang da\ va Nghien ciru tieng
Han nam 2018 ciia chiing toi. Bai viit chu yeu

su dyng cac phuong phap \ a thu phip nghien
Cliu nhu thong ke tin s6 xuit hi?n. mieu ta cau
tnic, phan tich dien biin nghia de lien hanh
khao sat, chi ra m6i quan h? giiia cha va nghia
ciia "ti"' (triic), dac bi?t la nhom chO Han c6
chiia "tl"" (tnic), lam sang to d$c diSm qui
trinh phdt triin nghia ciing nhu ham y vSn hda
ciia nh6m chii Han nay, nhim gop mgl tai li?u
tham khao cho cong tac nghien cihi va d?;y
hpc tieng Han hien nay 6 Viet Nam.
2. NghTa ciia " W (tnic)
Truoc hit, xet \ e m$l van t\r, Thuyit vdn
giai thich ring: "ChO "Yl" (tnic) la mgt chii
tupng hinh, chi loai thuc vat sinh song dugc
vao miia dong, canh la buong ni. Noi chung,
cic chii Han co lien quan den tre/ tnic deu sii
dyng " t t " (tnic) l^m thanh to biiu nghia, am
dgc la tnic ("tt", ^±^^^<>
^M.
TS

#, nm^' RYi;^mwbKY[. m^m.
true ddng sinh thdo dd, tugng hinh, hg thiiy
gid, bdu nhugc da, phdm true chi thugc giai
Idng true, trdc nggc thiit) [i^fX. 2012], Cic
bp ty dien lieng Han khic ciia Tnmg Quoc
nhu Hdn nga dgi tu diin ciing co cich giii
thich tuong tir nhu trong Thuyil vdn ciia Hiia
Than va khang dinh Ihem "day li loai thyc vat
xanh luoi quanh nam, von thugc hg hoa thao,

than vi canh r6ng, co d6t, co the dimg lam
nguyen vat lieu phuc vu xay dyng vi che lac
cac dyng cu, cung co thi diing d i lim giay,
Irii qua gii ret cua miia dong, canh li vin
khong tan lia" ( ^ * ^ 4 ^ ^ ± ^ ^ f f i ! ^ , ^

A , 2010]. Loai thyc vat nay trong tiing Hin
chia lam nhiiu lo^i, nhu g^ft ban true, :SC
-M" van truc^i^Yi
thanh bi true..., c6 gia trj
thuong ngoan rit cao, dugc nguoi ta coi li cay
canh, tuong duong voi tnic trong tieng Vi?t,
va ^ n mao true mong duong voi tie trong
tieng Vijt. Duoi day, chiing toi gpi chung la


Ttp cki NgUte cvu fiuitc ngoii, T^p 36, So 2 (2020) 145 - 155

Tir each giai thich cua cic bg ty dien co
uy tin, c6 the thay cac nha tir dien hgc deu
diii y din d$c diim vi hinh dang, tap tinh sinh
tnidng, moi truong song va chiic ning ciia tie
tiiic mi cic loai thyc vat khac khong thi co
Ihipc. Trong d6, n6i bat la cac dSc diem nhu
ire tnic co siic s6ng mSnh li?t, trai qua mua
ddng gii l^nh van tuoi xanh, than va cinh deu
CO cic dot voi khoing cich khong qui dai
ciing khong qui ngin, mpc thinh khom, cic
than cay sinh cimg nhau. Tre tnic khong thugc
than thao, ciing khong thugc thin mgc, khong

qui cuong, ciing khong qui nhu, do deo dai
kil hpp vdi siic m?nh tong the cua ca cum
kh6m khiin n6 c6 kha nang vugl qua gio b3o.
Miu xanh ciia tre tnic khdng bao gio ihay doi
suot bdn miia Tit ci nhiing d^c tinh nay giiip
ngucri xua lien tucmg den pham gii cua con
nguiri. Ngoii ra, nhiJng cong dyng ciia tre tnic
nhu diing lim nguyen vat li?u trong xay dyng,
c6ng cy lao dpng, dyng cy thudng ngiy, tham
chl li diing de chi tic ra vii khi phyc vu sin
bat, chiin tranh vi che tic ra mpt s6 nhac cu
truyen thong nhu tieu, sio, senh, din lo rung,
phyc vy doi song tinh than ciia nhan dan ciing
khiin cho tii ngii chi tre tnic tro thinh di tai
nhifin Cliu rat thii vj duoi goc nhin ngon ngir vin ty vi vin h6a. Chiing toi cho rang, nhirng
d^c tnmg niy ciia tre tnic chinh li co so quan
trpng de hinh thanh nen qui trinh dien tien ve
nghia ciia chii "Yi" (tnic) va nh6m chii Hin
c6 chiia " t t " (tnic) Iam thinh 16 biiu nghia.
Thong qua khio sit sy phat trien nghia ciia
nhom chii Hin co chira"ti"" (tnic), chiing ta
ci the hieu dugc die diem tri nhan, nang luc
Mng t^o vinhfit li tu duy li^n tuong cua nguoi
xua ve loai thyc vat dgc dio niy.
Quan sit qua trinh dien bien cua chiJ "YS"
(trie), CO the dl ding n h ^ thiy "1t" (tnic)
•nwg giap cot vin (chit viet tren mai riia vi
Wong thii) gi6ng nhu hai than cay tnic sinh
c«ng nhau buong ni canh la, chii " I t " (tnic)
^& tifiu tri?n ciing co hinh dang giong nhu

