hích nghi thang đo lo âu thi cử TAS và TAI trên mẫu sinh viên đại học

THICH NGHI THANG OO
LO AU THI cd TAS VA TAI
TREN M A U SINH VIEN DAI HOC
GS. Renlai Zhou

Trudng Bgi hgc Nam Kinh, Trung Qudc.
TS. Nguyen Thj Nhan Ai
Trudng Bai hgc Supham Hd Ngi.
Quach Thi Phuong Thao

TOM T A T

Nghien ciiu dugc tien hdnh trin 324 sinh vien tir ndm thd nhdt den ndm thii tu,
trongdd, nam chiim 27,614} vdnd chiim 72,4% Bdng hai phuang phdp ddnh gid dp tin
cdy (dp tin cdy Alpha cua Cronbaeh, Bp tin cdy kiim tra - tdi kiem tra) vd Bg hiiu luc
dong thdi, kit qud cho thdy, cdc thang do cd do tin cay Alpha eia Cronbaeh khd cao
(TAS = 0,836 vd TAI = 0934); p < 0,001 vd dn dinh (Bg tin cdy kiim tra - tdi kiim tra
ciia TAS = 0,816 vd TAI = 0,881; p < 0,001) Phdn tich dp hieu luc ddng thdi cho th
trgng thdi lo du; trdm cdm vd Ig du thi cu cd tuang quan thudn vdi nhau, khdeh the eg
miic Ig du thi cu cao cd khd ndng ddn den trgng thdi lo du ldm sdng.
Ttr khoa: Lo du thi cir; TAS; TAI.
Ngdy nhdn bdi; 11/1/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi; 25/3/2019.
1. Dat van de
Lo au ludn la mot vin di thu hiit nhiiu sir quan tam eua xa hdi. Trong
dd, lo au thi eii (test anxiety) la mdt dang lo au hon hop, dac hieu, vdi nguyen
nhan do sir kit hop giua nhan thuc ciia ca nhan, dac tinh nhan each va eac
nguyen nhan khae, din din viee ea nhan eoi thi cu (kiim tra) nhu mdt kich thich
gay nguy bai cho ban than, tu dd din din lo au qua mire (ve mat tam ly) va bieu
hien bing sir ne tranh (hanh vi). Mdt sd tae gia cho rang, lo au thi eti cd tinh dn
djnh cung nhu tinh hoan eanh (Ling Wenlun, 1988; Song Fei va Zhang Jianxin,
2008; Peng Jiaxin, Yang Qiwei va Luo Yuejia, 2013; Li Wenting, 2010; Wang

Caikang, 2003; Yuan Fei, Li Zuoshan, Yang Yulu va Mou Yao, 2018).

TAP C H I T A M LY HOC, S d 4 (241), 4 -

2019


Tren thi gidi, lo au thi cir tir lau da nhan dugc nhiiu sir quan tani cua
eac nha tam ly hpc. Rit nhiiu nghien ciru chi ra ring: lo au thi cir khdng nhung
anh hudng nghiem trpng din thanh tich thi cu ciia hpe sinh ma cdn anh hiiOTg
din sire khde (tam - sinh ly) cua ca nhan. Vi du: Nhung ca nhan cd mile do lo
au thi cu cao va lau dai cd ty le mic tram cam cao ban ngudi binh thudng (Shi
Yongmou va cdng sir, 2017; Zheng Xifu va Gao Hongzhang, 2003; Zheng.
Xifu, Xu Jinmin va Xiao Xing, 2006), gay ra nhiing khiim khuyit trong qua
trinh nhan thirc, nhu qua trinh chu y, lie chi nhan thite hoac tri nhd... (Liu
Ying, Zhang Wenjuan, Zhou Ren Lai, 2015; Zhou Ren Lai, 2014; Zhang
Xiaocong, Zou Jilin, Ring, Dong Yunying, Zhou Ren Lai, 2015; Zhang Ring,
2017; Lin Hui Bin, 2010; Dong Yunying, 2016; Guo Wei, Zhou Jilin, 2012;
Chen Rui, 2011; Huo Meng, 2011; Huo Meng, 2012). Vi vay, nam 1978, nha
tam ly hgc lam sang Trudng Dai hpc Yale G. Sarason hoan thien thang do Lo
au TAS (test anxiety scale) tir thang do Lo au TAQ (test anxiety questionnaire)
ma trudc dd dng ciing cdng su Georger Mandler da thuc hien (G. Sarason,
1975). Sau dd, thang do nay dugc Wang Caikang (1999) thich irng tren nen
van hda Trung Qudc (Wang Caikang, 2003). Thang do nay duge sir dling mdt
each phd bien va dugc coi la mpt thang do cd tinh hieu lire va dp tin cay cap,
ed the thich ting trong nhieu nin van hda (Zhou Renlai va Huang Qiong, 2015;
Song Fei va Zhang Jianxin, 2008). TAS khdng ed thanh phin nhan td ro rang
va cd mpt thdi gian dai dugc gidi nghien ciru mac dinh la thang dp mpt nhan
td, chu yeu do cac dae tinh nhan each (cd sir dn djnh lau dai) cua khach thi ed
lo au thi cii.

