Hành vi lệch chuẩn của thanh thiếu niên

HANH VI LECH CHUAN
QUA THANH THIEU NIEN
Nghien ciru nay dtrgc tai trg bdi Quy Phat tri^n Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$ Qudc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tai: Tri tue cam xuc va moi quan he cOa no vdi hanii vi xa hoi cua
thanh thieu nien; m sd: VI1,1-2013.12; PGS.TS. Phan Thi Mai Hifcfng l^m chCi nhiem.

TS. OInh Thi Hong Van
Dai hoc Suphgm

Hue

*

TOM T A T

Dif lieu khdo sal lie 921 thanh ihiSu nien tai 6 linh ihdnh (Hd Noi.Ninh Binh,
Thica Then - Hue. Qudng Tri, Bin Tre vd thanh phS Hd Chi Minh) cho (hay, cdc hanh
vi lech chudn diu duac thanh thiiu nien thuc hien a cdc mite do khdc nhau, Irong do,
nhirng hanh vi duac ihuc hien vai ty le lan Id. "'quay cop", '"khong hoc bdi, Idm bdf,
"'chili nhau, cai nhau'", "'ndi bdy\ '"ndi ddi Ihdy co, cha me, nguai lan tuoi"^ Thanh
thiiu nien nam co xu hudng thirc hien cdc hdnh vi lech chudn nhieu han nit. Thanh
thiiu nien dang Iheo hoc THPT ihuc hien cdc hdnh vi lech chudn vdi mire do cao han
ihanh ihieu nien THCS.
Tir khoa: Hdnh vi lech chudn; Thanh ihieu nien.
Ngdy nhdn bdi \Z/Sf20\6; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi 25/4/2017.
ABSTRACT
Data collected from 921 adolescents in six provinces/cities in Viet Nam (Hanoi,
Ninh Binh, Thua Thien Hue, Qtiang Tri. Ben Tre and Ho Chi Minh City) showed that
adolescents engaged types of deviant behavior at different levels Among deviant behaviors,
adolescents tended to engage more in the following acts: "cheating in exams ", "not doing
homework and reviewing - le.ssans", "quarreling, swearing", "using foul language", "lyingto

teachers, parents and older persons ". Male adolescents are more likely to commit deviance
than female. High-school students commit deviance more frequently than secondary school
.students.
Keywords: Deviant behavior.

Adolescent.

\. Dat van de
Sir phd bien ciia vice tre chua ihanh nien pham toi va cd hanh vi lech chuan
la mot van de nghiem trong ciia xa hoi (Lance, 2003). Theo bao cao cua Cue
Canh sat quan ly hanh chinh ve trat tu xa hoi - C64 (thuoc Tong cue Canh sat -

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017


Bo Cong an), d Viet Nam, trong 2 nam 2014 va 2015, xay ra 17.002 vu vi pham
phap luat do 25.017 tre em va ngudi chua thanh nien gay ra, vdi cac toi danh
nhu: giet ngudi, cudp lai san, cudng doat tai san, hiep dam, cudng dam, cd y gay
thucmg tich, trpm cip tai san, gay rdi trat tu cong cong, danh bac va cac vu vice
khac (Tdng cue Canh sat - Bp Cong an, 2015). Trong dd, nhidu hanh vi pham toi
cua tre chua thanh nien xuat phat tir nhirng hanh vi lech chudn khdng dupe phat
hien va udn nan kip thdi.
Hanh vi lech chuan la nhung hanh vi chech hudng rd ret so vdi nhOtig
chudn muc xa hdi (Lance, 2003; Liu va Hsu, 2013) hoac theo each khdng chap
nhan dugc ve mat dao due, tuy nhien, muc dp sal pham cila nd khdng phai d
miic vi pham phap luat (Lance, 2003). Nd cd the la nhOng hanh vi ngoai hien,
bpc Id true tiep ra ben ngoai (trdn hoc, bd nha, bat hop tac, chdng ddi, ndi ddi,
bat nat, gay han...) hoac la hanh vi ndi hien (cang thang, lo lang, thu minh...).
Dudi gdc dp phat trien nhan each, hanh vi lech chuan cd the gay ra
nhung hau qua nghiem trpng cho tre vi thanh nien. Nd anh hudng tieu cue den