nhirng Ii tnic dang ni xuong. dang chii khii
ctia ""Yl" (tnic) ciing dugc phit triin tir chii
tieu trien, rat gin voi sy mo ti bing duong net
ve hinh tugng tre tnic mgc thinh khom.
Xet ve mat nghia, theo khio sit ciia chiing
toi, cuon Hdn ngu dgi tit diin da dua ra 6
nghia ciia "1t" (tnic), gom: (1) chi bin than
cay tre/ tnic (cy the nhu tren da mo ti); (2)
mpt trong tim loai nhac cu thoi xua (con ggi
la mgt trong bit am), chi chung cho cic loai
nhac cy nhu tieu, sao..., lim bing ire tnic;
(3) the tre; (4) biia bing tre; (5) ten mpt loii
thyc vat than thio; (6) hp Tnic. [ ^ 4 ^ 1 ? ^
A . 2010]. Trong do, nghia thii ba li thi tre
lien quan mat thiet den nguyen lipu dimg de
ghi chep cua nguoi xua khi chua lim ra giay.
Nghia thii tu la bita lam bang tre, sau chuyen
nghia thinh an trien vi the lenh bai.
De CO them co so khoa hgc, chiing toi liin
hanh khao sit each giii thich nghia ciia " W
(tnic) voi tu cich li mgt Hi don qua mgt s6 b$
tii dien vi thay rang, cuon Tir diin quy phgm
tiing Hdn hien dgi ciia Ly Bio Gia, Duimg
Chi Sieu vi cuon Tdn hiin dgi Hdn ngu tir
diin ciia Vuong Dong iTc diu dua ra bon
nghia cua " 1 ^ " (tnic) gom: (1) loai thyc vat
xanh tuoi quanh nim, miia xuan mgc mSng,
than CO nhieu dot, trong rong, song tren nen
dil Cling, chiing loai nhieu, co the dimg lam

nguyen lieu che ra cic loai dung cu, ciing co
thi dimg lim vat lieu xay dung, trong cac rii^ ^ o ^ ^ . '^^o ~ ^ ; (2) chi loai nhac
cy hinh ong lim bang ire' tnic, trong cym tu
kim thgch ty tnic ( ^ ^ M — ) tiic li b6n loai
nhac cu truyen th6ng Iim bang kim loai, di,
day to vi tre triic; (3) mpl irong bit am, nhac
cy CO dai Trung Quoc; (4) Hg Tnic.
Trong cic nghia tren da\". chiing toi die
biet quan tam den ba nghia sau: (1) mgt loai
nhac cu lim bing tre/ true; (2) the tre (dimg
d i ghi chep); (3) biia/ tnen' lenh bii bing tre.
Ly do la ci ba nghia niy deu phin inh khi
ning khim pha, tim toi, sang tao to Ion ciia


148

P.N. H i m Tfp chl Nghifin cnn > irar i^oii, T | p 36,5£ 2 (ZO^u) '

ngudi xua doi voi \iec tan dyng tre tnic phyc
x'y doi song. Siic sang tao niy phin anh phin
nao dien m ^ xi hpi xua tren cac phuong dien
im nhac, Ijch su, v ^ hoa giio dye. Mil khac,
moi lien hp giira tinh chat ciia tre tnic voi ddi
song v|t chat v i tinh than ciia con ngudi dugc
the hien qua chii va nghia ciia " t t " (tnic), d3c
biet la nhom chu Hin chiia "YS" (tnic) ciing
hel sue ly thii. Qui trinh chuyen hoa tir nghia
cy the sang nghia triru tugng cua cic chii Hin
CO chira "11"" (tnic) vdi vai trd li thinh to bieu

nghia da the hien ro net khi nang tu duy lien
ludng va ning luc tri nhan ciia ngudi xua ve
d(lc tinh cua tre/ tnic.
3. Kha nSng tao chii" phirc the cua " t ^ "
(true)
Trong h? thdng van ty Hin, "YS" (tnic)
vdi tu cich la thinh td bieu nghia cau lao nen
hang ngan chii mdi, phan ldn dugc the hien
bing bien the **. So vdi cic thanh to khic,
kha ning lao chflr ciia "YS" (tnic) rat cao. Theo
ihong ke cua chiing toi, trong Hdn ngu dgi
IV diin thu thip dugc tit ca 1115 chii Hin
cd chiia "t!r" (inic), trong dd chti cd so net
it nhit la 2 net, nhieu nhil Ii 27 net [ ^ 4 ' ^
^ A . 2010]. Tit dien quy phgm tiing Hdn
hi^n dgt thu thip dugc 166 chir cd chira "'tt"
(tnic) [ $ 5 ^ . ft.=£Jg, 2001], Tdn hien
dgi Hdn ngu tu diin thu thap dugc 208 chu [
JEl^fc • 1993]. Dieu ding lim y la trong sd
cac chii Hin cd chiia "ft" (tnic), vi tri ciia
"ft" (tnic) thudng d tren diu, ddng vai trd
bieu nghia tao thinh chD phirc the kit ciu tren
dudi, ngudi hpe tieng Hin thudng ggi thinh td
niy li bg true ddu. Dieu do mpt mSl the hipn
tre tnic ciing nhu cac loai thyc vat than thio
canh li nhp nhang, ludn vuon len tren ddn anh
m$t trdi, nhung khi hiu het cac loii cay cd di
tin lyi thi tre tnic cimg vdi timg bach van tuoi
canh xanh la, bat chap ret gii ciia miia ddng,
m$t khic phan nao the hipn su veu ehupng ciia

ngudi xira ddi vdi loai thuc vat niy. Trong tam

thiic ciia ngudi xua, tnic sinh cimg timg. mat
lim nen ba ngudi b ^ vugt Ifin niyit gii cua
miia ddng, dugfc m?nh danh Ii tui hdn lam
huu. Tnic sinh ciing mai, Ian. ciic dugc ngudi
xira ggi li tu qudn tu. Mdi nim. thu qua rdi
ddng din, khi cic loii ci>- cd hiu nhu dS khd
hfio, lyi tin thi tre tnic cimg vdi timg, bich
vSn tuoi xanh, trin diy siic sdng, tda miu
xanh trong c3i trdi. Vi thi, tnic cimg vdi tiing,
bich li chiia cua mudn loii cay. Chinh vi viy,
"Yi" (tnic) dugc coi Ii hinh inh bieu trung
cho pham cich cao thugng v i siic sdng deo
dai cua ngudi quin tir. Ngudi xua cin cii vio
die tinh nay ket hgp vdi gii tri v^t chit vi tinh
thin cua tre tnic doi vdi ddi sdng con ngudi
de sii dyng "ti"" (inic) vdi tu cich li thanh th
bieu nghia va mgt sd tmdng hgp bieu nghia
kifim bieu am tao nen hing loat chii Han phiic
Ihi. Dieu dd ddng nghia vdi dai da sd chir Hin
cd chira " t t " (tnic) la chii hinh Ihanh, nhu
3S lung (ldng), ^ lam (cii lan), ^ dogn (cii
dang bat ca). Chii hgi y chiim sd lugng khdng
nhiiu, nhu ^ but, % lodn (tinh t o i n ) , ^ todn
(bien tap sach) vi mgt sd rit it chii h^i 'y kiem
hinh thanh nhu % tiiu (cudi) va ^ bdn (g6c
Ire/ ngu ddl). Cd thi ndi, " t t " (tnic) vi nhdm
chu Hin cd chira " f t " (tnic) li bd phan hgp
thanh quan trgng trong he thdng van ty Han.

