Thực trạng nhu cầu tham vấn tâm lý của cha mẹ có con tự kỷ

THUC TRANG NHU CAU
THAM VAN TAM LY
CUA CHA ME CO CON TU KY
Bai viet nay la mot phan ket qua nghien ciru cua de tai cap ca s6 nam 2018: Thtrc trang
nhu cau dirge tham van tam ly cua cha me co con tiT kf, Vien TSm ly hoc chO tri;
Nguyen Thj Thanh Huyen lam chCi nhiem.
Nguyen Thj Thanh Huyen

Vien Tdm ly hgc.
TOM TAT
Nghien cim tim hieu thuc trgng ve nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly cua cha me co con
/{f ky. Mdu nghien cuu bao gom 120 cha/me cd con Id tre tu ky song tgi 2 thdnh pho
Id Hdi Phong vd Hd Noi. Cong cu nghien cuu chinh la bdng hdi. Ket qud nghien cuu
cho thdy, cha me co con tu ky deu gap khd khan tdm ly vd cd nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly
d cdc vdn de khdc nhau vdi cdc muc do khdc nhau, trong do, cha me co nhu cdu duac
tham vdn tdm ly ve noi dung cao han so vai nhu cdu ve hinh thuc tham vdn tdm ly.
Ket qud nghien cuu giiip cdc nhd chuyen mon nhdn thicc ro han ve nhu cdu tham vdn
tdm ly cua cha me cd con tu ky, tir do co cdc gidi phdp de thoa mdn nhu cdu do.
Tir khoa: Tre tu ky; Cha me co con tu ky; Nhu cdu duac tham vdn tdm ly cita
cha me cd con tu ky.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 24/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2018.
1. Dat van de
Tu ky la mot dang khuyet tat phat trien ton tai suot doi, thuong duoc
phat hien trong ba nam dau dcri, do m6t loai roi loan than kinh anh huong den
chuc nang cua nao bp. Tu ky co the xay ra khong biet gioi tinh, giau ngheo,
chung tpc hay dja vj xa hoi. Tu ky dupe the hien qua cac khiem khuy^f \t
tuong tac xa hoi, giao tiSp ngon ngu va phi ngon ngG, cac hanh vi, so thich,
hoat dong co tinh han hep va lap di lap lai (Benh vien Nhi Trung uong, 2008).
S6 luong tre tu ky dang gia tang a t4t ca qu6c gia tren tha gioi, chii ygu o cac
thanh ph6 Ion. (3 Viet Nam, tu ky mai duoc biet din 6 nhftng nam 90 cua thi ky
XX (Nguyin Thj Thanh Mai, 2016). Hien nay, tai Viet Nam, chua co sd lieu cu

the va s6 lugng tre tu ky nhung theo uac tinh ciia Cue Bao tra xa hoi - B6 Lao

TAP CHI TAM L t HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12-2018

gl


dong, Thucmg binh va Xa hoi dua ra vao nam 2017, Viet Nam co khoang hon
200.000 nguoi tu ky (din theo Pham Thanh Binh, 2012).
Doi voi gia dinh tre tu ky, viee phat hien ra con mSc chung tu ky la mot
eiJ soc Itm cho cha me va nguoi than ciia tre. Cha me cam thay rat kho khan de
chap nhan con minh dugc chan doan tu ky (Tongerloo, 2005). Tir kbi biet con
mic chiing tu ky va trong suot qua trinh cham soc tre tir ky, cha me ihu nay
sinh cac cam xue tieu cue, dac biet la tram cam on dinh theo thoi gian khien
cha me luon d trong trang thai cang thang, lie chl (Carteret va cong sir, 2009).
Khi phat hien ra eon tu ky, nhirng moi quan he trong gia dinh eo the khien cho
cha me cam thdy vo ciing cang thSng (Crenguta va cong su, 2012).
Ngoai viec nay sinh cac cam xiic tieu cue, cha me eo eon tu ky con gap
rat nhieu kho khan tam ly khac. Do la kho khan trong viec doi hoi nguofi khac
doi xu cong bang, tranh ky thi voi ban than tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky. Viec
nhilng nguoi xung quanh co nhirng cai nhin thieu thien cam, doi xii voi gia
dinh tre tu ky khac voi cac gia dinh binh thuong khiin cha me co eon tu ky
cam thay tu ti, khep minh (Cynthia A. Serrata, 2012). Cha me co con tu ky con
gap kho khan vi thieu hut thong tin lien quan den tu ky. Cho den hien tai,
nguyen nhan gay ra tit ky van con dang tranh eai, tuy nhien, trong nghien ciiu
ciia Mercer va cong su (2006), khi dugfc boi ve nguyen nhan gay ra tu ky, phan
nhieu cha me cho rang yeu to di truyen la chii yeu.
Cha me co con tu ky con gap kho khan trong viee tim kiSm m6i truong
hoc tap va hinh thiic giao due cho tre tu ky. Ngay dau nam 2018, trong tpa dam
"Chinh sdch gldo due hda nhap cho tre rdi loan phdt trien", cac chuyen gia va

ca cha me co con tu ky chia se nhirng kho khan khi tre tu ky tham gia hoc boa
nhap tai trudng hoc, nhu khong kip tilp thu bai, khSng co su danh gia rieng
danh cho tre tu ky,... nhirng dieu nay khiin tre tu ky kho hoac khong the hoc
hoa nhap hieu qua... (Ngan Anh, 2018). Kh6ng chi vay, cha me co eon tu ky
con gap kho khan trong viec thieu ky nang cham soc tre tu ky. Theo VQ Thi
Bich Hanh (2007), tre tu ky gap rit nhilu kho khan vl giao tilp, ngon ngO,
hanh vi... Noi each khac, rat nhieu kho khan co nguy co xuat hien va lam cho
cuoc song cua gia dinh co tre tu ky, dac biet la cha me tre tu ky cang tro nen
cang thang va phat sinh nhieu van de khac. Vi vay, cha me can dugc tham vin
tam ly de giai quyet nhirng kho khan phat sinh trong qua trinh cham soc tre tu
ky ma khong the tu minh vugt qua.
Trong pham vi bai viet, chiing toi hilu Nhu cdu tham van tdm ly ciia cha
me cd con tu ky Id ddi hdi duac tra giiip tdm ly ve ndi dung vd hinh thicc ciia
cha me cd con tu ky nhdm tim kiem vd gidi quyet nhimg khd khan ciia minh.
Thuc vay, rat nhieu nghien ciiu trong va ngoai nuoc cho thay, cha me co con tu