qua trinh hpc tap (Liu va Hsu, 2013) cung nhu cac mdi quan he xa hdi (Pour,
Adibsereshki, Pourmohamadrcza-tajrishi va Hosscinzadeh, 2014; Eccles, Lisa;
Coiarossi va Jacquelynne, 1998). Theo Liu va Hsu (2013), nhung nghien cuu
ve hanh vi lech chuan da chi ra rang, nhirng hanh vi nay, neu khdng dupe phat
hien va sua chCra thi khi chiing xay ra, thanh thieu nien kho cd the kiem soat
mpl sd hanh ddng cua minh va sau nay rat kho de sua chua nhung sai lam dd.
De phdng ngCra nhung van de xa hdi nghiem trpng ed the xay ra Irong tuong
lai, cac hanh vi lech chuan can dupe phat hien. ngan chan va dieu chinh cang
sdm cang tot,
De cd CO sd khoa hpc cho vice thuc hien nhung chuong trinh giao due tac
ddng. can thiep lam giam hanh \'i lech chuiin d thanh thieu nien. ciin thiet tien
hanh cac nghien cuu Ihuc lien ve hanh vi lech chuan.
2. Phuffng phap nghien cuu
Khach the nghien cim
Khach the nghien cuu la nhung hpc sinh Irung hpc co sd (Ti ICS) va Irung
hpc phd thong (THPT) tai 6 linh Ihanh (Ha Ndi. Ninh Binh. Thira Thicn - Ilu6.
Quang \'n. Ben Pre va thanh phd Ho Chi Minh). Tdng .sd khach the d\iu tra la
921 thanh thiCu nien, trong dd. 56,8% la nu. 43.2% la nam; 18,4% la hpc sinh
kVp 7. 18.0% - hpc sinh Idp 8. 22.4% - hoc sinh Idp 9. 22.1% - hpc sinh Idp 10 va
19.1%-hpc smhlcVp II.
Cong cu ildnh giii hiinh vi lech chuiin
Bang hoi hanh \ i lech chuan bao gdm 20 menh dc Ihfi hien nhung hanh vi
cong kich. chdng cidi. sai pham ciia thanh Ihieu nien trong ciic hoat ddng (hpc

T A P C H I T A M L V H O C , S6 5 (21 H), 5 -2017

9


tap, giao ti^p vdi ngudi khac) va duy tri trat tu xa hdi da dupe xay dyng. Day la

nhung hanh vi lech chuin dupe bpc Ip ra ben ngoai va nd lien quan den kha nang
nhan biSt, tu kidm soat, quan ly cam xiic va hanh vi cua ban than. Cac m^nh de
tha hien hanh vi lech ehuSn trong hoat ddng hoc tap nhu; Trdn hoc, bo hoc; Khong
hoc bai, lam bdi; Quay cop; trong giao tiip vdi ngudikhac nhu: Ldy dd cua nguai
khdc; Chui nhau, cai nhau; Noi trSng khong, thiiu ii do vai nguai lan; CSygdy
xd xat vai nguai khdc; Noi ddi thdy co, cha me, nguai lan tuoi... va trong duy tri
trat tu xa hoi nhu: Banh nhau, du dd; Vipham Luat Giao thong duang bo (deo 3,
lang Idch, danh vong, khong doi mU bdo hiem, vugt den do, dieu khien xe may...);
Xem bang dia, phim anh, clip, doc cdc an pham doi truy; Diing cdc chdt gay
nghien (thudc Id, bia rugu, ma tiiy cdc dang...); Xd rdc bita bai nai cong cong
(lap. trudng, ngoai dirang)... Trong 20 menh de, cd 3 menh de la nhttng menh de
nghich so vdi cac menh de cdn lai, the hien nhung hanh vi hop vdi ndi quy, chuan
muc xa hdi (Giii ve sinh chung nai cong cong (lap, trudng, ngoai dicang); Chdo
hoi ngudi than trong gia dinh khi di, khi ve; Chao thay cd khi gap). Cac menh de
dupe danh gia vdi 4 mire dp xac djnh tan suat thuc hien cac hanh vi, tuong ung
vdi cac diem sd nhu sau: Chua bao gid lam (1 diem), it lam (2 diem), thinh thoang
cd lam (3 diem), lam kha nhieu lan (4 diem). Vdi cac menh de nghich thi cho
diem ngupe lai: Chua bao gid lam (4 diem), it lam (3 diem), thinh thoang cd lam
(2 diem), lam kha nhieu lan (1 diem). Hanh vi lech chuan dupe danh gia thong
qua tdng diem. Tdng diem cang Idn chung to tre vi thanh nien thuc hien hanh vi
lech chuiin cang nhieu. Trong nghien cuu nay, he sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua
bang hdi kha cao (0,878). Dieu nay cho phep bang hdi cd the thu thap dupe cac
thpng tin khach quan.
Phu'ffngphap phdn tich sd lieu
Nghien cuu nay sir dung cac phep phan tich sau day:
Phdn tich thong ke mo td vdi cac thdng sd diem trung binh (DTB) va dp
lech chuan (DLC) de md til ve hanh vi lech chuan cua Ihanh thieu nien.
Phdn tich so sdnh va tirong quan Pearson dupe sir dung de phan tich
mdi quan he giila hanh vi lech chuan vdi cac y^u td.
3. Ket qua nghien cuu va ban luan