4. Khu vyc nghta cua nhdm ch& Hin c6
chda " t t " (triic)
De lam rd sy phan bd nghia cua cic chii
Han cd chira " t t " (ttric), chiing tdi d i tiin
hinh khao sit nghta cua mdt bp phan chii Hin
trong so 1115 chii Han mi Hdn ngu dgi lit diin
thu thap dugc. Tren co sd cic nghta co bin
ciia cho " t t " (tnie) (nhu da neu trong myc 2).
chiing tdi chpn nhung cha Han cd chira " t t "
(true) Iam thinh id biiu nghta hen quan din
dac linh ctia tre tnic vi cic nghta niy dfi phan
tich qua trinh phat trien nghta cua chiing muc
dich li lam sing td nhiing nghta duoc hinh
tiiinh tiidng qua tu duy lien tudng giaa tre mic


Tff chi N^itn eta Niivc ngoii, Typ 36, So 2 (2020) 145 - 155

vdi nhiing su v|t hiiu quan, tir dd chi ra dac
(jjim tri n h ^ ciia ngudi xua vfi tre tnic. Kit
qua khio sit cho thiy, trong 35 chu cd hdi du
3 nghia lien quan din " t t " (tnic) thi hai chu
0 tiit (d?ng gian the la 'V) va ^ qudn cd
nhiiu nghia lien tudng nhat, d^t tdi 24 nghta.
Ticp dd li cha ^ phii cd tdi 23 nghia. Chu flj
gidn CO 22 nghta, cha M sdch cd 21 nghia.
Cic chS cd tir 6 den 9 nghta chiem phan ldn.
S6 con Ui mpt phan cd tir 11 den 14 nghia,
mpt phan nhd cd ta 15 nghia den 20 nghia vi
S nghia trd xudng. Qua dd cd the thay, nhOng

chii Han cd chiia " t t " (tnic) lim thinh td bifiu
nghia khdng nhiing sd lugng ldn ma ph^m vi
npi dung lien tudng ve nghta ciing rit rdng,
bao gom cic phuong dien nhu (!) lien quan
den nh^c cu; (2) lien quan den giay myc but
nghifin; (3) lien quan den vu khi; (4) lifin quan
den v(lt dyng thudng ngiy; (5) lifin quan dfin
ph^ chat dao due ciia con ngudi.
Dudi day, dfi lim ro cac khu vyc nghia ciia
nhom chft Han nay, chiing tdi di sau phan tich
n^Ta ciia mpl sd cha Han tieu bieu cho timg
khu \*irc.
4.1 Nhiing chu Hdn ed lien quan den nhgc cu
Iruyen ihdng
Nhu chiing ta da biel, am nhac cd dai Trung
Hoa xuit hi?n rat sdm, khoing 6000 nam trudc
tin: la nim 177 trudc cdng nguyfin (https://
baike.baidu.com/), nham dap iing nhu cau ddi
song tinh than, nhat li ddi sdng tin ngudng ciia
ngudi xua. Ngoai nhiing nhac cy phuc vu cugc
s6ng ciia vua chua, quy tdc trong cung dinh ra,
am nh^c dan gian ciing rit phal trien. Phong,
nha, lyng trong Kinh thi - bd tdng tap tho ca
Ao su ra ddi rit sdm v i tinh chit, loai hinh
ciufimnhac phyc vy cung dinh, quy tdc va
nhan din lao dgng. Cung vdi go, da, da, kim
lo?i, diy to..,, tre tnic ciing li loai nguyen lieu
Wli phd biin dimg de chi tic cic loai nhac cu
tmyen thdng. Ngudi ta dya vao dac linh hinh

149

dng, thanh vach trdn, rong Idng vi tinh din hdi
ciia tre, tnic de phii huy tic dung tao am. phdi
khi ctia chiing, chfi tic nfin nhieu lo^i nhac cy
nhu tieu, sio, sfinh..., cd khi nang md phdng
am thanh ciia tu nhien. Am sic cua nhung
loai nhac cy nay rat uyen chuyen, trong sing,
luoi dep, liic bdng liic trim, dfi khiin cho ldng
ngudi rung dgng. CSn cu vio ten gpi cac lo^i
nhac cy xuat hien trong Kinh thi vi mgt sd cha
Han chua " t t " (tnic) chi nhac cy, cd tiii ndi,
lich su che tic nhac cy ndi chung vi nhdm
nhac cu dien tiu bing hoi ndi rifing d Trung
Qudc rit lau ddi. Can cii vao nhiing chtt Hin
chi nhac cy lo?i nay nhu ^ sinh (dan senh),
•^ dich (sao), ^ tranh (dan tranh), *i^ qudn
(nhac cu hinh dng), ^ vu (mgt loai khen), 3¥
lieu (tieu/ sao) trong he thdng vin ty Hin, la cd
Ihfi khang dinh dugc difiu dd. Ngudi Vi?t Nam
cilng chfi tic dugc nhifiu loai nhac cu nhu lieu,
sao, dan to rung... Dac biet li cii ten din senh
da timg xuil hien trong tho ca chff Hin ciia Vipt
Nam. Trong bii tho Hgnh Thien Tnt&ng hdnh
cung ciia Tran Nhan Tdng cd cau Bdch bg sanh
ca cdm bdch thiit ( S ' g B ^ ^ ^ B ' ^ ) nghia li
hdng Irdm lodi chim dua nhau hot nhu trdm bg
ddn senh cung hda Idu.
4.2. Nhitng chu Hdn cd liin quan den gidy

muc but nghiin
Bdn phat minh Idn ciia Tnmg Qudc cd d?ii
gdm la bin, thudc siing, giiy vi cdng nghe
in in da inh hudng sau sac den su phal trifin
ctia nfin van minh the gidi. Chiing la cd the
tim thiy trong he thdng van tu Hin mdt Idp
cha phan anh sy hinh thinh vi phit trifin ciia
van hda giao dye Trung Qudc gan vdi sy ra
ddi cua giiy myc but nghifin. Tir khi vin tu ra
ddi, chlic nang co ban diing de ghi chep thinh
tyu van hda ciia nd dugc phat huy cao do, keo
theo cac cdng cu ghi chep xuat hien vi nguyen
vat lieu dung di phuc vy ghi chep cung khdng
ngimg dugc tan dung. Difiu do tao difiu kipn
cho giao due phit trifin. Dit nudc Trung Qudc