82

TAP CHI'TAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018


ky CO nhttng nhu ciu can dugc tham van tam ly nhu nhu cSu giai toa cac cam
xuc tiSu cue (IVIicbelle A.M.M. Van Togerloo va cong sir, 2015), nhu ciu tim
hieu thong tin (Susan Senator, 2010), nhu ciu vl ky nang cham soc tre tu ky
(Bary M. Prizant, 2016), nhu ciu vl ky nang tuong tac va doi hoi dugc doi xil
cong bang, tranh ky thi (Salli Ozonof va cong su, 2014)... Khong nhirng co
nhu cau dugc thoa man ve noi dung, cha me cQng cin dugc thoa man khi su
dung cae binh thtrc tham vin khac nhau (Trin Thi Minh Diic, 2016).
Tham van tam ly chi dugc thuc hien boi cac nha chuyen mon a nhirng
dia diem nhat dinh. Tuy nhien, dl tham vin dugc hieu qua, cac nha chuyen

mon cung can than bilu nhilng nhu ciu tham vin eila cha me, hilu dugc hg cin
nhilng gi de co bien phap giup hp cham soc con dugc t6t hon. Vi vay, viec
nghien eiiu thue trang ve nhu cau tham vin tam ly cbo cha me co con tu ky la
can thiet hien nay.
2. Khach the va phirtrng phap nghien ciru
2.1. Khdch Ihi nghien ciiu
Bdng 1: Dac diem khdch the nghien ciru
Tieu chi
Cha/me

Trinh do hoc van

Ngh6 nghiep

Tuoi

So liroTig

Ty le %

Cha

35

31,5

Me

82

68,5

THPT tro xuong

18

15,9

Trung cap, cao dang

42

37,2
46,9

D^i hQC, sau dai hgc

53

N6i tra/tir do

19

17,7

Nhan vien van phong

24

22,5

KJ thuat

25

23,3

Kinh doanh

27

25,3

Giao due

12

11,2

Duo! 30 tuoi

37

33,3

TCr 30 den 40 tudi

60

54,1

Tren 40 tuoi

14

12,6

Nghien ctrii da khao sat bang bang boi tren 120 cha va me eo con la tre
tu ky va phong vin sau 5 cha/me, 5 can bp tham vin va 5 giao vien can thiep
TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018

83


cho tre tu ky tai Trung tam Can thiep Timg buoc nho (Hai Phong) va Trung
tam Can thiep sdm Tam An (Ha Ngi). Tuli trung binh cua khach tbi nghien
ciiu la 33,67, do lech chuan la 7,31.
Nhu vay, mau nghien cilu phan nhieu la nguoi me, co dp tuoi dudi 40
tuoi; da so e6 trinh dp hpc van kha cao, tir trinh dp trung cap, cao dang trd len;
nghi nghiep chu yeu la nhan vien van phong, kinh doanh va ky thuat.
2.2. Phuang phdp nghien curu
Cae phuong phap dugc sit dung trong nghien oixu gom cd nghien ciru tai
lieu van ban, diiu tra bang bang hoi, phdng van sau va thong ke toan bgc.
Trong do, dieu tra bing bang bdi la phuong phap chii yeu.
Bang hoi do tac gia tu xay dirng, bao gom 3 thang do:
Thang do Khd khan tam ly cua cha me cd con tu ky: 24 menh de (item)
chia lam 6 van de (khd khan giai tda cam xuc, khd khan khi thieu thdng tin lien
quan den tu ky, khd khan khi thieu ky nang cham sdc tre tu kj, khd khan khi
tiep can dich vu xa hpi danh cho tre tu ky va cba me tre tu ky, khd khan khi tim
kiem mdi trudng va hinh thire giao due phii hgp vdi tre tu ky, khd khan trong

viee ddi hdi cdng bang, tranh ky thi doi vdi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky). Doi
vdi mdi item, khach thi lira chgn 1 trong 4 phuong an tra loi tuong ttng diim tir
1 - 4: 1 diem - khdng gap khd khan gi, 2 diem - gap mot chut khd khan, 3 diem gap kha nhieu khd khan, 4 diem - gap rat nhieu khd khan. Dp tin cay ctia thang
do la 0,947.
Thang do Nhu cau tham van tam ly ve ngi dung ciia cha me gan vdi
tirng khd khan cu the bao gdm 24 item chia lam 6 vin dl (nhu cau giai tda cam
xilc, nhu cau can dugc cung cap thdng tin lien quan den tu ky, nhu cau cin
dugc cung cap ky nang cham sdc tre tu ky, nbu cau tilp can dich vu xa hdi
danh cho tre tu ky va cha me tre tu ky, nhu ciu tim kilm mdi trudng va hinh
thirc giao due phii hgp vdi tre tu ky, nhu ciu ddi hdi cdng bang, tranh ky thi
doi vdi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky). Doi vdi mdi item, khach tbi lira chgn 1
trong 4 phuong an tra loi: 1 diem - khdng ed nbu cau tham vin tam ly, 2 diim can tham van nhung khdng nhieu, 3 diem - tuong ddi can, 4 diim - rat can. Do
tin cay cua thang do la 0,963.
Thang do Hinh thitc tham vin tam ly bao gdm 7 item, khach thi lira
chgn t trong 4 phuong an tra Idi tuong ling vdi thang diem tir 1 - 4: 1 diim khdng phii hgp, 2 diem - phii hgp mot phan, 3 diem - kha phii hgp, 4 diim - rit
phii hgp. Do tin cay eiia thang do la 0,514.

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, 86' 12 (237), 1 2 - 2 0 1 8


Nhu vay, diim trung binh eila cac thang do cang cao, cba me cd con tu
ky cang gap nhieu khd khan, cang cin dugc tham van va cang danh gia cao
mile do phu hgp cua hinh thiic tham vin.
So lieu khao sat dugc nhap bang phan mem EPI data, sau dd chuyen sang
xii ly bang phan mIm SPSS vdi cac phep thing ke: dim (count), tin suit
(frequencies), so sanh Independent T-test, Oneway Anova, hrong quan (correlation).
3, Ket qua nghiSn cihi
3.1. Nhirng khd khan lam ly cua cha me cd con lit ky
NhOng khd khan cua cha me cd con tu ky va phuong thilc giai quyet cac
khd khan ay la co sd quan trgng, la tiln dl nay sinh nhu ciu tham vin d hp. Do

do, can bjeu dugc khd khan tam ly eiia cha me dl bilt hp cd nhu ciu tham vin
khdng, vl nhirng vin dl gi va d miic dp nao. Khao sat tren 120 cba me cd con
tit ky cd ket qua nhu sau: gin nhu tit ea cha me ed eon tu ky diu gap khd
khan tam ly trong qua trinh cham sdc tre tu ky d cac vin de khac nhau vdi
mile dp khac nhau. Tdng hgp 24 van dl khd khan tam ly dugc khao sat tren 6
linh vuc cho thiy birc tranh chung ve thuc trang nay, dugc the hien trong bang 2.
Bang 2: Kho khan tdm ly cua cha me cd con tu ky
BTB