3.1. Danh gid chung ve hdnh vi lech chudn ciia thanh thiiu nien
Sd lieu d bang 1 cho thay, cac hanh vi lech chuan dugc thanh thieu nien
thuc hien d cac muc dp khac nhau; nhin chung tan suSt thuc hien ciia cac hanh
vi lech chuan nay la d dudi mire -'thinh thoang cd lam" (DTB cua cac hanh vi
deu dudi 3). Trong cac hanh vi lech chuan, hanh vi thanh thiiu nien cd xu hudng
thuc hien nhieu nhat la "Quay cop". Day la hanh vi lam trai so vdi quy dinh

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2 0 1 7


trong hgc tap cua nha trucmg dat ra cho hgc sinh, the hien su thieu trung thuc
ciia hgc sinh trong thi cu. 80,9% s6 hgc sinh cho ring minh da thuc hien hanh vi
nay 6 cac muc do "it lam", "thinh thoang co lam" va "lam kha nhieu lan", trong
do CO dan 9,0% so hgc sinh "lam kha nhi6u ISn". Hpc sinh la chu nhan tuong lai
cua dat nuoc, ho can phat trien nhan each tren nen tang ciia su trung thuc. Tuy
nhien, thirc tien lai cho thay co so lugng Ion hgc sinh co bieu hien vi pham due
tinh nay trong thi cu. Day la thuc trang nhuc nhoi, dang bao dong.
So lieu khao sat cung chi ra mot ty le kha dong thanh thieu nien da tirng
''Khong hoc bdi, lam bdi" (74,6%). Mot hanh vi lech chuan lien quan den noi
quy hgc tap o miic do tram trpng hon la "Trdn hoc, bo hoc'\ co den 24,1% so
thanh thieu nien da timg lam. Nhu vay, so lugng thanh thieu nien vi pham cac
noi quy hpc tap khong he nho.
Bang 1: Hdnh vi lech chudn a thanh thieu nien
TT
1

Hanh vi iech chuan
Danh nhau, au da

DTB

DLC

1,55

0,759

2

Lay do ciia nguoi khac

1,34

0,659

3

Quay cop

2,33

0,885

4

Chin nhau, cai nhau

2,25

0,903

5

Noi bay

2,12

0,971

6

Noi trong khong. Ihieu jc do voi nguai Ion

1.73

0.839

7

Tron hoc. bo hoc

1.33

0,655

8

Vi pham Luat Giao thong duang bo (deo 3, lang lach, danh
vong. khong doi inii bao hiem, vuot den do. dieu khien xe
may...)