Ngay sau sir ra ddi cua TAS, nam 1980, Spielberger eiing thiit ki mpt
thang do Lo au thi cir cd ten TAI (test anxiety inventory) va nam 1985 dupe
Wenlun Ling thich img tren nin van hda Trung Qude (Wenlun Ling, 1984,
1988). Khae vdi TAS, TAI cd hai nhan to rd rang dua tren ly thuyit nhi nguyeii
luan cua Spielberger, dd la (1) nhan td lo au (worry): xuit phat tir su itanh gia
va du doan eua ban than khach thi ddi vdi tinh eanh thi eu (kiim tra) sip tdi
thanh phan ciia nd chil yeu la qua trinh tam ly, nhan thirc va (2) nhan td xuc
cam (emotionality) dugc hieu la nhung phan img cua eo thi di kem vdi nhan td
lo au, bao gom cang thang, tim dap nhanh, ra md hdi hoiic su hdn loan ciia be
than kinh thuc vat, v.v.
•
_ Ca hai thang do dugc gidi nghien cim tren thi gidi biit din va s.i H„n„
tren nhieu nen van hda do tinh dl thich ung va dd hieu luc cao Ben eanh ,< ?
hat thang do ma chung tdi thich irng la thang do da duoc thich urnj j j u'^"
dsng khach the (hgc sinh, sinh vien, hgc vien cao hoc) d nhiiu viin„ "
dat nude Trang Qudc (Quang Chau, Bic Kinh, Nam'Kinh, Hd Bic )^'™ " ^
bao cao vdi dp tin cay cao va dugc sit dung phd biin (Yu Liang Ch

14

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 4 ( 2 4 l u ~ 7 ~ ~


Zhang Xiaocong va Zhou Renlai, 2011; Historical Warfare va cdng sir, 2014;
Zhou Renlai va Huang Qiong, 2015; Zhang Huan, 2017; Dong Yunying, Zhou
Renlai, Gao Xin, Jiao Feng va Guo Wei, 2011; Yuan Fei va edng sir, 2018;
Huang Qiong va Zhou Renlai, 2018).
Cae nghien ciiu dich te d Viet Nam cho thiy, khoang 18% - 25% ty le
hpe sinh, sinh vien cd rdi loan lo au tiiy tirng nghien eiru va khach thi (Luu
Quang Hung, 2017; Dd Van Doat, 2018; Nguyin Thanh Huang, 2010; Nguyin