DLC

Kho khan giai toa cam xiic

Nhirng ITnh virc kho khan tam ly

2,69

0,73

Kho khan doi hoi doi xii cong bang, tranh ky thi

2,16

0,78

Kh6 Ithan thieu thong tin lien quan den tre tu ky

2,62

0,82

Kho khan thiSu ky nang cham s6c tre tu k^

2,57

0,74

Kho khan trong viec tiep can dich vu xa hoi

2,78

0,86

Kho khan tim kiem moi tnrong va hinh thuc giao due

2,72

0,82

2,59

0,63

Chung

Nbin chung, cba me cd con tir ky thudng gap phai mdt sd khd khan tam
ly nhit dinh khi cham sdc tre tai gia dinh nhung d mire do khac nhau. Ba khd
khan Idn nhit ma cha me gap phai la tilp can dich vu xa hdi, tim kilm mdi
trudng va binh thitc giao due datih cho tre tu ky, giai tda cam xue tieu cue. Ben
canh dd, cha me cQng gap mdt sd khd khan nhu bi thilu hut thdng tin lien quan

din tu ky, thilu ky iiang ehim sdc tre tu ky. Cha me it gap khd khan nhit trong
vi$c yeu ciu dugc ddi xir cdng bang, tranh ky thi.
TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018

85


cho tre tu ky tai Trung tam Can thiep Tirng budc nhd (Hai Phdng) va Trung
tam Can thiep sdm TSm An (Ha Ngi). Tudi trung binh cua khach tbi nghien
ciru la 33,67, dp lech chuan la 7,31.
Nhu vay, mlu nghien cim phin nhieu la ngudi me, cd dp tudi dudi 40
tudi; da sd ed trinh dp hpc vin kha cao, tir trinh dp trung cip, cao ding trd len;
nghi nghiep chii yeu la nhan vien van phdng, kinh doanh va ky thuat.
2.2. Phuang phdp nghien ciru
Cac phuong phap dugc sir dung trong nghien ciru gdm cd nghidn ciru tai
lieu van ban, dieu tra bang bang bdi, phdng van sau va thdng ke toan hgc.
Trong dd, dieu tra bang bang hdi la phuong phap chii yeu.
Bang hdi do tac gia tu xay dung, bao gdm 3 thang do:
Thang do Khd khan tam ly ciia cha me ed con tu ky: 24 menh de (item)
chia lam 6 van dl (khd khan giai tda cam xuc, khd khan khi thieu thdng tin lien
quan din tu ky, khd khan khi thilu ky nang cham sdc tre tu ky, khd khan khi
tiep can dich vu xa boi danh cbo tre tu ky va cha me tre tu ky, khd khan khi tim
kiem mdi trudng va binh thiic giao due pbii hgp vdi tre tu ky, khd khan trong
viec ddi hdi cdng bang, tranh ky thi ddi vdi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky). Ddi
vdi mdi item, khach thi lira chgn 1 trong 4 phuong an tra Idi tuong irng diem tir
1 - 4: 1 diem - khdng gap khd khan gi, 2 diim - gap mot chut khd khan, 3 diim gap kha nhieu khd khan, 4 diem - gap rat nhieu khd khan. Do tin cay ciia thang
do la 0,947.
Thang do Nhu cau tham van tam ly ve ndi dung ciia cha me gin vdi
tirng khd khan cu the bao gdm 24 item chia lam 6 vin dl (nhu ciu giai tda cam
xuc, nhu cau cin dugc cung cap thdng tin lien quan din tir ky, nhu ciu cin

dugc cung cip ky nang cham sdc tre ty ky, nhu cau tilp can dich vu xa hdi
danh cho tre tu ky va cha me tre tu ky, nhu ciu tim kiem mdi trudng va hinh
thiic giao due phu hgp vdi tre tu ky, nhu cau ddi hdi cdng bing, tranh ky thi
ddi voi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky). Ddi vdi mdi item, khach thi lira chgn 1
trong 4 phuong an tra Idi: 1 diim - khdng cd nbu cau tham van tam 1^, 2 diim can tham van nhung khdng nhieu, 3 diem - tuong ddi can, 4 diem - rit cin. Dd
tin cay cua thang do la 0,963.
Thang do Hinh thuc tham van tam ly bao gdm 7 item, khach thi lua
chgn 1 trong 4 phucmg an tra loi tuong img vdi thang diem tir 1 - 4: 1 diim khdng phii hgp, 2 diem - phii bgp mot phan, 3 diim - kha phii hop, 4 diim - rit
phii hgp. Dp tin cay cua thang do la 0,514.

84

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018


Nhu vay, diim trung binh ciia cac thang do caiig cao, cha me cd con tu
kj e4ng gap nhilu kho khan, cang cin dugc tham vin va cang danh gia cao
mirc dp phi hgp cua hinh thirc tham van.
Sd lieu khao sat dugc nhap bang phan mem EPI data, sau dd chuyen sang
xu ly bing phin m^m SPSS vdi cac phep thong ke: dem (count), tan suat
(irequencies), so sanh Independent T-test, Oneway Anova, tuong quan (correlation).
3. Kit qua nghiSn ciru
3. J. Nhiing khd khan lam ly cua cha me cd con lit ky
Nhitag khd khan cua cha me cd con tu ky va phuong thu:c giai quyet cac
khd khan ay la co sd quan trpng, la tiln dl nay sinh nhu cau tham van d hg. Do
do, can hi^u dugc kho khan tam ly ciia cha me dl biet hp cd nhu cau tham van
khdng, ve iihOng van dl gi va d miifc dp nao. Khao sat tren 120 cha me cd eon
tu ky cd ket qua nhu sau: gin nhu tit ca cba me cd con tu ky diu gap khd
khan tam ly trong qua trinh cham sdc tre ty ky d cac van de khac nhau vdi
mirc dp khac nhau. Tong hgp 24 vin dl khd khan tam ly dugc khao sat tren 6

linh vyc cho thay bite tranh chung vl thue trang nay, dugc the hien trong bang 2.
Bdng 2: Khd khan tdm ly ciia cha me cd con ttj- ky
DTB

DLC

Kho khan giai toa cam xuc

2,69

0,73

Kho khan doi hoi doi xir cong bSng, tranh ky thi

2,16

0,78

Kho khan thieu thong tin lien quan dgn tre tir ky

2,62

0,82

Kh6 khan thieu kv nang cham soc tre tu kv

2,57

0,74

Kho khan trong viec tiep can dich vu xa hoi

2,78

0,86

iCho khan tim kiSm moi tnrong va hinh thiic giao due

2,72

0,82

2,59

0,63

Nhirng lmh virc kho khan tam ly

Chung

Nhin chung, cha me ed eon tu ky thudng gap phai mdt sd khd khan tam
ly nhit djnh kbi cham sdc tre tai gia dinh nhung d mirc dp khac nhau. Ba khd
khan Idn nhit ma cba me gap phai la tilp can dich vu xa hdi, tim kilm mdi
frudng va hinh thitc giao due danh cho tre tu ky, giai tda cam xuc tieu cue. Ben
canh dd, cha me cimg gap mdt sd khd khan nhu bi thilu hut thdng tin lien quan
din ty ky, fhilu ky nang cham sdc tre tu ky. Cha me it gap khd khan nhat trong
vide ydu cau dugc ddi xu cdng bang, tranh ky thi.