1.73

0,896

9

Xem bang dia. phim anh. clip, doc cac iin pham doi tru\'

1.29

0,672

10

Fruy cap cac trang wcbsile den

1 26

0.649

11

Diing cac chat gay nghien (thuoc la. bia ruati. ma tu\ ciic dang }

1 19

0.569

12

Xa rac bira bai nai cong cong (lop. trudng. mzoai duimg)

1 91

0,794

n

Gitr ve sinh chung nai cong cong (lop, truomz. ngoai duotm)*

1

08

1.012

14

Co y gay x6 xat voi nguoi khac

1 33

0,670

15

Khong hoc bai, lam bdi

10

0.851

16

Noi doi thay co. cha mc. nguoi Ion tuoi

2 02

0.845

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017

•,


0,903

17

Chao hoi nguai than trong gia dinh khi di, khi ve*

1,60

18

Chao th4y co khi gap*

1,47

0,847

19

C6 y pha tai san chung (cot den, thiing tac, ghe ngoi, do chai...)

1,26

0,617

20

Vi pham cac quy dinh nai cong cong (dam len CO, di ve sinh
khong dung nai quy dinh, treo cay, hai hoa, chup anh, quay
hinh nai khong cho phep...)

1,54

0,784

33,45

8,523

Tong chung

Ghi chii: *,• Menh de nghich: 1 "Chid nhau, cai nhau'^ cung la hanh vi dupe thanh thieu nien lam nhieu
han so vdi cac hanh vi khac, 78,8% sd thanh thieu nien thuc hien hanh vi nay.
"Chui nhau, cai nhau" la mot trong nhung bieu hien cda hanh vi gay han bang

Idi ndi, mac du nd chua gay ra nhung hau qua nghiem trpng cho ngudi khac
nhung nd la nguyen cd de xay ra cac cupc danh nhau d thanh thieu nien hoac
tan pha cac mdi quan he ban be. Sd lieu khao sat eCing cho thay, ty le thanh
thieu nien da tirng thuc hien hanh vi "Danh nhau, du dd'' chiem den 40,8%;
"Cd y gay xd xdt vdi nguai khac'' la 23,7%. Hanh vi gay han khdng chi ton tai
trong suy nghT va dirng lai d Idi ndi ma da the hien thanh hanh ddng bao luc, cd
the lam ton thuong den the chat va tinh than ciia nan nhan. Trong nghien cijru
cua Tran Thi Tu Anh (2012) tren 200 hpc sinh THCS thanh phd Hue, hon 1/3
sd hpc sinh cho rang da nhieu ISn hoac thudng xuyen ehiing kiSn hanh vi
"Bdnh. dam, dd, day, gat chdn". Theo khao sat gan day cua Bp Giao due va
Dao tao, eil khoang 11.000 hgc sinh thi cd mot ein bi budc thdi hoc vi danh
nhau, cii 9 trudng thi cd ludt Irudng cd hgc sinh danh nhau (3). Xujt phat tir
tinh chat nghiem trgng ctla vSn nan bao luc hgc dudng, r4t nhiSu trudng hpc
tren the gidi va Viet Nain dang xay dung va thuc hien cac md hinh, chuong
trinh can thiep bao luc hpc dudng. Didu nay chp thSy su no lue cua cac luc
lupng xi! hdi trong viec phdng ngira va han ch6 vjn nan nay.
Mot hanh vi lech chuan khac ciing dugc thanh thidu nien thirc hien nhilu
la "Ndi bay" (68,5% sd thanh thieu nien da tirng lain hanh vi nay, trong dd cd
10,3% -Taiu kha nhik ISn"). Day cung la mot vkn di Ihach thuc hien nay d cac
trudng hpc. Su l?ch chujn thi hien d hanh vi nay la thanh thiiu nien dung
nhung tu ngO thieu van hda, thiSu chuin muc di giao tilp vdi nhau hang ngay.
Hon the nOa. nhieu thanh thieu nien cdn dung nhOng tir ngO tho tiic di lang
ma. xuc phain nhan phaiu ngudi khac. "Ndi bay" ed the khidn ngudi khac bi
tdn thuong Idng tu trpng. danh dir ca nhan va ed the gay ra hau qua khdn
ludng. Nhieu vu bao lire hpc dudng dau Idng xay ra cung chi vi lupt Idi ndi
bay. Di; tao dung indt mdi trudng xa hdi van minh, "Ndi bdy" cSn duge loai bd.
12