Cdng Khanh, 2017; Le Minh Thuan, 2011). Tuy nhien, ed mpt vin di chung
ma nhieu nghien ciiu thdng nhat, dd la ty le lo au hpc dudng d Viet Nam dang
cd chieu hudng gia tang va chinh ap lue ve hpe tap cung nhu sii thiiu quan tam
eiia gia dinh lai anh hudng sau sac den hanh vi tu hiiy hoai eiia hpc sinh (Tsan
Dung Nhanh va cdng sii, 2018). Theo Tran Thanh Nam (2015): "hiu hit cac
nghien ctiu d Viet Nam mdi chi tap trung xac djnh ty le djeh te rdi loan lo au
hay eae yeu td/nguyen nhan din den lo au d tre dp tudi hpe dudng ma chua chu
y den cac dang thirc lo au d hpe sinh, eiing nhu he luy ciia nhiing dang lo au
nay". Nghien eim eung ehi ra lo au ve cac tinh hudng kiem tra cung la nguyen
nhan hang dau dan den lo au d tre (Nguyen Ba Phu va Nguyen Van Bac, 2018;
Tran Thanh Nam, 2015; Mohd-Zaharim va cdng sir, 2011; Nguyen TThj Van,
2017). Qua dd, cd the thay rang, d Viet Nam, mdt bd phan sinh vien va hpc
sinh THPT ed nhung trieu ehiing lam sang eua Ip au thi eii (Nguyin Ba Dat,
2001; Nguyin Ba Dat va Nguyin Huu Thu, 2009; Dd Van Doat, 2018; Le
Minh Nguyet, Ngo Thi Hanh, Nguyen Phuong Linh, 2018; Le Thi Duyen, Bill
Thi Thanh Dieu, 2018; Nguyen Thj Van, 2017). Tuy nhien, cd rat it nghien eilu
ve lo au thi ctr va cung chua cd edng eu, thang do ehinh thiic dugc thich img d
Viet Nam. Vay, nham cung cap mdt thang do chuyen biet cho lo au thi eii ed
dp hieu lue eao eho nhung nghien ciiu sau nay, chiing tdi bude dau thieh nghi
thang do thi eii tren khach the sinh vien cua mdt sd trudng dai hpe mien Bac
Viet Nam. De thuan tien eho nhQng nghien eiru sau nay, dudi day la ket qua
thich Qng hai thang do tu hai gde dp khae nhau: IP au thi eii dua tren co sd
nhan each, cd tinh nang sang Ipe TAS (test anxiety scale) va lo au tbi cii - TAI
(test anxiety inventory) dugc thiit ki chuyen biet vdi tinh hoan eanh cila lo au
thi cii. Do sir gin gOi ve van hda va tinh dn dinh, dp hieu lire cao trong mdi
trudng Trung Qude, ehiing tdi quyit djnh ea hai thang do deu dupe thich ung
tu ngdn ngu thii hai la tieng Trung.
2. Phtrtrng phap nghien cuu
2.1. Khdeh the nghien cdu
Miu nghien eiiu la sinh vien dai hpe (Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi I,

Dai hpe Cdng nghiep Ha Ndi, Trudng Dai hpe Y Hai Duong) tren ea sd tu

TAPCHiTAM LYHOC, Sd4 (241), 4 - 2019'

15


nguyen tham gia. Thdi gian tiin banh dupe phan lam hai giai doan (trudc thi va
sau thi):
Giai doan 1: bit diu tir thang 5 din thang 7 nam 2018 - trudc khi dien ra
ky thi eudi ky ciia cac trudng, chung tdi phat ra 461 phieu hdi, trong do co
phiiu dam bao diy dii thdng tin, chiem 70%,
Giai doan 2: tir thang 9 niim 2018, di kiim tra dp dn dinh ciia thang do
theo thdi gian, chiing tdi tiip tue phat cho ciing nhdm khach the (sinh vien
Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi) 172 phiiu bang bdi, trong dd 129 phieu hop
le, chiem 75%.
Vay, tdng cpng nghien cuu cd 633 phiiu, trong dd cd 453 phieu hgp le,
chiim 71,5%; trong dd cd 125 nam, 328 nu, dp tudi tir 18 - 26, tu nam nhat den
nam thu tu. Sau khi phan tich, kit qua cho thiy phan phdi diim cila hai thang
do thudc nhdm phan phdi chuin (TAS cd DTB = 19,48; DLC = 20,00; dp xien
= -0,016; TAI cd DTB = 40,72; DLC = 40,00; dp xien = 0,522).
2.2. Cong eu do ludng
2.2.1. TAS
TAS (test anxiety scale) gdc la mpt bang hdi tu khai, bao gdm 37 eau
hdi, trong dd cd 6 menh de (item) ed ndi dung nghjeh dao, yeu eau khach the
tra loi dung/sal (phu hpp/khdng phii hgp) dua tren trai nghiem cila chinh minh.
Theo nghien eiiu gde eua Sarason, thang do nay danh eho khach the tren 15
tudi, chi cd mgt mien do duy nhat, dd la lo au thi cit, ndi dung do la dae tinh
nhan each va cd the diing de ehiin doan lo au thi cir cua khach the nghien eiiu,
cu the la 12 diem trd xudng biiu hien khdng cd lo au thi cil, 12 - 20 diim biiu