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018

85


Bdng 3: Phuang thitc gidi quyet kho khan tdm ly ciia cha me co con hi tu ky
Cac mijc do (%)
Diing
phan
lo-n

Hoan
toan
dung

48,7

8,0

2,6

31,0

8,8

2,7

44,1

27,0

11,8

4,5

42,7

20,1

32,7

38,9

34,3

15,7

11,1

6,2

35,4

26,5

31,9

0,88

3,5

28,3

33,6

34,6

3,19

0,84

2,7

20,0

34,5

42,8

2,42

1,16

26,6

28,4

18,3

26,7

Phu'o'ng thii-c giai quyet

DTB

DLC

Khong
dung

Diing
mot
phan

Am tham chiu dung, khong chia se

1,71

0,72

40,7

Chan nan, buong xuoi, tron tranh
van de

1,56

0,76

57,5

Tu suy tinh ra each giai quyet cho

van de minh gap phai

2,35

0,89

17,1

Tim doc cac tai lieu lien quan

2,82

0,95

Di hoc them cac khoa v6 tu ky

1,99

0,99

Tam sir vai nguai trong gia dinh
hoac ban be than thiet de tim lai
khuyen

2,86

0,95

Xin y kien til nhimg nguai co kinh
nghiem hoac cha me eo con bi tu

ky khac

3,01

Tim den cac thay, co day tre tu ky
de hoc hoi kinh nghiem
Tim den nha tham van tam ly

Khi gap khd khan trong qua trinh cham sdc tre, cha me diu phai tu tim
kiem cbo ban than cac phuong thitc khac nhau de giai quylt cac khd khan iy.
Ket qua khao sat cho thay, cba me cd nhieu phuong thirc de giai tda cac khd
khan tam ly cua ban than (xem bang 3). Nhung ndi bat hon ca la phucmg thiic
tim den cae thay, cd day tre ty ky de hoc hdi kinh nghiem. Trong sd cac gia
dinh tham gia khao sat, tre chii yeu dugc cha me cho di can thiep hang ngay
tilp xiic vdi cac thay, cd la chu ylu. Hon nOa, cac thay, cd day tre ty ky la
ngudi cd kiln thirc chuySn mdn va kinh nghiem de day tre nen viee tim din
cac thiy, ed dl hgc hdi la diiu dl bilu. Cach thii hai va thir ba lin lugt la xin y
kiln tit nhOng ngudi cd kinh nghiem hoac cha me khac ciing cd con bi ty k^ va
tam su vdi thanh vien khac trong gia dinh hoac ban be than thilt dl tim Idi
khuyen. Day la nhung each hgp ly, phu hgp vdi van hda Viet Nam vl viec tim
kilm loi khuyen tit nhirng nguiri cd kinh nghiem, nbOng ngudi tirng trai, nhilne
thanh vien khac trong gia dinh dl tir dd, cd phuang hudng giai quylt. Cd giao

TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, S6 12 (237), 12 - 2018


A. (Ha Ndi) cho bilt: "Nhieu khi cha me hieu duac con minh cdn gi nhung de
cd nhimg quyit dinh tdt nhdt cho con, cha me thudng den hdi chiing toi de hieu
them vg nhiing diiu dy" (27 tudi, Trung tam Can thiep sdm Tam An).
Dang chu y la cd nhieu cba me lai chan nan, budng xudi, trdn tranh van

dl hoac im thim tim cdch ty giai quyet van dl. Nhilu cha me cd xu hudng
khdng chap nhan hien thyc la con dugc chan doan tu ky hoac cd lo lang ve tinh
trang ciia con nhung khdng cd hoac khdng biet each giai quyet tdt nen budng
xudi, trin tranh hoac tu nghT each ma khdng chia se vdi bat cit ai. Day cung la
van de can quan tam dS hieu tam Iy cua cha me cd con bi ty ky.
Theo chung tdi, phuong thiic tim den nha tham van tam ly la hieu qua
nhat trong viec giai quyet cac khd khan cua cha me. Theo Sexton (1993), hieu
qua tham van tam ly cho thiy, gin 22% sd than chit thay dugc hieu qua dang ke
tit tham vin, 43% ed su thay ddi vira phai va 27% dat dupe mdt sd eai thien nhit
dinh vl tinh trang benh ciia con (din theo Tran Thj Minh Dire, 2016). Tuy
nhien, tren thyc tl, phuong thiic nay chi dugc cha me lya chpn d vj tri thii nam.
Chi M. (Hai Phdng) cbo biet: "Minh khdng biet nhd tham vdn tdm ly la al nen
khi gap kho khan minh khdng tim den". Day cung la cau tra Idi cua rit nhieu cha
me khi dugc hdi tai sao khdng tim den nha tham van tam ly khi gap khd khan
ma ban than khdng ty giai quyet dupe. Diiu dd chimg td rang, tren thuc tl, dich
vu tham vin tSm ly chua thuc sy phat triln, cong tac truyen thdng, quang ba
dich vu nay vdi cdng ddng cdn ban che, dan den viec khi cha me ed con bi ty ky
khi gap kbd khan chua bilt din dich vu tham van tSm ly dl dugc trg giiip.
3.2. Thuc Irgng chung ve nhu cau tham van ciia cha me cd con bituky
3.2.1. Ddnh gid chung ve nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly

KHONG C6 NHU CAU

Biiu dd 1: Mice dp nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd con tu ky

TAP CHi JAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018

87

Mac du, cae cha me cd eon bi ty ky da tim nhieu each khac nhau de giai
quyet khd khan, nhung hp vin gap phai mdt sd khd khan tSm ly. Vay, hp cd
nhu cau dugc tham van tam ly nham giai tda cac van dl khd khan tam ly ay
trong sudt qua brinb cham sdc tre ty ky khong? Kit qua vl sd lupng va mu:c dp
nhu cau dugc tham van tam ly dugc thi hien cy the d bilu dd 1.
Kit qua khao sat cho thiy, trong sd 120 cha me tham gia khao sat, chi
cd duy nhat 3 cha me khdng cd nhu cau tham van tam ly d bit cir vin de nao,
chiem 2,5%, cdn lai cd din 117 cha me cd nbu cau d cac van de khac nhau, d
cac mirc dd khac nhau, chilm din 97,5%. Nhu vay, da so cha me cd con bi ty
icy deu ed nhu cau tham van tam ly mac dii d cac mu:c dp khac nhau, ve cac
van dl khac nhau. Nhin chimg, cha me cd nhu ciu tham van tam ly khdng
ddng deu d cac khia canh, trong dd, nbu cau ve ndi dimg tham van tam ly
(DTB = 2,81) cao bon nhu cau ve binh thilc tham van tam ly (DTB = 2,63).
Vay, cd bao nhieu cha me da tirng nghe ndi hoac sil dyng dich vu tham
vin tam ly? Ket qua khao sat dugc the hien d bieu dd 2.