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017

Ben canh dd, mot bd phan thanh thiSu nien cung da "Ndi ddi thdy cd, dm
me, ngudi lan tudf; "Ndi trong khdng, thieu le do vdi nguai lan" (ty le % lan
lugt la: 70,8% va 51,5%). Sd thanh thieu nien '-chua bao gid lam", "it lam" va
"thinh thoang lam" cac hanh vi "Chdo hdi nguoi thdn trong gia dinh khi di, khi
vi", "Chdo thdy cd khi gap" la 35,6% va 29,5%). Trong van hda giao tidp, ting
xir ciia ngudi Viet Nam, su the hien thai do tdn kinh, ll phep vdi ngudi Idn tuoi
ludn la phep tae dugc dat len hang dau. Tuy nhien, sd lieu khao sat da chirng td
rang, khdng it thanh thieu nien da khdng thuc hien dieu nay. Day ky nang giao
tiep cd van hda cho thanh thieu nien la van de can luu y trong chuong trinh giao
due ky nang song cho cac em.
Trong cac hanh vi lech chuan, vi pham cac quy lac chung ciia xa hdi, hanh vi
ma thanh thieu nien vi pham nhieu nhat la "Xd rdc bira bdi nai cdng cong (Idp,
tnrang, ngoai dicdng)" (68,3% da tirng lam); tiep den la "Vipham Luat Giao thdng
dtfong bd (dec 3, lang lach, danh vong, khdng ddi mH bdo hiem. virot den dd, dieu
kitten xe mdy...)" (48,2%), "Vipham cdc quy dinh nai cdng cdng (dam len cd, di ve
sinh khdng dung noi quy dinh, treo cdy, hdi hoa, chitp dnh, quay hinh nai khdng
cho phep...)" (38,9%.); tham chi mot sd thanh thieu nien "Co y phd tai sdn chung
(cot den, thiing rdc, ghe ngoi, do chai..)" (18,0%). Vdi tam ly tudi mdi Idn, muon
khang dinh ban than, chijng td minh la ngudi Icrn (Le Van Hdng, Le Nggc Lan,
Nguyen Van Thang, 1999), khdng it thanh thieu nien da thirc hien nhung hanh ddng
trai ngugc vdi quy tiic xa hdi. Ddi khi nhirng hanh ddng niiy cd the do qua phan
khieh, khdng kiem soat dugc cam xuc hoac do a dua. bai chude ban be.
Sir phat trien v\jnn bac ciia khoa hgc cdng nghe da lao dieu kien va co
hdi cho thanh thieu nien khai thac dugc nhieu nguon thdng tin phong phu, huu
ich thdng qua inlernet va cac phuong lien truyen thdng hien dai khac, tuy
nhien, nd cung dat ra cho chung la nhung thach thuc. Ndi lo ngai Idn cua cac
bac phu huynh la con cm hp, vdi ban linh Id md cua tudi mdi Idn, cd the truy cap
vao cac Irang website khdng lanh manh. xem cac Ihdng tin ddi truy, gay nguy
hai cho sir phat trien nhiin each. Su lo ngai nay la cd co sd khi kct qua khao sat

chi ra rang, cd 18,9% va 17.5% sd thanh thieu nien da "Xem bang dia, phim dnh.
clip, doc cdc an pham ddi truy" va "Truy cdp cdc trang website den". Gan gQi,
ndi chuyen. chia se vdi con. danh thdi gian bi;n con la mpl trong nhung bien
phap giup phu huynh cd the han che dupe tinh trang nay.
Trong 20 hanh vi lech chuan dugc khao sat, hanh vi gay ra nhung hau qua
nghiem trpng nhat cho Ihanh Ihicu nien la -Diing cdc chdt gay nghien (thudc Id,
bia ruaii. ma tiiy cdc dang. ) " . Theo Biii Thi Xuan Mai (2013). "Chat gay nghien
khi dime hap thu vao ca tlie a mot lieu iircrng du lan se lam thay doi chirc nang
cua ca the. Idm tluiy doi hdnh vi. dnh hirdng true Hep tai Idm trang, nhdn thitc vd
suy iighr (tr. 11). Vice sir dung cac chai gay nghien gii.v ra nhttng lac hai liiu diii
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 5 (21«), 5 - 2017