150

rji. Him/ Tfp chi Nghi^B cvn Nirvc ngoii, Tjp 36. S6 2 ii»*^

tu thdi cd dai di de cao \'ai trd ciia giio dye.
Tdn su trgng dao li truyen thdng lau ddi va
quan diem kien qudc di gido hgc vi tien (sy
nghifip xi\ dyng dit nudc ludn dat giio dye
len hang diu) thdi d?i nio d Trung Qudc v i
Viet Nam ciing deu dugc d^t ra nhu mdt chien
lugc cich mang. Manh Tii chii truong day
manh vific giio dye trong nhi trudng, hudng
cho con em hieu dugc d?o hifiu dfi thi nhiing

ngudi gii khdng phii mang vac nang tren

dudng (mmmz^' ^-z^x^^^x ã
K S # ^ ^ , ô i ^ i l S S ^ ) ("Qua nhan chi vu
qudc da" - Manh Tii). Hing loat chu Hin phin
anh dipn mao van hda xa hgi tren phuong dien
niy ra ddi, nhu ^ {W) biit, W sdch (the
tre), fU gidn (tiie Ue), M thien (bii \ ifit), ^
lien (giiy vifit thu), ^ tru/truac (sing tac, tic
phim). S thiem (tiifi tre), ^ tich (sich vd),
M bg (sd sich), ^ phii/ biia (the ire)... Ngoii
ra, cic cha ^ di (lu dung de linh thii tu), ^
todn (tinh toin), M trii (linh toan/ trii bi), ^
dinh (que tinh)..., dung dfi chi nhung dyng
cu diing trong tinh toin hoac hd trg Unh toin
bing mipng ciing xuat hifin, chiing td toin hpc
Trung Qude xuat hipn rat sdm. Da sd nhiing
cha Hin niy d3 du nhip vio tieng Viet vi trd
thanh tu Viet gdc Hin cd kha nang tao tir ghep
rat cao. hinh thanh nen eac tu va cym tu nhu
sdch biit, tru&c tdc, tni danh, thu lich, hgc bg,
phii hieu, tinh lodn. trii bi, thiin anh hiing ca,
d4 nhdt phu nhdn. Tii quan he giaa hinh dang
\ a nghta ciia nhiing cha Hin nay, cd the thiy
tu xa xua, khi chua phal minh ra giiy, ngudi la
da su dung the tre lam cdng eu de ghi chep, tii
hipn lich sir. Trong Binh Xgd dgi cdo, Nguyen
Trii vifit: Khdnh Nam san chi tnic, bdt tue di
thu ky dc (chJt het tnic Lam Son ciing khdng
dli nguyen lieu dfi ghi hfit tgi ic ciia quan giic).

Dieu do cang chirng id cdng dung lim vat lifiu
ghi chep ciia tre tnic khdng chi cd d Trung
Qudc m i cdn d Vipt Nam Cdng dyng niy kit
hgp vdi miu xanh dac thii ciia tre true khiin
cho tiing Hin xuat hipn tir 1^5& thanh sir cdn

ggi la rf # hdn thanh tuong duong vdi tir sir
xanh trong tifing \^pt. Nhi tiio ddi Dudng
Sam Tham trong bii Ludn Ddi ca ph\tng tdng
Phong dgi phu xudt su tdy chinh {^"BW^^^
^:k^ih^n'^)
c6 cau Cd lai ihanh su thdy
bat kiin, kim kiin cdng danh thdng co nhdn
(Xua nay qua su sich mudn ngudi truyen tyng
cdng danh ngudi xua, ai ma khong bifit; cdng
lich cic danh tudng thdi nay cdn hon ca ngudi
*5feWs&ii^^JJil,4-jALJi)^fl4-&A).
xua:
Nhi Iho ddi Tdng Van Thifin Tudng trong bii
Qud linh dinh duang ( i i # T v ¥ ) cd ciu Nhdn
sinh tu cd thuy vd lu, luu dac dan tdm chiiu
hdn thanh (Ngudi ta xua nay ai ma tiinh ndi
cai chet, cdt la dfi lai lam Idng son rang rd
sii xanh: A S a i S i S S J E , B4»fl-'t.'M?f
W). Trwy^w ATreu cua Nguyen Du ciing cd cau
phong linh cd luc cdn truyen sit xanh. Nhflng
ciu tho limg danh tren li bing chiing ve dau
an Iieh sii ngdn ngtt - vSn ty v i van hda dd
ciia nhan dan hai nudc Viet Tnmg.
4.3 Nhitng chu Hdn cd lien guan den vu khi

Dat nudc Trung Qudc rOng Idn ngay nay
da timg trii qua lich sii phan chia cat cd lau
dai, mai den khi Tin Thuy Hoing thdng nhit
Trung Qudc, dat nude niy mdi ndi thinh mgt
khdi. Tu xa xua, cac bd lac va cac tap doin
thdng tri Ihudng xiy ra mau thuin, tianh
gianh lin nhau keo theo chifin tranh lien mifin.
Tac pham Td truyin Ihdi Xuan Ihu d i tiii hipn
sinh ddng tiiyc trang dd. Dgc Td truydn, dgc
gia cd the bit gap rit nhiiu tu chi vu khi. Xit
ve mat cha Hin, nhiing chu chi vii khi thudng
ed chua '^ thgch (di), ^ kim (kim loai), ifmgc (cay/ gd), t t true (tre/ tnic) vdi tu cich
Ii Ihanh td biiu nghia, tiii hien khi ning t?n
dung nguyen vat lieu cd khi nang sit tiiuong
eao trong nr nhien d i che tic ra cac loai vii
khi khdng nhirng cd tiifi giup cho vipc sin bit
phyc vy ddi sdng cua ngudi xua, m i cdn cd
tiie phyc vy chifin tranh. Trong cic loai vu khi
do, cung ten li vu khi don gian nhung vd ciing