Da COngheden
nhirng chu-a sCr
clung

Bieu do 2: Mice do sic dung dich vu tham vdn tdm ly
cua cha me cd con bl tic ky (%)
Ket qua khao sat cho thay, ed hon 60% sd cha me tham gia khao sat cd
nhu cau tham vin da biet hoac da su dung dich vu, trong dd, 42,6% sd cha me
da su dyng dich vu, 18,3% cd nghe den dich vu. Ty \t nay la phu hgp vdi kit
qua lya chgn phuang thirc giai quylt khi gap khd khan tam ly cua cba me cd
con bi ty ky. Diiu nay chiing td, cha me cd con bi ty ky da phin nao nhan
TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018

thirc dugc mirc dp cin thilt ciia boat ddng tham vin tam ly ddi vdi ban than
hg. Tuy nhien, diiu dang budn la vin cd den 39,1% sd cha me cd nhu cau chua
tung bilt din dich vu tham vin tam ly trudc day.
3.2.2. Nhu cdu vi ndi dung tham vdn tdm ly
Sd lieu bang 4 cho thay, vl ngi dung tham vin, cha me cd con ty ky can
dugc tham van ve nhieu van de, nhung van de quan trpng nhat la giai tda cam
xuc (DTB = 3,02). Cd le, day la van de can giai quyet sdm va triet de nhat, bdi
cam xiic cia cha me cd anh hudng rit Idn den qua trinh cham sdc con. Thuc
vay, nghien ciru cua cac nha tam ly hgc Cynthia A. Serrata (2012), Alexandra
H. Solomon va Beth Chung (2012) cho thiy, phu huynh ciia tre tu ky cd mile
dp tram cam va mirc dp cang thing cao hon nhieu so vdi phu huynh ciia tre
khuyet tat khac. Cae gia dinh cd eon ty ky it cd cac boat ddng gia dinh va xa
hdi hori so vdi cac gia dinh khac. Cba me cd con ty ky ed kha nang ly hon cao
ban ban so vdi cha me tre binh thudng va kha nang nay se khdng giam khi tre
trudng thanh. Nghien ciru cung dua ra ket qua, cha me rat can dugc cung cap
nhirng dich vu de gidp giai tda nhirng cam xiic tren.
Bdng 4: Nhu cdu ve ndi dung tham vdn tdm ly cita cha me cd con tu ky
Bieu hien nhu cau tham van tam ly
ciia cha me co con tu* ky

Nhu cau
ve noi
dung tham
van tam ly

DTB

DLC

Nhu cau ve giai toa cam xuc

3,02

0,78

Nhu cau dugc doi xir binh dang

2,34

0,92

Nhu cau thieu ky nang cham soc tre tu ky

2,84

0,83

Nhu cau ve thieu thong tin

2,87

0,86

Nhu cau tiep can dich vu xii hoi

2,95

0,89

Nhu cau ve moi truang va hinh thuc giao due danh cho

tre tu ky

2,9

0,95

Chung

2,81

0,72

Van de thir hai la nhu cau tiep can dich vu xa bdi (DTB = 2,95). Cu the la
cha me cd nhu cau can dugc cung cap nhimg kien thirc ve chinh sach xa hdi hien
nay danh cho tre tu ky va cha me cua tre tu ky. Hien nay, Luat Ngudi khuyet tat
da ban hanh song ty ky chua dugc cdng nhan la dang "khuyet tdt chinh thicc" ma
chi dugc coi la "dang khuyet tdt khdc". Vi vay, tre tu ky va gia dinh tre ty ky
chua cd cac chinh sach ciing nhu hd trg phii hgp. Cha me tre ty ky cam thiy rit

TAP CHI TAM LYHOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018

89


kbd khan va cd nhu cau can cd chinh sach rieng danb cbo tre ty ky. Kit qua tren
tuong ddng vdi ket qua nghien ciru ciia Nguyen Thi Hoang Yin (2013) v l tre ty
ky. Tac gia cung cho ring, viec tiep can dich vu xa hdi la mot trong nhthig nhu
cau rat bite tbiet hien nay ciia cha me, dac biet la nhu cau kien thirc v6 cac mile
hd trg xa hdi hien nay danh cbo tre tu ky va cha me tre ty ky. Ngoai ra, cha me
cd nbu cau phdi hgp vdi eac td chite xa bdi de ciing cham sdc tre tu ky mot each

toan dien. Mot trong nhirng van de cha me cd nhu cau nua la can cung cap kien
thilc ve tham vin tam ly, bdi nhieu cha me hien nay gjp khd khan tam ly khdng
the ty giai quyet dugc nhung hp lai khdng biet tim ai va bang phuong thitc nao
de giai quyet. Phdng van sau 5 cha/me cd con ty ky thi nhan dugc cau tra Idi:
"Lan dau tien toi nghe den dich vu ndy", "Cd tim hieu qua tren mang nhung
chua hieu ve loai hinh dich vu ndy nen chua ddm thic". "Tdi cd den mot trung
tdm tdm ly de trao ddi, chia se vd nhdn duoc Idl khuyen nen Idm the ndo nhung
toi chua cdm thdy thoai mdf, "Tdi biet dich vu tham vdn ndy a nuac ngodl rdt
phat trien nhung a Viet Nam chua cd hieu qua ro ret nen tdi chua tim den",...
Chiing tdi nhan thiy ring, tuy cha me da ed nhu cau tham vin tam ly, cd bieu
biet nhit dinh ve dich vu tham van song hieu biet cdn chua ro rang ve dich vu
nay. Chinh vi khdng tim bilu dung va day dii vl dicb vu tham van cung nhu
hieu qua tham van dem lai nen nhieu cha me khi gap khd khan khdng tim den
dich vy tham van tam ly de dugc trg giiip giai quyet.
v i n de thii ba la nhu cau ve mdi trudng va hinh thilc giao dye danh cbo
tre tu ky (DTB = 2,9). Day la van de co ban ma cha me can tim hieu dl giiip
con hpc tap va hda nhap vdi cugc sdng. Tuy nhien, hien nay, cha me dang bj
thieu hyt rat Idn v6 cac kien thire ve hinh thiic giao dye tre, trudng hpc phu hgp
cho tre va eac mire do giao dye trong trudng hpc danb rieng cbo tre tu ky. Chi
T., d Ha Ndi tam sy: "That khd khan de xin cho con minh hoc tieu hoc, khdng mdt
truang ndo mudn tiep nhdn con minh cd, mac dii con minh da duac xdc dinh id cd
the theo hoc duac chuang trinh hoc ndy". Mdt phy huynh khac ciing chung chia
se: "That su tdi mudn cho con di hoc hda nhap tai cdc truang mdm non nhung
trudng cd ve khdng mudn nhdn chdu, mac dii tdi cUng cd thue cd giao vien can
thiep rieng cho chdu. Hien gia tdi dang rdt ban khoan vi khdng biit lua chgn cdch
thicc hoc ndo la phii hap nhdt' (M., 30 taoi. Ha Ngi). Vi vay, cha me cd con ty ky
CO nhu cau cap thiet trong van de tim kiem trudng hpc danh cho tre ty ky. Viee
dugc thoa man nhu cau tham van tam ly vl viee tim kilm mdi trucmg va binh tbiic
hgc tap cho tre ty ky giup cha me tre xac djnh dugc rd nang luc ciia fre, tir dd lya
chpn che con mdi trudng hpc than thien, ed thi la mdi trudng tu thue hoac ban

cdng hay cdng lap ciing nhitag sy can thiep pbii hgp dl tre ed su can thiep hieu
qua, dugc quan tam diing mile va dugc hda nhap mot each tdt nhat. Day la vin dl
CO ban ma trong qua trinh tham van, nha tham van phai cung cap cho cha me
de cha me cd sy lya chgn tdt nhat cho viee hpc tap ciia con sau nay.