13


cho su phat tridn cua thanh thidu nien, nguy hiem nhat la nd cd the dan den tir
vong.'Theo bao cao ciia Td chiic Y li Thi gidi nam 2011, duoi tac hai cua viec
lam dung ruou, hang nam cd 2,5 trieu ngudi chet vi rugu, trong do, cd den 1/3 so
ngudi la gidi tre (dSn theo Bill Thj Xuan Mai, 2013). Bao cao ve tinh hinh ma tuy
the gidi nam 2012 cua Chuong trinh Kidm soat Toi pham va Ma tuy cua Lien
Hgp Qudc (UNODC) cho thay, udc tinh nam 2010, tren toan cau cd 230 trieu
ngudi su dung ma hly, trong dd 27 trieu ngudi cd v3n di nghiem trong do su dung
ma tuy; 200.000 ngudi tu vong hang nam do sii dung heroin, cocain va cac loai
ma niy khac (dan theo Bill Thi Xuan Mai, 2013).
Van di dang luu y d day la nhirng hanh vigay nghien rit kho kiem soat,
du xa hdi, gia dinh va ban than hg da ed nhirng no lire Idn trong viec cai nghien
va loai bd nhung kha nang tai nghien vIn rdt cao. Mac du ty le thanh thieu nien
su dung cac chit gay nghien trong nghien ciiu nay so vdi cac hanh vi lech
ehujn khac la thip han (12,2%) nhung vdi tinh chit nghiem trpng ctia nd, gia
dinh, nha trudng va xa hdi cSn phdi hgp chat che vdi nhau de han che va ngan

ngiia. Theo kit qua ciia mpl sd nghien eilu, nhung thanh thieu nien vdi cac dac
diim nhu: Idng tti trpng thSp, thanh tich hgc tap thip, thiiu kha nang kidm soat
cam xtie, su hda nhap vdi ban be han chi, khdng nhan duge su quan tam, cham
sdc ciia bd me, Idn len trong xung dot gia dinh... la nhung ddi tugng de sir
diing cac chat gay nghien (Nicholas, 2001; Santroek, 2004; Wing Lo, Cheng,
Wong, Roehelle, Kwok, 2011). Chinh vi vay, chung ta ckn tang cudng tao dung
cac mdi quan he Idl dep cho cac em va trang bi cac ky nang song can thiet de
gitlp eac em cd ban ITnh, vung vang hon trude cac cam dd cua cupc song.
3.2. Hdnh vi lech chudn cua thanh thiiu nien theo Idl cit giai tinh vd
dp tuoi
Bdng 2: Ket qud kiem dinh t-test ve su khdc biet hdnh vi lech chudn
giira thanh thieu nien nam vd nir

TT

Hanh vi lech chuan

Nir

Nam

t(894)

DTB

DLC

DTB

DLC

1

Danh nhau, ku da

1,79

0,797

1,37

0,674

8,469*«*

2

Lay do cua nguai khac

1,48

0,739

1,24

0,563

5,405*"