Tfp chi Nghien ran Nn^v ngoii, T$p 36, So 2 (2020) 145 -155

lpi h»i, gin lifin vdi Hch sii chien tranh ciia
dit nudc Trung Hoa, cung nhu chdng tre, gay
tre dS di vio ljch sir chdng gi|c ngoai xim
cua dfin tgc Vipt Nam. Cung ten la nhin td
quan trpng lim nen tran Xich Bich thdi Tam
qudc lay limg kim cd. Tic gia Phong Huy (
9 $ ) di ra mit ban dgc cudn sich nhan de

yanhoacunglen Trung Hoa
(^^-^^^ICVC)
do Nha xuit bin Nhan dan Tan Cuong xuit
ban nim 2006. Vfi mat vin tu, cha n^ lien
(miii ten) Ii mpt cha hinh thanh cd " t t " (tnic)
lam thinh td bifiu nghta kit hgp vdi Hif lien
(tmdc) Iim thinh td bieu am. Cung bdi mui
ten moi khi dugc ban ra di chuyen tdi dich
voi loc dp cue nhanh cho nen trong tifing Han
xu^ hipn cich vi von nhu )tP.^$[l^ quang
am nhu lien (Ihdi gian Irdi di nhu ten bin), tdn
I?i song song vdi ldi ndi ^fcRfl^Dl^ quang dm
nhu thoa (thdi gian troi nhanh nhu thoi dua),
luong duong vdi Idi ndi thai gian Ihdm thoat
thai dua trong tifing Vifil.
4.4. Nhiing cha Hdn ed liin quan din dung cu
pkifc vy d&i sdng hang ngdy
Vdi siic sing tao to ldn, tir xa xua, con
ngudi di hifil tan dyng nguyen vat lieu trong
moi trudng xung quanh che tic ra hing loat
cic dyng cu phyc vu ddi sdng, trong dd cd
cdng cy lao ddng. Dii ban diu, nhirng dung cy
lao dpng dugc chfi tic het sue thd so nhtmg
ciing gdp phan giam thieu sue ngudi, ting
them hipu qua lao dgng. Thien 3Wj^ Khuyen
hpc ciia Tuan Tir da chiing minh cho nang lyc
sing t?o, t^n dyng mdi trudng v i vai trd ciia
vi?c che lic cdng cy phyc vu ddi sdng ciia con
ngufid, trong dd cd doan viil: "Nhung ngudi
bict sii dyng xe ngya, ching phai la do ddi

chfin hp Cling cap hon ma cd the vugt chang
dirimg v£m dim. Nhdng ngudi biet di thuyen,
• ^ g phii Ii hg cd khi nang khong chfi ddng
nudc tni cd the vugt sdng hd. Bic quan lii
ItliMg phii Ii ngudi cd tii thifin bam khic
Ai^dng mi chi li vi hg gidi tan dyng van vat

xung quanh phyc vu ddi sdng ma thdi." (fgl^

iS^'J^lil). Cdng cu lao dgng phyc vy sin
xual ihdi cd dai rit phong phu da dang. Cha
Han trong mdl chimg myc nhat dinh dugc coi
nhu tam guong phin chifiu dien mao xi hgt
Trung Hoa cd dai trfin phuong dipn lao dgng
sin xuit Chung ta khdng khd tim ra rit nhiiu
chu Han cd chiia "ft" (tnic) lim thinh td biiu
nghta chi cic loai cdng cu sin xuat vi dd diing
hang ngay, nhu ^ lam (cai Iin), ^ la (cii rd),
M khodng (cai sgt), S lap (cai ndn), jj^ su (cii
din/ eii sang), ^ phiit (cii be/ cii ming)...
Ngudi xua khdng chi su dyng cac loyi
nggc, d i quy vi kim loai, ma cdn diing tre tnic
che tic nen dd trang sue, trong dd, cic loai do
trang siic viing diu khi da dang, ching h^n nhu
^ ke (mgl loai tram cai dau), H bi (luge mau/
lugc bi), W trdm (trim cai dau), §5 Him (mgt
loai hgp dyng na trang). Ngudi phy nii xua
nay dfiu dugc coi la sy hdi tu ve dpp ciia cugc
sdng, dd trang siic giiip hg cing trd nfin lgng
liy hon. Trong cac loai trang sue thcri xua, ndi

bat Ifin li cii tram. Ngudi xua dimg Ire - mgt
loai nguyen lieu mau xanh ly nhifin va cd dg
dfio cao che lac thinh tram cii khiin cho mii
ldc ggn ging, nhd dd mi ngudi con gii cing
them doan trang, quy phii. Ve sau, tram trd
thanh dd trang sue tinh te cua phu nu quy lgc.
Khi ngudi con gii bat diu biet cai tram tren
mii tdc li thdi difim dinh dau su trudng thanh
vugt bac: ngudi con gai ay da trd thanh thieu
nu vi cd the lay chdng. Truyin Kieu cd cau
Xudn xanh xdp xi t&i ludn cap ki. Trong dd,
cap ke ( S i f ) nghia la din mdi cii tram, cung
la din tudi lay chdng. Ngudi xua cdn diing tre
triic Iam nfin cac loai dyng cu dimg trong gia
dinh nhu quat, minh, dem, chieu... Difiu dd
thfi hien qua cau lao va nghta ciia cic chO Han
nhu M sdp (quat tre), H liim (minh tre), %
/!> (chiiu tnic), % diin (chifiu tre)... Ngoai ra,
ngudi xua cdn diing loai nguyen lipu niy de


152

P.>. Him T?p chi NghiSn cun J^it&c ngoii, T | p 36. So ^ l-"20i i

lam thinh cic dung cy che nang che mira nhu
§ ddng (nda' mu). S lap (ndn)...
Ddn di thuc vi thien la quan niem truyen
thdng ciia ngudi xua. Quan niem do anh hudng
rit ldn din sy hinh thinh \ a phat uien ctia vSn