90

TAPCHITAMLYHOC, S6 12 (237), 12- 2018


Van de tbii tu la nhu ciu dupe cung cip nhung kien thuc lien quan den
ty ky (DTB = 2,87). Chiing tu ky nlu dugc phat hien sdm va tri lieu kip thdi
cd the cai thien dang kl, din 80%) sd tre ty ky ed thi di hpc hda nhap d cac
trudng binh thudng. Viee trg giilp tir cac nha chuyen mdn giiip cha me thda
man nhu cau thdng tin vl ty ky, tit dd cd nhirng dinh hudng phii hgp cho viec
cham sdc con ciing nhu each thiic tri lieu sau nay. Tuy nhien, de thoa man nhu
cau tham vSn tam ly nay cua cha me la mot viee lam khd khan, ddi hdi sy
chung tay cua rat nhieu td chiic, co quan chirc nang nham day manh cdng tac
tuyen truyen nham cung cip cac kiln thitc mdi lien quan din tu ky, tit do nang
cao hieu biet ciia cdng dong vl ty ky.
Van de thir nam la nhu cau tham van tam ly nham cung cap ky nang
cham sdc tre ty ky (DTB = 2,84). Day ciing la nhu ciu rit thilt ylu ddi vdi cba
me tre tu ky, bdi hien tai cha me cd con bi tu ky rat thieu hut cac ky nang cham
sdc tre ty ky. Cac phu huynh chia se: "Mac du da tu nhdc nha trudc la cdn
phdi that kien nhdn vdi con nhung mdi Idn day chdu mdt dieu gi mdi tdi
deu cdm thdy minh khdng dii kien nhdn vdi con. Dieu ndy ddn den viec
con chua hoc duac thi bd da bd cuoc" (chi P., Ha Ngi), "Nhiiu luc tot
khdng kiem soat duac minh ddn den viec mang con, mac dii biet con
khdng cd 161" (anh M., Ha Ndi), "That khd khan khi nuoi duang mot dica
con bi tu ky. Khdc hdn vdi chdu dau binh thuang, chdu thic hai cua tdi

duac chan doan tu ky, rdt khd nudi, nhdt Id viec dn udng vd gid gidc sinh
hoat hdng ngdy" (chi T., Hal Phdng)... Chinh vi vay, cha me cd nhu cau can
dugc nha chuyen mdn chia se, trao ddi kinh ngbiSm ciing nhu trp giup de cha
me cd them nhieu ky nang de cham sdc tre ty ky.
v i n dl thii sau la nhu ciu dugc ddi xu binh ding, tranh ky thi. Day la
vin de cha me cam thiy it cd nhu ciu tham vin nhat. Cd thi cha me cho dieu
nay la dutmg nhien nen khdng can tham van hoac cha me khdng tin rang nha
tham van cd thi giai quyet tdt dugc vin de nay. Day la ngi dung can thiet eac
nha tham van can trao ddi vdi cha me cd con bi ty ky khi tien hanh tham van
tam ly.
Tdm lai, cha me cd con bi tu ky cd nhu cau ve cac ndi dung tham van tam
ly vdi cae mirc do khac nhau, trong do, cha me ed nhu cau cao nhat ve van de
giai tda cam xiic, tilp din la tilp can dich vu xa hdi va nhu cau thap nhat ve van
dl ddi hdi dugc ddi xii cdng bing, tranh ky tbi ddi vdi tre ty ky va gia dinh tre.
3.2.3. Nhu cdu ve hinh thicc tham vdn tdm ly
v l hinh thiic tham vin tam ly (xem bang 5), cd hai hinh thiic tham vin
chinh, trong dd, cha me cd nhu ciu dupe tham van tryc tiep (DTB = 3,03) cao
hon hin so vdi nhu ciu dugc tham van gian tiep (DTB = 2,16).

TAP CHITAM LY HOC, So' 12 (237), 12 - 2018

91


Tham van tryc tiep bao gdm tham van nhdm va tham van ca nhan. Cha
me cd nhu cau dugc tham van ca nhan tai van phdng, trung tam la cao nhat.
Cha me lya chpn hinh thitc nay bdi hai ly do: 1) Day la hinh tbiie cd thi true
tilp trao ddi cac kbd khan cQng nbu cac nhu cau ciia minh vdi nha tham van,
cd thi chia se ca nhung diiu tham kin, cae bi mat cua ban than dl tim kiem giai
phap; 2) Ngoai viec dupe tilp nhan sy trg giup cua nha tham viii, cha me cdn

cam thiy tin tudng vao sy chuyen nghiep ciia nha tham van khi den van phdng,
ben canh dd, hg cd thi chii ddng tai chinh cung nhu thdi gian.
Bdng 5: Nhu cdu ve hinh thicc tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd con tu ky
DTB

DLC

Nhu cau tham van gian tiep

2,16

0,68

Nhu cau tham van true tiep

3,03

0,57

2,63

0,51

Nhu cau ve hinh thuc tham van tam ly

Chung

Hai hinh thuc tham van tam ly true tiep con lai la tham van nhom va tham
van ca nhan tai nha cung ducrc cha me lua chpn nhieu. Voi lira chpn nay, cha me
van chia se, giai bay tam tinh cua minh cho nha tham van, tuy nhien, hp danh gia

day la cac hinh thuc "kho kha thi" hon, bai khi lira chon mot trong hai hinh thuc
nay, hp phai phu thuoc vao thai gian va long nhiet tinh cua nha tham van ci5ng
nhu nhung nguoi cung tham gia. Chi T. (Ha Noi) cho biet: "Khi toi mai nhd
tham vdn den nhd de giiip toi nhiing kho khan tdm ly, toi cdm thdy kho vuat qua
duac. Nhieu khi toi phdi hen den vdi mdi duac vi nhd tham vdn ban vd nhieu khi
ho con CO cd nhimg viec phdt sinh. Dieu ndy ciing dnh hudng den toi, bdi co
nhieu luc toi cdm thdy dp luc, muon duac chia se thi ho lai khong the tra giup
toi kip thdi".
Tham van gian tiep bao gom tham van qua bao, dai, internet, thu, dien
thoai. Viec lira chpn hinh thuc tham van gian tiep giiip cha me chu dong dupe
thai gian, each thiic tien hanh ca tham van, tuy nhien, cha me lai khong hik
nguai dang tien hanh ca tham van la ai cung nhu nghi nga tinh chuyen nghiep
cua nguoi dang lam tham van, tu do khien hieu qua ca tham van khong ro ret.
Them niia, thai gian phan hoi lau co the khien cha me nan long va tim ki^m cac
phuang thiic khac. Chinh vi cac nhuac diim nay ma cha me uu tien su dung cac
hinh thiic tham vkn true tiep han so vai cac hinh thuc gian tiip. Anh M., a Ha
Noi chia se: "Ldn ddu tien toi cung lua chon cdch goi dien thoai tdi mot trung
tdm xin difac tra giup vi toi gap rdt nhieu rdc roi vai chdu. Tuy nhien, toi khong
biet ddu ddy ben kia co dung Id nhd tdm ly md toi mong mudn hay khong, them