3

Quay cop

2,29

0,888

2.36

0.880

-1.179

4

Chifi nhau. cai nhau

2,30

0,926

2.22

0,887

1.236

5

Noi bay

2,16

0,958

2,09

0,983

1,073

6

Thieu le do vai nguai Idn

1,80

0.850

1,67

0,832

2,319*

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017


2,055*

7

Tron hoc, bo hoc

1,38

0,702

1,29

0,615

8

Vi pham Luat Giao thong duang bo

1.80

0,950

1,69

0,850

1,752

9

Xem cac an pham doi truy

1,45

0,797

1,17

0,537

5,808***

10

Tniy cap cac trang website den

1,44

0,809

1,13

0,456

6,779***

11

Dung cac chit gay nghien

1,25

0,671

1,14

0,470

2,896**

12

Xa rac bira bai nai cong cong

1,89

0,817

1,94

0,780

-1,021

13

GiCr ve sinh chung noi cong cong

2,21

1,021

1,97

0,996

3,457**

14

Co y gay x6 xat vt5i nguai khac

1,46

0,752

1,24

0,583

4,784***

IS

Khong hoc bai, lam bai

2,11

0,845

2,10

0,852

0,276

16

Nen doi ngirai ion

2,04

0,874

2,01

0,824

0,424

17

Chao hoi nguoi than

1,66

0,958

1,54

0,850

2,041*

18

Chao thiiy co khi gap

1,58

0,939

1,38

0,750

3,401**

19

Co y pha tai san chung

1,35

0,706

1,18

0,528

3,927***

20

Vi pham cac quy dinh nai cong cong

1,65

0,882

1,45

0,694

3,702***

35,09

9,290

32,20

7,640

45,008***

T6ng

Ghi chit: *: p < 0,05: ". p < 0,01: "*: p < 0.001.
Nhieu nghien ctru cho thay, nam ed xu hudng Ihijc hien cac hanh vi lech
chuan (hanh vi ngoai hien, pham phap) nhieu ban so vdi nu (Rigby va Cox,
1996; Bartels, Van De Aa, Van Beijsterveldt, Middeldorp, Boomsma, 2011).

Ket qua lim dupe trong nghien cuu nay thdng nhat vdi cac ket qua nghien cuu
trude. Diem sd ctia thanh thieu nien nam d hau het cac hanh vi lech chuan deu
cao ban mtil each cd y nghTa thdng ke so vdi nir. Nguon gdc ctia su khac biet
nay cd the bat nguon tu nhung khac biel vt} diac diem sinh hpc, ca the, nhan
thirc, etim xtie - xii hdi (Rutter va cac cdng su, 2003; Zahn-Waxier va cac cdng
su, 2008; dSn Iheo Bartels va cac cdng su. 2011).
Ben canh su khac biet ve gidi tinh, viec thirc hien hanh vi lech chuan d
thanh thieu nien cdn cd sir khac biet vi dp tudi. Nhirng khach Ihi dupe khao sal
trong nghien cuu nay dupe chia thanh hai dp tudt tuong irng vdi hai cap hgc d
Viet Nam: THCS va T"HPT, Ket qua kiim dinh t-test d bang 3 cho thSy. nhin
chung, hpc sinh THPT Ihuc hien cac hanh vi lech chudn nhiiu han so vdi hoc
sinh THCS (chi d hanh vi "Lay do ciia ngudi khdc". thanh thiiu nien d dp tudi
THCS thuc hien nhieu hem so vdi dp lu'm THPT). He sd luimg quan thuan giira
vice Ihirc hien eac hanh vi lech chuan va tudi ciia Ihanh thiiu nien da ung hp

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017


them cho nhan djnh nay (r = 0,140; p < 0,01). Kit qua nghien cuu nay cd su
khac biet so vdi nghien cim ciia Bartels va cac cdng su (2011). Trong rapt
nghien cim tren cac cap song sinh vi thanh nien ngudi Hi Lan va anh chi em
khdng song sinh cua lip (6.381 cap sinh ddi va 1.J95 anh chj em tit 3.5II gia
dinh), nhdm tac gia da chi ra ring, cd sir giam thieu cac hanh vi thati phien ca
thi, gay bin, cac van di vi tu duy va xa hdi theo su tang dan cua dp tudi.
Bdng 3: Kit qud kiem dinh l-test ve su khdc biet hdnh vi lech chudn
giiea thanh thieu nien a bdc hoc THCS vd THPT

TT

Hanh vi lech chuan

THCS
DTB

DLC

THPT
DTB

t(878)