hda im thyc Tnmg Hoa. Tir xa xua, con ngudi
da biit chfi biin mang ire thinh nhirng mdn in
khoii khau dugc nhifiu ngudi ua thich. Nhung
chii Han dimg de chi cac loai ming tnic ming
tre rat da dang, nhu ^ chuyet, Iti^di,^ qudn,
^- nha, ^ giao, tS tudn, W- dudn, ^ tri. .
Nhiing cha Hin cd chiia " t t " (tiTic) diing de
chi dyng cy phyc vy im Ihyc, niu nudng, bfip
mic..., lim bing tre ciing khdng kem phin
phong phii, nhu ® sd (cai ra vo gao), ^ birc
(cii gii cich thiiy dfi xdi xdi). If dan (cai gid),
% cu (cai sgi hinh trdn), ^ khodi (cai dua),
% Igc (cai khay), ffi truyin (cai bd), S biin
(cai khay dyng dd le le), ^ liiu (cii khay
dyng thjl Iim dd Ie), % dodn (cii Ian trdn)...
Cd thfi ndi, "thfi gidi cdng cy" trong cac
gia dinh ndng dan xua d Trung Qudc ciing nhu
Vipt Nam diu vd cimg da dang. Theo thdng ke
cua ehung tdi, ehi tinh rifing nhirng cdng cy
phyc vy dcri sdng lao dgng thudng ngiy eiia
ngudi ndng din Iim bing tre triic the hifin qua
nhdm chu Han cd chiia "1t" (tnic) vdi vai trd
li thanh td bieu nghia da ed tdi 15 ioai, nhu ^
thdng (cii spt), g IS (cai sgt), % ki/ ca (cii
nia), ^ su (cii sang), S khudng (cii sgt), ^
la (cai rd), ^ can (cii sio), ^ lung (cii ldng),
M lgc (cii bd), 'B. lam (cai lin).. Nhtrng chir
Hin cd chiia "tt"(tnie) vdi nghta chi dung cy
xe to dpi lya ciing khi nhieu, ching han nhu
^ qudn (con Ihoi), S dttgc (cii spt dyng to

lya), ffi khdu (Iinh kifin chinh trong khung
cin)... Nhiing chfi diing de chi cdng cu dinh
bit ci nhu ^ cdu (cai dd), W bdi (cai Id) va
ba cha frj ddo, W trdc, 0 dogn dfiu cd nghta
Ii cii ding. Dieu dd chiing td ngu cy cd dai
Tnmg Qudc cdng nhu Vipt Nam deu rat da
d^ng, the hien rd net ddi sdng mini sinh viing
sdng nudc ctia ngudi xua

4.5. Nhiing chu Hdn cd lien quan den lieu
chudn phdm chdt dgo due truyin thdng
Trong ljch su phit iriin ciia xi hgi Truiig
Qudc, le giao phong kifin cd inh hudng sau sic
din mgi m^t ddi sdng, nhit li quan ni?m ve d^o
due tniyin tiidng. Cha W C^) del nghia goc
ddng dfi chi cac ddt iren tiiin ca\- tre, ciy tnic.
Nhiing dac tinh nhu gi&a cac ddt tre cd khoing
each kha diu d$n, khdng qui dai, cung khdng
qui ngin da khiin ngudi xua lifin tudng den
tiel thao, pham hanh cua con ngudi, the hipn tu
tudng tnmg dung (sdng ed chuan myc, khdng
Ihii qui ciing khdng bit cap). Cic td ghfip cd
chiia BB tiet trong tieng Hin ddng thdi du nh^p
sang tifing Viel trd thinh tu Vi^t gdc Hin nhu
^ Wthu tiit, ^M nil chi, Wff tiit hgnh, W
^ tiel thdo..., da Ihfi hifin difiu dd. Mgl vi dy
khic li cha ^ (y^)phgm. ChQ ^ phgm nghta
la chuan myc, quy pham, dang phdn thfi thuOc
Ioai cha hinh thanh gdm " t t " (tnic) biiu nghta,
vQ phiem bieu am. Tu ciu lao v i nghta cua hai

cha Hin niy, chiing la cd the thiy ^ Hit va ?5
phgm dfiu li hinh inh bieu tnmg cho sy chuin
myc trong cich nhin nh^n sy vat cua ngudi
xua. Pham chat cao dpp biet giu gjn phim gia
cda con ngudi, nhat la cic bic hifin nhin quan
lu cd mdi quan he lien tudng vdi die tinh ciia
tre mic. Cudn Dgi hgc ~ mgt trong Tii thu cd
ghi "Bifit cai dich cin dat ldi va phin diu dat
tdi dich, ddng thdi kien tri giG vdng myc tifiu
ma minh da dat dugc" (^illIh;;^, ^ ^ ^
2^ tri chi ehi chi, tri chung chung chi). Dd li
sy thfi hien rd net ciia dao trung dung cung
nhu iy tudng ren luyfin, phin diu vuon len
cila ngudi xua.
5. Die diem tri nhan thi hipn qua sy phit
trien nghTa ciia nhom chii^ B i n c6 chira

"tt" (triic)
Trong khudn khd bii viit, chung tdi t?p
tmng phin tich sy phat triin nghia cua mgt
so cha Han tieu bifiu cd chua " t t " (tnic) vdi
tu cich li ty td biiu nghta, dugc hinh thanh


TwcUNgUta c*v NndT ngoii, T | p 36, So 2 (2020) 145 -155

ifadog qua tu duy lien tudng giiia die tfnh cua
nc tnic vdi nhftng sy vit hipn tugng hina quan,
obim Iim rd die diem tri nhan ciia ngudi xua
,16i vdi loii tiiyc vit niy.

S.l.ChuB

nil

Chft ffi tiet theo giii thich ciia cudn Hdn
ngU dgi hf diin cd tdi 24 nghta, trong do bao
g ^ sy phit trien tir nghta chi ddt tre tnic den
nghta chi ciy cd, bg phan cinh li, chd tiip
noi giiia thin va cinh cay, chd tifip ndi xuong
ciia dpng v?t, thdi liet vi cac miia, ngay lit
hojk: ngay ky nipm, khoing thdi gian,... Cac
nghia phii sinh nay cd the chia lam hai loai,
thii nhit la td nghta chi sy v^t cu the hiru hinh
(dit tre) phit triin thinh nghia chi sy vit cy
thi, hiiu hinh khic cd lien quan theo phuong
ihirc hoin dy. Thii hai li tir sy vit cy thi hiiu
hinh (dit tre) phit trifin thinh nghia chi su
v|t Iriiu tugng, vd hinh nhu dao due, pham
chal cua con ngudi trong cic tu tiit thdo, Hel
hgnh. tiii nghia, trinh liet, khi tiet, liet nghta,
tiitki^m..., vi Ihdi tiet, mua vu, nhu trong cic
tilman Hit (tiitxudn), th&i tiet.., xual hifin
trong ca tieng Han vi liing Viel. Tu let trong
tifing Vipt chinh la bien the ngu am cua fifi tiet
Irong tiing Hin vi td let trong bdnh let - dac
san ciia nhan dan mifin Trung va mifin Nam
niroc ta ciing cd ngudn gdc lir day.
Sy phit trifin td nghia chi su vat cu the hiiu
hinh (dot tre) sang nghia chi sy vat trim tugng,
v6 hinh (d^o due, pham chat) niy mang sac