hien lo au thi eu d mite trung binh, 20 diim trd len biiu hien lo au miic cao
(Sarason, 1975).
Cach tinh diim: tra loi khdng phii hop tinh 0, phii hgp tinh 1 diim, tinh
tdng bang each cgng diim tit ca cae menh di, trang dd cac menh di nghich dao
ap dung each tinh ngugc (phu hgp dugc 0 diim; khdng phii hgp dupe 1 diim).
2.2.2 TAI
TAI (test anxiety inventory) gdc la mdt bang hdi tu khai, bao gdm 20
menh de (trong dd cd 1 menh di nghich dao), tren thang diim tu 1 - 4 (hiu nhu
khdng, thi thoang, ludn ludn va hiu nhu mpi liic), phan lo au thi cir thanh 2
mien do: nhan td lo au (worry) va nhan td xuc cam (emotionality).
Ban gdc de nghi each tinh diim phan lam 3 phin: tdng diim dii r~
thang Lo au, diem tiiu thang Xuc cam. Tdng diim tinh bing cach'con rf-^^
cua cac menh de, tdng diim thip nhit la 20 diim, cao nhit la 80 diim: Nh" ^ "
16

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 4 (241), 4 , JA


lo au gdm cac di mue: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 17 va 20; Nhan td xiie cam gdm cac di
muc:2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18.
2.2.3. STAl
Trac nghiem Lo au STAI (Speiberger test anxiety inventory) cua tac gia
Charles D. Speilberger dupe tae gia Nguyin Cdng Khanh thieh nghi d Viet
Nam (Nguyen Cdng Khanh, 2017; Nguyin Thj Van, 2017). Ci day chung tdi sti
dling ban STAI-Yl va STAI-Y2 dugc thich ling eho khach thi vdi dp tudi tren
15. Bang hdi ehd yeu do trang thai lo au (lo au trudc mdt sir kien ma khach thi
cho la nguy hiem). Mdi bang bdi gom 20 cau, tren thang diim tii I - 4 (khdng
cd, thinh thoang, thudng xuyen va rat thudng xuyen), yeu cau ngudi lam trie
nghiem chpn mpt trang thai cam xiie diing nhat vtH minh d thai diim hien tai.
STAI-Yl va STAI-Y2 deu bao gdm 2 miin do: cam xuc tich cue va cam xiie

tiiu cue. Trong dd, STAI-YI ed eae eau sd 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20
biiu Men cam xilc tich cue, can su dung each tinh diem ngugc (1 - 4, 2 - 3, 3 2, 4 - 1). Tuang tu, STAI-Y2 cd cae eau: 21, 23, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 36, 39 biiu
hien cam xiie tieh cue, can sii dung each tinh diem ngugc.
2.2.4. BDl-11
Trac nghiem Danh gia lo au tram cam BDI-II (Beck depression inventory)
cua Aeron T. Beck dupe thich nghi d Viet Nam (Nguyen Cdng Khanh, 2017).
Bang hdi danh cho khach the tren 15 tudi, bao gdm 21 eau hdi tren thang diem 0 - 3 ,
yeu cau ngudi lam trac nghiem chpn ra mdt cau md ta diing nhat trang thai tam
than cua minh trong thdi diem nay hoac trong khoang thdi gian bai tuan gan day.
Cach tinh diim la edng tat ea diim eiia cac hang miic. Tir 0 - 4 diem biiu hien
khdng trim cam, 5 - 7 diem biiu hien trim cam nhe, 8 - 1 5 diim bieu hien tram
cam vira, tren 16 diem bieu hien tram cam nang.
2.3. Quy trinh thieh nghi
- Bude 1: Mdi mpt hpe vien eao hpc Viet Nam, cd HSK6 (ehiing chi
nang lue Han ngii cap cao nhat) dang theo hpc tai Kbpa Tam ly hpe ung dung,
djeh bang hdi tii tieng Trung sang tieng Viet.
- Bude 2: Mdi mdt tiin sT Han ngu ngudi Viet Nam dang theo hpe tai
Trung Qude djeh tir tieng Viet sang tieng Trung.
- Bude 3: Mdi chuyen gia la giang vien Khoa tam ly tai Tnrdng D^i hpe
Nam Kinh kiim dinh bang hdi (2 ban tiing Trung). Sau khi thdng nhit ban
dich, mdi 23 sinh vien Viet Nam tiin hanh danh gia cau chQ, dam bao cau hdi menh de khdng bj da nghia, de hieu.
- Bude 4: Tiin hanh do thii va phan tich sd lieu sg bd.