92

TAP CHfTAM LV HOC, So' 12 (237), 12 - 2018


nica, thai gian ndi khdng nhiiu nen tdi ddnh cit: thic cdch cua nhd tham vdn chia
se thdi Tuy nhien, Idn sau tdi khdng su dung lat cdch ndy nUa".
Tdm lai, cba me cd con bi ty ky cd nhu ciu ve ndi dung va hinh thiic
tham vin tam ly rit da dang, phong phii. Vl nhu ciu ndi dung tham van tam ly,
cha me cd nhu ciu tham vin cao nhit vl viee giai tda cam xuc va tiep can dicb

vy x i hdi, thip nhit la viec ddi hdi dugc ddi xu cdng bing, tranh ky tbi. Ve nhu
cau hinh thirc tham vin, cha me cd nbu ciu sit dung cac hinh thirc tham van tryc
tiep eao ban hin so vdi nhu ciu sil dung cac hinh thirc tham van gian tiep.
3.2.4. So sdnh nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd con bi tu ky vai
cdc bien ddc lap
Bang 6: So sdnh gid tri trung binh glita nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly
ciia cha me cd con hi tu ky vdi cdc bien doc lap
Cac bien doc lap

Gioi tinh cua con

Cha/me

Tinh trang hon nhan

Trinh do hoc van ciia cha me

So nam cha me cham soc con

IMuc do nhu cau tham
van tam ly ciia cha me
CO con bi tir ky
Con trai

2,72

Con gai

2,75

Cha

2,73

Me

2,72

Song mot minh

2,39

Song cung vg/chong

2,76

P

0,754

DLC
0,413
0,547

0,943

0,546
0,417

0,034

0,336
0,473

THPT tra xuong

2,89

Trung cap, cao dang

2,72

Dai hoc tro len

2,69

Duai 1 nam

2,59

Tir 1 den 3 nam

2,78

Tren 3 nam

2,85

0,423

Dudi 10 trieu

2,83

0,514

Muc thu nhap binh quan cOa gia
TCr 10dSn20trieu
dinh theo thang
Tren 20 trieu
Thu tu sinh cua con

DTB

2,7

0,464
0,244

0,468
0,419
0,508

0,076

0,141

0,449

0,396

2,57

0,464

Con dau

2,69

0,454

Con thir

2,78

TAPCHITAM LYHOC, S« 12 (237), 12 - 2018

0,28

0,48

93


Xem xet van de nhu cau tham van t^m ly cua cha me co con bi tu ky vai
cac bien so dpc lap, chiing toi thu dupe ket qua 6 bang 6.
So sanh theo so nam cham soc con, ket qua kiem dinh Anova nhan thay,
CO su khac biet vt nhu c^u tham van tam ly cua eha me theo so nam cham soc con
nhung su khac biet nay la rit ro va khong co y nghia ve mat thong ke (p > 0,05).
Tuy nhien, khi so sanh tung cap thai gian cha me cham soc con, nhan th^y rang,

giQa eha me cham soc con duai 1 nam vai cha me cham soc con tren 3 nam co
su khac biet ve mat thong ke vai p < 0,05. Trong do, cha me cham soc con tren 3
nam co nhu cau tham van tam ly cao han han so vai cha me cham soc con dual
I nam. Cang cham soc con la tre tu ky lau dai, cha me cang phat sinh ra nhieu
kho khan tam ly nhu kho khan khi tim kilm sir tri lieu, kho khan trong viec tim
kiim moi tnrong hpc tap, kho khan trong viec doi hoi nguai khac doi xii cong
bang, tranh ky thi vai tre va gia dinh tre tu ky...
So sanh theo tinh trang hon nhan, kit qua kilm dinh T-test cho thay, cha
me song cung nhau c6 nhu c&a tham vSn tam 1>' cao han han so vai cha hoac
me cua tre tu ky cham soc con mot minh. Su khac biet nay co y nghTa ve mat
thong kS vai p - 0,034 < 0,05. Khi ca cha va me cung cham soc con se phat
sinh nhieu van de, nhieu nhu cau han so vai khi cha hoac me tu cham soc con
la dieu de hieu, bai khi co hai ngucfi ciing cham soc con se nay sinh mau thuan,
bat dong quan diem ve viec cham soc con, dan den viec tranh cai va nay sinh
cac kho khan khac. That vay, nghien ciiu ciia Esther Devall (1998) da khang
dinh rang, co su khac biet dang ke giila gia dinh dan than va gia dinh nguyen
ven trong viec nuoi day con cai. Tuy nhung nguai me dan than va nguai cha
dan than gap nhieu kho khan han ve viec cham soc tre nho, tuy nhien, cha me
song cung nhau lai gap nhieu kho khan tam ly ve cham soc con hem la cha/me
song dan than.
So sanh theo giai tinh, trinh dp hoc van ciia khach the nghien ciiu, thu
nhap binh quan cua gia dinh, gia dinh co con tu ky la trai hay gai, kit qua
nghien ciiu khong tim thay su khac biet co y nghia thdng ke v6 nhu ciu tham
van tam ly (p > 0,05).
4. Ket fuan
Viec cham soc tre tu ky tai gia dinh khien cha me gap r^t nhiSu kho
khan tam ly. Cac kho khan ay neu khong duo"c giai quyet se khien cha me kho
cham soc tre duoc tot. Vi v£iy, cha me co con bi tu ky nay sinh nhu c^u dugc
tra giiip de giai quyet cac kho khan ay. Ket qua nghien cuu cho thiy, cha me
CO con bi tu ky co nhiing kho khan tam ly nhat dinh va hp thuc sir co nhu ciu