tfiai ciia thii phap an dy, trong dd mien ngudn
li fXiT TRE inh xa len mifin dich la PHAM
CHAT DAO DirC. Qua trinh phit trifin nghta
d6 trong mpt muc dp nhit dinh da phin inh
Ac gidi quan, nhan sinh quan, ddng thdi ciing
the hipn quan niem truyfin thdng thien dia
iihin nhfit thfi ciia ngudi xua.
SI Cha'^ qudn
Chft W qudn theo each giii thich ciia Hdn
igit dgi t\r diin gdm 24 nghta. Trong do, tu

nghia gdc chi dng tre true chuyin tiiinh nghta
chi mgt logi nhgc cu th&i xua, sau dd dimg
dfi chi chung cho cac loai nhac cy hinh dng.
Cha S huyin dimg dfi chi cic lo^i nh^c cu
cd day. Tu ghep ^ ^ qudn huyin dugc hinh
thanh tu dd, tuong duong vdi each ndi li true/
tiing ti tiing true/ tiing ta tieng true trong
tieng Viet). W qudn tiip tyc phit triin tiiinh
nghia chi cic vat the hinh dng, dd la sy phit
trien nghta thdng qua lien tudng gida cic sy
vat cu the, hiiu hinh. Ve sau, tir nghia chi sy
vat cy thfi, hau hinh, ^ qudn phit trifin sang
nghia chi sy vat trim tugng. Vfi mil tu loai, tu
danh tu, ^ qudn dugc chuyfin hda thinh dpng
tu cd nghta la trdng coi, ddn ddc, khdng chfi
ddi tugng trong mpl khudn khd khdng gian
va Ihdi gian nio dd. Mdi lien tudng nay dugc
hinh thanh li do ngudi ta n h ^ thuc ve cic v^t
the hinh dng ihudng cd hinh dang, kich Ihudc

nhal dmh. Ong la v^t chua cd chtic nang luu
giu ndi dung bfin Irong no theo mpl khudn khd
nhal dinh. Hanh vi khien cho boat dgng ciia
mdt khich the nao dd luin thd quy djnh dugc
ggi li W qudn, nhu cic tu i ' f f chit qudn, ^
S qudn ly, ^ifc qudn gido, W^J qudn chi,
W ^ qudn gia, ^ ^ bdo qudn, ^'W khan
qudn (udng coi)... Sdng dong khudn khd, quy
pham dd, mdi vat the dfiu chiu lac ,dgng ciia
mdi trudng vi li san pham ciia mdi trudng.
Tiing Viet cd cau & bdu thi iron, & dng thi ddi
da ndi len sy tac ddng cua khdng gian sdng den
su sinh ton vi phit trien ciia su vat. Nghta thu
7 CLia ^ qudn chi su hiiu biet ndng cgn dugc
hinh thinh tu mdi lifin tudng thyc te: quan sit
sy vat khach quan bing mat thdng qua chiec
dng se bi khdng che tim nhin trong mdt khdng
gian hep, khdng the md rdng iam mat, tuong
duong nhu each ndi # S 5 : S linh di chi oa
(ich ngdi diy gieng) cd ci trong tieng Han vi
tifing Viet. Cd the ndi, nhirng nghia dugc phit
trifin id cu the sang tniu tugng dd thfi hien rd
net dac diim tri nhin \ i kha ning lu duy lien
tudng phong phu ciia ngudi xua.


P.N. Him T»p chi Nghien cmi Na*c ngoii, T | p 36. Si 2 (20ZWl ' - ^ "

5 3. Chu ^ bdn
Cha $ bdn theo each giai thich cua Hdn

ngu dgi lu diin cd 9 nghia, trong do, nghia
gdc chi ting trong ciia cay tre cd ming tring,
tu dd phit trifin thinh nghia chi sy nang ne,
cong kenh, sau dd tiep tuc phit trien thanh
nghta tiid tiiiin, tiiieu tinh ti, vyng ve, nang
lyc nhin thuc yfiu kem, ngu ddt.. Dd la sy lien
tudng hit sue ly thii. Sy lien tudng gida su v^t
cu the khich quan vdi sy vit tniu tugng dd
phin inh qua trinh nhin thuc dudi gdc nhin
bifin chimg lir true quan sinh dgng den tu duy
triru lugng, tir do hinh thinh nen khii niem.
Theo quan diem cua chiing tdi, chd ^ bon Ii
mpl chfl hgi >' kiem hinh thanh, tinh chat bieu
y eiia ^ bdn thfi hifin d sy hgi hgp thinh td
biiu nghta "1t"(tnic) vi thanh id bieu nghta
kifim bifiu am ^ bdn (goc cay). Quan sit hinh
dang cua cac loii tre tnic, chiing ta thiy cang
ve phia tiep can vdi mat dil, ddt tre cing ngan,
to hon vi khoing khdng bfin trong hep hon
(d^c hon) so vdi nhiing ddt phia tren cua than
cay. Tu nhin thuc tryc quan ve hinh dang, rinh
chit ciia phin gdc cic loai tre tnic, ngudi xua
lien tudng den phin xa cham chap trong tu
duy, diu dc ning ne, hinh thanh nen khii nipm
mdi: khdng thdng minh, ngu ddt. Tiing Viet
cd each ndi ddt dac/ ddt dde cdn mai. Trong
tieng Anh, tu dense vdn nghta la dgc/ddy dgc,
phit trien thinh nghia ngu ddt thucmg dung
trong khau ngd. Dieu do ehiing td mdi lifin
h? giiia die vdi sy u tdi, n$ng ne, ngu mugi

li khi phd bien vdi nhieu ngdn ngu tren thi
gidi. Neu nhu phin ldn nghia phai sinh cua ^
qudn gin lien vdi ddng tu thi phin ldn nghta
phai sinh ciia ^ bon lgi gin vdi tinh tu chi
tinh chit cua sy \"at. Vi vay, nghta ciia td trd
nen phong phii, sinh ddng, cimg vdi sy chuyfin
hda ve m$t tu lo^i phan inh dac diem tri nhin
gin lifin vdi tu duy trim tugng ciia con ngucri.
Dieu dd cang chiing td "tri nhin la su gia cdng
ve m§t thdng tin", "tri nhan la tu duy", "tri
nhin la co sd cua ngdn ngd, ngdn ngd la cua