TAPCHiTAM LYHOC, S64 (241), 4 - 2019


- cudi cung: Tiin hanh diiu tra tren dien rdng va xem xet dp tin cay
cung nhu dp hieu luc cua thang do.
Bai viit nay tap trung trinh bay kit qua cua bude cudi eiing.
2.4. Phin mim phan tieh dii; lieu

Nghien cim sir dung phin mim SPSS 22.0 di phan tich sd lieu nghien cmi.
3. Kit qua nghien ciru
3.1. Bp tin eay
Do tin cay eua thang do duge tinh bing he sd tin cay Alpha cua
Cronbaeh (cdn duge gpi la do thing nhit ngi bp). He sd ^ Y f
^^^^^"^
dinh ben trong eua thang do, tra Idi cau hdi eae bien quan «^' " S ' ^ ' * * * °
cimg mdt khai niem hay khdng,, the hien d sir tuong quan * ? ' ehe |iua eac
item Kit qua nghien eilu cho thiy: hai thang do duac su dung eo dp thong nhat
ndi bd tuolig ddi cao (TAS = 0,836; TAI = 0,934), ke ca bai nhan to con eua
thang do TAI cung biiu hien duge sir thdng nhat not bp cao dp (TAI-b ~ 0,8 / 1 ,
TAI-W = 0,876), tit dd cd thi suy luan rang hai bang hdi IP au thi eu TAS va
TAI ed dp tin cay rat tdt.
Dp tin cay lap lai (test-retest) duge tinh bing each so sanh ket qua eua
diim thang do tren cung mdt doi tugng do trong hai lan khae nhau ve thdi gian
di kiim tra su dn dinh ciia thang do. Kit qua cho thiy, ca hai thang do dupe
thieh nghi ed sir dn djnh kha cao theo thdi gian trong mdi trudng Viet Nam,
hrong quan giOa kit qua d hai lin do vdi TAS la 0,816 va vdi TAI la 0,881; p < 0,01.
3.2. Dp hieu luc
3.2.1. Dd hieu luc yeu to
Bdng I: Tieu thdnh to eia thang TAS vd item tuang ting
So
item

1

I Thai do 1 3
phien
chan

Noi dung

He so
trich
xuat

He so
tai

Toi thirc sir nghl thi cii that 1 0,659
phien phirc.
TAS 25

Toi nghT se tot hon neu huy tat
I ca cac ky thi.

0,631

0,765

TAS 37

Toi khong thich nhirng thay/c6
I giao hay kigm tra dot xuilt.

"•5"

0,690

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, SO' 4 (241), 4 .

2019


TAS 17

2

Tir ti vdi
ket qua

4

TAS 10

Phan
u-ngca
the

Thai do
trong ky
thi

TAS 31

TAS 27

TAS 12
Thoi
gian thi

0,634

0,369

0,575

0,319

0,483

M6i lan kiem tra, toi thudng
nghT ngudi khae thdng minh
han toi rat nhieu.

TAS 34

5

0,425

TAS 1

2

3

Moi lan ki6m tra duac thanh
tich tot duong nhu cung khong
tang them phan tu tin nao

trong toi.
Trong ky thi, toi thudng tu hoi;
minh CO th6 thuan Igi t6t
nghiep khong?.

TAS 26

4

0,684

TAS 20

TAS 8
3

Toi cam th5y rit kho moi khi 0,497
viet de cuang on thi.

2
TAS 23

Mdi khi trai qua mdt ky thi
0,725
Idn, tdi thudng lo lang d^n ndi
dau da day.
Trudc nhung ky thi Idn, tdi
thudng an khdng ngon mieng.
Trong khi dn thi, tuy cd vai
chd tdi khdng hieu nhung tdi

khdng lo lang.

0,837

0,64

0,782

0,607

0,769

Tdi that khdng hieu tai sao mot
0,567
so ngudi lai lo lang nhu the
trong ky thi.
Thay cd nen biet cd mdt sd
ngudi vi io lang trong khi thi 0,286
ma lam anh hudng den thanh
tich CLia ho.

0,727

0,428

Mdi [an thi xong, tdi deu cam
thay tdi cd the lam tdt hon.

0,635

0,784

Tdi tin rang, khi toi thi mdt
minh ma dugc lu do ve thdi
gian, tdi chiic chan se thi riit tdt.