DLC

1

Danh nhau, au dii

1,59

0,770

1,51

0.749

1,537

2

Lay do cija nguoi khac

1,39

0,711

1,25

0,550

3,369**

3

Quay cop

2,21

0,901

2,51

0,822

-4,974****

4

Chiri nhau. cai nhau

2,22

0,911

2,33

0,882

-1,870

5

Noi bay

2,06

0,952

2,23

0,984

-2,619**

6

Thieu le dp vai ngudi loti

1,67

0,837

1,80

0,844

-2,183*

7

Tron hoc, bo hoc

1,27

0,633

1,42

0,676

-3,263**

8

Vi pham Luat Giao thong duang
bo

1,68

0,891

1,82

0,896

-2,271*

9

Xem cac an pham doi truy

1,24

0,650

1,35

0,693

-2,508**

10

Truy cap cac trang website den

1,21

0.621

1,31

0,646

-2,294*

11

Diing cac chat gay nghien

1,16

0,534

1,22

0,568

-1,624

12

Xa rac btra biii nai cong cong

1,90

0,797

1,95

0,785

-0,810

13

Giu ve sinh chung nai cong cong

2.07

1,016

2,10

1,003

-0,493

14

Co y gay x6 xat voi nguoi khac

1,35

0,676

1,29

0,630

1,352

15

Khong hoc bai, lam bai

1,97

0,842

2,32

0,808

-6,255***

16

Noi doi thay co. cha me, nguai
Ion tuoi

1,93

0,835

2,16

0,834

-4,033"*

1.59

0.921

1.58

0,860

0,191

17 1 Chao hoi nguoi than

TAP CHI TAM LYHOC, S d 5 (218), 5 - 2 0 1 7


1,51

0,888

1,40

0,757

2,057*

19

Co y pha tai san chung

1,23

0,590

1,27

0,595

-0,937

20

Vi pham cac quy dinh nai cong
cong

1,51

0,773

1,56

0,786

-0,947

32,77

8,763

34,37

7,765

-2,820**

18

Tong chung

Ghi chu: *:p < 0.05; ** p< 0.01; ***:p<0,00J.

Nhom khach tha thanh thiSu nien THPT dupe khao sat trong nghien cuu
nay chi bao gom nhung hpc sinh dang theo hoc lop 10 va 11, khong co hpc sinh
lop 12, trong khi do, xet ve muc dp tnrong thanh, hpc sinh lop 12 la truong
thanh nhat. De co the nit ra nhung ket luan xac dang hon ve hanh vi lech chuan
theo nhom tuoi, nhOng nghien curu trong tuong lai can dugc thuc hien tren day
dii khoi lop trong timg bac hpc.
4. Ket luan
Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay, thanh thieu nien thuc hien cac hanh vi lech
chuan 6 cac muc do khac nhau, trong do, nhung hanh vi dupe thuc hien voi ty le
Ion la: ''Quay cop''; '"Khong hoc bdi, lam bdf; "Chui nhau, cai nhau'''; "Noi
bay"; "Noi doi thdy co, cha me, ngirai lan tuoC. Mot so hanh vi lech chuan co
the gay ra nhiing hau qua nghiem trpng cho su phat trien ciia thanh thieu nien,
tham chi dan den tii vong nhu "Dung cdc chdt gay nghien (thuoc Id. bia ruau,
ma tuy cdc dang...)'' van duoc mot bp phan thanh thieu nien thuc hien. Thanh
thieu nien nam co xu huong thuc hien cac hanh vi lech chuan nhieu hon nCr.
Thanh thieu nien THPT thuc hien cac hanh vi lech chuan voi muc dp cao hon
thanh thieu nien THCS.
Tinh trang thanh thieu nien co hanh vi sai lech so voi chuan muc xa hoi
chung khong con la chuyen ca biet ma la moi quan tam chung cua gia dinh,
nha trucmg va xa hoi (Hoang Gia Trang. 2005). Chinh vi vay, cac luc luong
giao due can chung tay phoi hop voi nhau trong viec ngan ngira va han che

nhung hanh vi nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tran Ihj Tii Anh, Hdnh vi bao luc hoc dudng ciia hoc sinh trung hoc ca sd thcinh
phd Hue. Hoi thao khoa hpc quoc t^ Tam ly hoc ducmg lan thii 3: Phat triSn mo hinh
va ky nang hoat dong tam ly hoc duang, NXB Dai hoc Su pham thanh ph6 H6 Chi
Minh,tr 356-364,2012.

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2. Barrels M., Van De Aa N., Van Beijsterveldt C.E.IW., Middeldorp C M . , Boomsma
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3. Doi s6ng va Phap luat, Bao luc hoc dudng, n/su-kien/
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of Emotional Intelligence Training on Behavior Problems of Boys With Externalized
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ve irdl tu xa hoi - €64, Tai lieu Hoi thao Nang cao chat lutmg cong tac quan ly, giao
due. phong ngira tre em va nguoi chua thanh nien lam trai phap luat lai cong dSng
dan cu theo chirc nang ctia luc luong canh sat quan ly hanh chinh vd trat tu .xa hot,
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14 I loang Gia 1 rang, ticinh vi sai lech chudn muc ciia hoc smh lai mot .vo' trudng phd
Ihang Hi, Noi, Tap chi Phat trifin giiio due, 5, tr. 15 - 17, 2005.
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