duac tham van tam ly dS giai quySt cac kho khan ay. Cha me c6 con bi tu ky

94

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, So' 12 (237), 12 - 2018


ed nhu cau tham vin tam ly d cac bilu hien khac nhau vdi cac mirc do khac
nhau, trong dd, nhu ciu vl ngi dung tham vin cao hon so vdi nhu cau ve hinh
thu'e tham vin. Cu tbi, trong nhu ciu vl ngi dung tham vin tam ly, cha me ed
eon bi ty ky cd nhu ciu cao nhit trong viec giai tda cam xiic va tilp can dich
vy xa hdi, thip nhit la viee ddi bdi dugc ddi xu cdng bing, tranh ky thj. Trong
nhu cau ve hinh tbiie tham vin, cha me cd con bj ty ky cd nhu cau dugc tham
van true tiep eao ban bin so vdi nhu elu tham vin gian tiep.
Cha me cua tre tu ky, khdng phan biet gidi tinh, tre la con trai hay con
gai, trinh dp hpc van cao hay thip, cham sdc con da lau hay mdi biet tinh trang
con, thu nhap hang thang nhilu bay it, con ty ky la con thii bay con diu thi deu
ed nhu ciu tham vin tam l^ la nhu nhau. Tuy nhien, cha me khi cting cham sdc
tre cd nhu cau tham vin tam ly cao hem so vdi cha/me mot minh cham sdc tre.
Tuy tham van tam ly la rit can thiet cho cha me cd con bi ty ky, song,
mot thyc te dang budn la, mdi chi cd 60% sd cha me tham gia khao sat cd nhu
cau tham van tam Iy da bidt den hoac sit dung dich vy tham van, cdn lai 40%
sd eha me chua hi nghe ndi din djch vu nay trudc day. Vi vay, van de can dat
ra cho cac nha chuyen mdn, dac biet la cae nha tham van tam ly, phai chang
cdng tac quang ba cdn chua that su hieu qua hoac dich vy that su chua
chuyen nghiep, hieu qua chua cao dl cha me cd con bi ty ky chua nghe ndi
den hoac chua that sy tin tudng tim den dich vu tham van tam ly khi gap
khd khan tam ly ma hp khdng the ty giai quyet dugc.
Vi vay, viec nghien ciru thyc trang nhu ciu tham vin tam ly ciia cha
me ed con ty ky giiip cae nha chuyen mdn hieu rd nhiing khd khan cQng nhu

cac nhu cau ciia cha me cd eon bj tu ky vl kien thitc, ky nang cham sdc tre
ty ky, giai tda'cam xiic tieu eye, tilp can dicb vu xa hpi, mdi trudng bgc tap
cbp tre ty ky trong sudt qua trinh cham sdc con. Chi khi hieu rd cac nbu ciu
tren, cac nha chuyen mdn mdi cd cac bien phap trg giiip eha me giai quylt
cac khd khan, tir dd mdi cham sdc tre ty ky dugc hieu qua.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ngan Anh (2018). Giiip 4.000 tri tu ky hoa nhap cong ddng. ndan.
com.vii/xahoi/nhan-aiyitem/36137902-giup-4-000-tre-tu-ky-hoa-nhap-cong-dong.html.
2. Autism Speaker (2018). 700 ngdy.
3. Amber Harper, Tyna Taylor Dyches, James Harper, Susanne Olsen Roper, Mikle
South (2013). Respite care, marital quality and stress in parents of children with
autism spectrum disorders. Joumal Autism Dev Disord.Vol. 43. No. U. P. 2.604 - 2.611.

TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd' 12 (237), 12 - 2018

95


4. Alexandra H. Solomon, Beth Chung (2012). Understanding autism: How family
therapists can support parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Family Proces
Vol. 51. No. 2. P. 250-264.
6. Barry M. Prizant (2016). Uniquely human: A different way of seeing autism. Simon
& Schuster Paperbacks an imprint of simon & Schuster. Inc. 1230 Avenue of the
Americas New York. USA.
7. Pham Thanh Binh (2012). Nhdn thicc cua cdn bo tdm ly hoc dudng ve ca che
phong ve a thdn chu trong tien trinh tham vdn. Ky yeu hpi thao khoa hoc "Dao tao,
nghien cuu va ung dung tam ly hoc trong boi canh hoi nhap quoc te". Ha Ngi.
8. Chi Mai (2014). Nhirng thdng tin mdi nhdt ve tre tu ky. />vn/giao-duc/nhung-thong-tin-moi-nhat-ve~tre-tu-ky-184676.html.
9. Cynthia A. Serrata (2012). Psychosocial aspects of parenting a child with autism.
Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling. Vol. 43. Issue 4. P. 29 - 35.

10. Tran Thi Minh Due (2016). Gido trinh tham vdn tdm ly. NXB Dai hoc Khoa hoc
Xa hoi va Nhan van. Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
11. Esther Devall (1998). Comparison of parenting and children's behavior in singlemother, singlefather, and intact families. Joumal of Divorce and Remarriage. 29 (3).
23 - 54.
12. L. Mercer, S. Creighton, J.J.A. Holden, M.E. Lewis (2006). Parental perspectives
on the causes of an autism spectrum disorder in their children. Joumal of Genetic
counselling. Vol. 15. No. 1. P. 41 - 50.

13. Hall H.R (2012). Families of children with autism: Behaviors of children, community
support and coping. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. Vol. 35. No. 2.
P. I l l - 132.
14. Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai (2016). Thuc trgng benh tu ky vd mot s6 dinh hudng,
/>15. Michele A.M.M. Van Tongerloo, Patricia J.M. Van Wijingaarden, Rutger Jan Van
der Gaag, Antoine L.M. Lagro-Janssen (2014). Raising a child with an Autism Spectrum
Disorder: Tf this were a partner relationship, 1 would have quit ages ago. Family
Practice. Vol. 32. Issue 1. P. 88 - 93.
16. Salh Ozonof, Gregory S. Young, Ahce Carter, Daniel Messinger, Nurit Yirmiya,
Lonnie Zwaigenbaum, Susan Bryson, Leslie J. Carver, John N. Constantino, Karen
Dobkins, Ted Hutman, Jana M.Iverson, Rebecca Landa, Sally J. Rogers, Marian
Sigman, Wendy L. Stone (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A
baby sibling research consortium study. American Academy of Pediatrics. Vol. 128.
No, 3. P. 488-495.
17. Susan Senator (2010). The autism mom's survival guide (for Dads, tool): Creating a
balanced and happy life while raising a child with autim. Making Peace with Autism.

TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018


18. Dao Thi Bich Thuy (2016). Kinh nghiem quoc gia vi chinh sdch bdo tra xa hdi
doi vdi Ire tu ky vd gia dinh a mdt sd nude tren thi gidi. Tap chi Khoa hoc nghien

cuu Giao due, Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Noi. Tap 32. S6 2. Tr. 59 - 67.
29. Pham Van Tu (2015). Nhu cau tham van tdm ly cua Ire em HIV/AIDS. Luan an
tien sy Tam ly hoc. Hoc vien Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Noi.
20. Nguyen Thi Hoang Yin (2013). Tu ky, nhUng vdn di ly ludn vd thuc tiin. NXB
Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi. Ha Noi.
21. Nguyen Thi Hoang Yen (2012). Gido due dac biet vd nhUng thuat ngic ca bdn.
NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi. Ha Noi.

TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, SO' 12 (237), 12 - 2018

97