0,465

0,654

Kit qua phan tich nhan td giiip ehung ta danh gia hai loai gia trj quan
trpng etia thang dp la gia tri hpi tu va gia tri phan biet, lam ndi bat len dae diem
ciia mau khach thi nghien cQu. Tu ket quit phan tieh, cd the thay hai thang do
Lo au thi eti la TAS va TAI phd hgp de chay phan tich nay, vdi he sd KMO lan
lugt la 0,843 va 0,953. Tuy nhien, dp gia tri phan biet eua mpt vai item trong
hai bang hdi la khdng tdt, cd mdt vai item giai thieh eho hai den ba nhan td

TAPCHiTAM LYHOC, Sd4 (241), 4 - 2 0 1 9


eung mdt luc. Theo Nguyin Mong N g P ^ a Hoang T r ^ g Chu (2008)
.
item eiing luc giai thich cho nhieu thanh phan nhan to th h.?u hc so
Idn ban 0,3, niu khdng thi can xda bd. Vi vay, chung toi tien hanh
_
item mdt tren timg bang hdi mdt.
Cu thi, phan tich nhan td ban diu tren TAS, kit qua eho thay du .
trich xuit 12 ih'nh phin giai thich 56% str bien thien eua tap du 1 eu Sa" kh^
tiin hanh loai bd nhQng item cd hieu hg so ta, "ho han 0,3 do, vo nhung
duoc tai vi cung 2 nhan td.trd len. In so KMO eua TAS bang 0,678, the

|P
tiin hanh phan tich nhan td; trong dd cd 5 thanh phan g.ai '".ch 52 ^ ^ ^ " " ^
thien cua tap dO lieu. 5 thanh phan cd the hieu la 5 tieu thang do « " l'*^^'^;
(chi tiit eu ihi cd thi xem d bang 2).,Cae tieu thang do va tong diem h en th
Solg quan thuan; kit qua phan tich hdi quy cho thay, 5 tieu thang do eo the dv
doan duoc lo au thi cii duge do bing thang TAS (R^ hieu chmh = 0,780; p < 0 001)
trong dd, phan ilng co tbi va thai do trong ky thi la hai nhan to an tthat anh
hudng tdi lo au thi cit d miu khach the dugc nghien cilu (Beta lan lugt la 2,785
va 2 618) sau do mdi din su tu ti vdi kit qua (Beta = 2,208), thdi gian thi
(Beta = 1,734) va eudi eiing la thai dp phien chan (Beta = 1,599). GiQa cac tieu
thang do vdi nhau cd thanh phin 4 (tu ti/khdng ed niem tin vdi ket qua thi) va
thanh phin 5 (thdi gian thi) khdng ed tuang quan vdi iihau (p > 0,05); thanh
phin 5 (thdi gian thi) va thanh phin 3 (phan ung ea the) cung khdng hien thj
ftiang quan (p > 0,05). Tu kit qua nay ed thi suy luan thai gian thi dai ngan
khdng anh hudng tdi phan ling co thi va dp tu tin vdi kit qua eua khach the cd
mite lo au tbi cii cao. So sanh vdi thang do gde eiia Trung Qude cd su tuang
duong hrong doi eao, cung chi ed mdt yiu td (Song Fei, 2008) khae vdi thang
do duge thieh ung tai Viet Nam ed 5 thanh td rieng biet, tuy nhien, trong khudn
kho bai nghien ciru, nhdm tae gia chua tim ra yeu td nao anh hudng dan den sir
khae biet nhu vay, ein cd mpt nghien eiiu vdi sd mau rpng han va phan tich
sSu hem de tim hieu van de nay.
Phan tieh nhan to tren TAI, ket qua eho thay, 2 thanh phan giai thich
50,6% su bien thien ciia tap du lieu. Sau khi tien hanh loai bd nhung item ed
hieu he sd tai nhd hon 0,3, tri sd KMO ciia TAI bang 0,856, thich hgp tien
hanh phan tich nhan td; trong dd cd 2 thanh phan giai thich 59,8% su biin thien
cua tap dii lieu. 2 thanh phan cd the hieu la 2 tieu thang do vdi 8 item (chi tiit
cu the CO the xem d bang 3). Cac tieu thang do va tdng diem hien thj tuong
quan thuan. Ket qua phan tich hdi quy cho thay, 2 tieu thang do cd thi du doan
dugc lo au thi ctl dugc do bing thang TAI (R^ hieu chinh = 0,987; p < O^QOl)
trong dd, su tu ti ddi vdi kit qua (Beta = 0,398) din din lo au thi cu nhilu hoii

la phan irng sinh ly cua eo thi (Beta = 0,187).

20

TAPCHITAMLYHOC, S6 4(241)_4,

2019


Bdng 2; Tieu ihang do eia TAI vd item tuang ung
ThiAih
phan

1

Ten

s6

item

Noi dung

He so
trich
xuat

He so
lai

TAI 5

Mdi khi thi, tdi lai tu hdi: minh
CO tdt nghiep duoc khdng?.