sd cua tri nhin" ("iA^*fg.&tinX"^ ""iASai

S.f,^", "ti^a^ifw&^^aii • i ^ ^ S U
m&9nn") (ifec^fe^ • 2001). Cd thi ndi. qui
uinh phit triin nghta cua chft " t t " (tnic) ciing
nhu nhOng chft Han cd chda " t t " (tiiic) Iam
tiiinh to biiu nghia li kit qui cua qui Irinh
nhin tiiuc vfi sy vit khich quan tiong moi
quan h? vdi cic su vit khic v i trong quan h§
vdi ddi s6ng cua con ngudi. Qui trinh tu duy
lifin tudng iy d i gin kit cic sy vat cy the, hOu
hinh vdi nhau, dong thdi cung gin kfit sy vit
cy thi hiru hinh vdi sy v^t truu tugng, vd hhih.
Khii nipm triru tugng ciing theo dd ma hinh
thinh v i phat trien.
5. Kit luSn
Trung Qudc Ii qufi huong cua cic loai tie
tnic. Tu xa xua, din tgc Tnmg Hoa dS nhin

Ihdc dugc day dii cic die tinh cua loii thyc
vat nay, tu dd phat huy tic dyng cua tre tnic
ddi vdi ddi sdng vil chit va tinh thin. Tu
nghta goc, thdng qua tu duy lien tudng, cha
" t t " (tnic) da phat trien thanh nhiiu nghta
phii sinh. Nhdm chft Hin chiia " t t " (tnic)
lam thanh td bifiu nghta khdng nhiing sd lugng
nhieu v i nghta cung rat phong phu, da dang.
Nhd phfip tu duy lien tudng, nhdm chft Hin
niy da phit trien td nghia chi sy vat cy the hiiu
hinh nay sang su vat cy tiifi hOu hinh khic cd
lifin quan, dong tiidi phit trifin thanh nghta chi
sy vat trim tugng, vd hinh. Mgt so khii nipm
trim tugng cung tiieo dd ma hinh thanh. Nghia
phii sinh cua " t t " (tinie) va nhdng chfi Hin
CO chua " t t " (tiiic) chu yiu dung dfi chi mgt
sd loai nh^c cy, dyng cu van phdng, do dung
hang ngiy hoic cdng cy lao dgng v i mgt si
loai vu khi mi ban diu dugc chfi tac bing tre
tide. Ddng tiidi, mgt bg phan chu Han tiiugc
nhdm niy dugc phat triin tiidng qua phuong
tiiuc in dy, tir mifin ngudn tre tnic anh x? Ifin
mifin dieh li tiidi tiit, miia vy va phim chit
dao diic. Su phit trien nghta cua ban tiian
cha " t t " (triic) cung nhu nhdm cha Han cd


TipcUNgbifal cvn Nirtrc ngoii, T|p 36, So 2 (2020) 145 -155
chiia ' ^ ' ' (tnic) vdi tu each la thanh td bieu
n ^ thi hipn sinh dgng die diem tri nhin ciia

ngudi xua ddi vdi loii thyc vat thanh manh,
tnpc dianh khdm, sic miu tuoi xanh va cd sue
sing minh lipi, deo dai nay. Cd the ndi, him
y vin hda ciia nhdm chft Han chiia " t t " (tnic)
til sau sic, trong mgt chimg muc nhal dinh,
no di phan inh dipn m^o xa hgi Tnmg Qude
ci d^i vdi nhifiu gia tri vit chat vi tinh than,
tro thinh trim tich van hda can dugc tiep luc
di sau nghifin cdu hon nda.
Tii li^u tham khdo
Ti^ngVifi

155

Le Quang Thiem (2015). Su phdi triin nghia tit v^ng
ding Vi^i tir 1945 din 2005. Ha N6L Nxb Dfi hgc
Quic gia Ha Ngi.
neng Trung
m a j a i ^ (2018). Si^jtftB: a « « ^ - ^ 9 F
%. J5Iii3St[;k;^tl}S?, 25-30.

(sr:JLS^A(i990). ^m^^^xitXM. 4ts^ta
mt.
^K(2ooi). urmm. ^^tbisfi.
iô3t*Ơ(i997). nmu^mm. Af^x'^^.mt
iRgS(2004).A».A^i.'ig WiXt^im.^.
u^^ (2001). \m\wMr-^\t -hrs^isst^aiiififi.
)i Wit (2000) s?^3:iti-]!a.iiTAstua6H
Tir dien

(2010). szii^^ft. mAt'sz
Ph»mNg9cHam (2012). Cha Hdn Chuvd nghia. Ha m^i^^m^mm^-k
N^ii Nxb Dfi hpc Quic gia Ha Ngi.
^%%.
mi&m
(2001).
mfxmnm&^$^ -sw:k
cim Tii T4i, & Le Quang Sing (2017). Van t\i Han va
vBi trd cua gidi trong hdn nhan. Nghien cuu Nuoc
II5HZ (1993). mmamT^n. mmmmn:.
n^oJUi(05), 104-112.
m i (2012). i^-zmr. 'i'm^m.
Nguyin Kim Th4n (1984). Lupe sir ngon ngit hpc, T|p
I. Hi Ngi: Nxb Dfi hgc & Trung hgc chuyen nghi?p.
SEMANTIC FEATURES OF WORDS
CONTAINING "1t BAMBOO" IN CHINESE CHARACTERS
Pham Ngoc Ham
VNU Universily of Languages and Inlernalional Studies
Pham Van Dong, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vielnam
Abstract. As an ideographic and phonogramic writing system, Chinese characters vividly reflect
human cognition about the real world and their life. This is evident in such canonical examples as Chinese
characters that contain the symbol "ti'" (bamboo). The article primarily uses common research methods,
including statistical, descriptive, analytic methods, to examine the relationships between pictograms and
semantics of Chinese characters containing "Yt" (bamboo), clarify their semanric development as well
as cultural implications. The paper hopes to contribute a reference for studying Chinese characters and
teaching Chinese in Viemam.
Keywords:ftbamboo, Chinese characters, semantics, cognition, culture