0,672

0,817

TAI 17

Trong khi thi, tdi toan nghT minh
se truat.

0,602

0,741

Trong khi thi, mdi lan nghT tdi
diem sd la tdi lai khdng the tra
Idi cau hdi mdt each binh thudng.

0,598

0,716

0,649

0,711 va
0,379

item

Tuti
vdi
kit
qua

5
TAI 3
TAI 7

Ndi sa diem kem lam tdi khdng
the tap trung vao ky thi.

TAI 12

Nhiing lo lang ve ky thi lam
toi cam thay phien nao, tdi
mudn vijt bd chung.

TAI 18
2

Phan
irng
CO the

5
TAI 9

TAI 8

Trong khi tham gia mot ky thi
Idn, tdi cam thay tim minh dap
nhanh.
Khi di thi, du tdi cd ehuan bi
day du di niia thi tdi van rat
cang thiing.
Mdi lan tham gia mdt cugc thi
Idn, tdi cam thay than kinh de
bi kich thich.

0,474

0,308 va
0,616

0,699

0,835

0,607

0,723

0,483

0,651

Ddi ehiiu vdi nghien ciiu tuang tit d Trung Qudc, khae vdi sinh vien
Trung Quoc bi nhung kich thich tieu cue trong qua trinh lam bai thi anh hudng
dan tdi lo au thi ctl (lam sai, khdng lam dugc bai hay phat hien khdng dii thdi
gian...) (Lingwen Quan, 1988; Rocklin, 1994), sinh vien Viet Nam chil trpng
hon din kit qua cudi ciing eua bai thi (qua mdn, tdt nghiep, diem kem...). Dieu
nay ed thi giai thich kit qua nghien eiiu cua Huynh Mai Trang va Mai Hdng
Dao (2018) khi cac nghien eiiu chi ra ring, sau khi thi tam trang eua hpe sinh
vin khdng ed diu bieu tha long. Si sau phan tieh hdi quy ddi vdi tiiu thang do,
kit qua cho thiy, d miu la sinh vien miin BSe Viet Nam, tinh lo au va tinh xuc
cam cd thi du doan mpt phin lo au thi eu d eae em (R = 0,987; p < 0,001);
tiong dd, tinh xile cam (Beta = 1,111) cd anh hudng manh me hoTi la tinh lo aii
(Beta = 0,926); diiu nay cho thiy, biiu hien lo au thi cii d miu khach thi

TAP CHiTAM LY HOC, Sd4 (241), 4 - 2019

21


nghien cuu da sd dugc thi hien qua tinh xuc cam (nhung phan ung eua
di kem vdi nhan td lo au, bao gdm: cang thang, t.m dap nhanh, " "-"^"'j^fch
su hdn loan cua he thin kinh th,ic vat). So sanh vm thang do goc ban
nghi trong mdi trudng Viet Nam cd thanh td kha tuong tu va *''"g * f ^ ,
bing tiing Anh, diu ed hai thanh td mieu ta sjr t^ ti dot ™> ket^u ky th'
nhi^g phan img co thi di kem, trong dd, thanh to dugc Inch ™ ; y ™ " | X „ ^
do da thieh ung tai Viet Nam cd item trtng lap kha nhieu vo. ^ f f f ^c
trich xuit trong thang do gdc (chi khae item so 12 Nhung lo lang ve ky th^
lam tdi cam thiy phiin nao, tdi mudn virt bp chung '). Trong kh. do thang do
duoc thich img trong nin van hda Trung Qude chu yeu mieu ta qua trinh nhung
kich thich tieu cue trong khi lam bai thi dan den tac ddng tieu cue toi qua tnnn
nhan thuc ciia sinh vien Trung Qudc va nhOng phan ilng smh ly di kem. Co the

thiy su thi hien cila miu khach the trong cac nen van hda khae nhau la khae
nhau', diiu nay ed thi giai thich nhu sir khae biet ve van hda giua cae nhom
khach thi khae nhau. Tuy nhien, di tim ra nguyen nhan cu the cho sir khae biet
nay cin nhung nghien cira chuyen sau hon.
3.2.2. Dp hieu lue ddng thdt
Nhiiu nghien eiiu d Viet Nam cung nhu Trung Qude eho thay, ]o au va
trim cam cd tuong quan thuan vdi nhau (Nguyin Ba Dat, 2001; Nguyen Cdng
Khanh, 2017; Huo Meng va cdng su, 2012). Vi vay, cd thi thiy, neu khach thi
dang trong trang thai lo au tbi cil thi eiing trong trang thai bi lo au va tram cam,
do do, khi do ddng thdi thi chiing cho ket qua ddng quy la tdn tai lo au thi eil,
ddng thdi vdi lo au va trim cam ndi ehung. Thi nen nhu mdt ehi sd dang tin
eay, ehiing tdi kiim nghiem dp hieu liie ddng thdi giQa lo au thi cii, trang thai
lo au va tram cam, ket qua nghien cuu dupe the hien trong bang 3.
Bdng 3: Tuang quan giua cdc thang do
TAI

STAI-YI

STAI-Y2

TAS

0758

0,580

0,589

TAI

1

0,650

0,624

1

0,846

0,588

1

0,664

STAI-Yl
STAI-Y2

BDI-II
0,420
1

0,471

Ghichii:p < 0,05.

Tit bang 3, ta c6 the thay dupe ring, hai bang hdi lo au thi cit khdng nh"
tuong quan thuan vdi nhau ma edn tucmg quan thuan vdi thang do Lo au STA^
22

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, So' 4 (241), 4 . ^r..


(frpg thai lo au) va thang do Trim cam BDI-II. Kit qua phan tich hdi quy eho
thay, lo au thi eil va trim cam cd thi dit doan trang thai lo au d mdt mQe dd nhit
djnh (STAI-Yl: R ' hieu ehinh = 0,532; STAI-Y2: R ' hieu chinh = 0,580; p <
0,001), hrong dd trim cam cd mirc dp anh hudng cao nhit (STAl-Yl: Beta =
0,337; STAI-Y2: Beta = 0,435); ttong khi dd, ttang thai lo au ed miic anh hudng
yiu din lo au thi ctl (TAS: R^hieu ehinh = 0,367; TAI: R^hieu ehinh = 0,442; p <
0,001); frim cam vdi lo au thi eu khdng ed mdi Hen he nhan qua (p > 0,05). TQ
ket qua nay cd thi suy luan: Tmh hoan canh la mdt nhan to quan trpng din din
tinh ttang lo iu thi cii d khach thi la sinh vien Viet Nam, dilu nay phii hpp vdi kit
luan nghien eihi eua Nguyin Ba Dat (2001).
4. Ket luan
Tii eac ket qua nghien eiiu ed thi nit ra kit luan sau:
Thii nhat, thang do Lo au thi cii TAS va TAI tren miu sinh vien miin
Bac Viet Nam bude dau thi hien dp tin cay va dp hieu lire cao, dn djnh ttong
nen van hda Viet Nam, ed the dua vao irng dting trong nghien ctiu Tam ly hgc.
Thir hai, lo au thi eii d khach thi tren miu nghien ciru cd tinh hoan canh
dac trung, trong dd, nguyen nhan ehti yeu la sir lo lang, tu ti ve kit qua thi
(kiim tra).
Thii ba, kit qua phan tich nhan td cho thiy biiu hien lo Su thi eu d sinh
vien Viet Nam da sd duge thi hien qua tinh xiie cam (nhOng phdn ting cda ea
the di kem).
Ben eanh nhiing ket qua dat dugc, nghien citu cdn tdn tai mdt sd ban
ehe nhit djnh:
Thii nhat, thang do dugc thieh ling tu phien ban tieng Trung mac dii ed
dp tin eay eao song day khdng phai la phien ban gdc vl vay trong qua trinh
chuyen ngQ khd ttanh khdi hien tugng "tam sao that ban".

ThQ hai, do dieu kien nghien cQu ban hep ndn sd luong mau nghien euu
chua du Idn, vi vay ket qua nghien cdu ehua thi mang tinh dai dien cho sinh
vien Viet Nam. Can trien khai nghien euu vdi ed mau Idn ban d^ tim hieu van
de nay.
Thil ba, ddi vdi van de ve diim chuin, trong pham vi bai nghien cilu
nay ehua du luong miu di cd the dua ra dugc khoang diem chuin di phan loai
trong mdi trudng khach thi la sinh vien Viet Nam cho thang TAS, eung nhu
chua tim ra nguyen nhan cua sir khae biet nhan td trong ban thich ung.
Thil tu, do sd lugng miu cd han, cac chi sd hieu lue dugc bao eao edn
han ehe, mdi ehi tap trung d dp hieu luc yeu td va dp hieu luc ddng thdi.

TAPCHiTAM LYHOC, S64 (241), 4 - 2019

23


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