Lòng tin liên cá nhân giữa những người hàng xóm

LONG TIN LIEN CA N H A N
GIOA NHQNG NGJOI HANG XOM
Bai via la mdt phan kS qua nghiSn ciru de tai cap co s&. Hanh vi giup do giOa nhiing
ngudi hang xdm tai Ha Nor, ViSn Tam ly hgc chO tri; ThS. Td Thuy Hanh lam chu nhiSm.

ThS. Td Thdy Hanh
Plid Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hgc dng dung, Vien Tdm ly hgc.
TOM TAT
Ket qud nghien ciru iren mdu gom 155 nguai ddn, do luoi trung binh Id 42, sinh
song tai Hd Noi cho thdy. Idng tin lien cd nhdn giua nhirng nguai hdng xom duac bdc
lo a muc do ddng tin cdy. Ngodi ra, nghien ciru cUng tim thdy nhiing khdc biel khi so
sdnh chi so long tin lien cd nhdn giira cdc nhdm khdch the khdc nhau
Tir khoa: Long tin; Hdng xom. Tin cdy; Giup da.
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 14/6/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi' 25/3/2017.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted on 155 urban residents living in Hanoi, average age
is 42 years old. Results showed that social ini.sl (interpersonal tru.si) between ihe
neighbours was reliable. Besides, research found differences in interpersonal trust scores
among differerent subgroups of participants.
Keyword: Trust. Neighbours; Reliable; Helping.
M o dau
Trong cuoc song hang ngay, nguoi dan Viel Nam rat coi trpng quan he
hang xom, lang gieng. Dieu do dupe the hien qua cac cau noi dan gian: "'Ban
anh em xa, mua lang gieng gan" hay "'Hang xom, lang gieng toi liia, tat den co
nhau". Vcri mpt quoc gia co tinh cpng dong noi trpi, cac ca nhan luon tuong tac
va CO anh hucmg lan nhau thi long tin lien ca nhan dong vai tro quan trpng.
Trong Tam ly hpc xa hpi. nhirng nghien cuu ve long tin xa hpi hay long
tin lien ca nhan con kha khiem ton, dac biet la long tin giila nhung nguoi hang
xom. Hau het cac nghien cuu de cap long tin dudi goc dp von xa hoi va mang
ludi quan he xa hpi.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017


Long tin (ttust) khac vdi niem tin (belief). VS npi ham khai niem, long tin
thuong dugc gin vdi su rin cSy, tin nhi$m. Ldng tin lit su tin tiidn^ dua trfin dac
diem, nang luc, sure manh ciia m6t c5 nhan hoSc ciia mot nhom. NiSra tin thucmg
^ n vdi tam the cua ca nhan (c6 n i t o tin), voi cac yeu to ben trong cua ca nhan
do, dugc biSu hien cu tbi nhu niem tin vao c4c ding sifiu nhien, viio cac the luc
sieu nhien.
Long tin la trang thai dac biet trong doi s6ng tihn 1^ ciia con nguoi. Long
tin mang mau sac ca nhan, phu thudc vao dac diSm tSm \^ cua mSi nguoi. Tuy
nhien, no van chiu tac dgng cua nhiing sir kien da va dang dien ra trong moi
trucmg song cua ca nhan do. Long tin dugc xem nhu la tim guong phan chieu
mgt each gian tiep nhihig su kien dS va dang dien ra trong moi trudng sdng cua
ca nhan thong qua lang kinh cam nhSn, danh gia cua chu the ve nhirng su ki^n
do (din theo Le Huong, 2003). Long tin, khi da hinh thanh, se trd thanh m6t trong
nhung nhan to tham gia vao qua trinh djnh hudng, diSu chinh hanh dgng ciia chii
thd trong tuong lai.
Long tin lien ca nhan la long tin giCia cic ca nhan vdi nhau, phan anh mdi
quan he giila ca nhan vdi ca nhSn. Trong nghien cim nay, long tin lien ca nhan
giira nhOng ngudi hang xdm la long tin giila nhihig ngudi cimg sdng chung ttong
mgt dia ban dan cu, thudc ciing mdt td dan phd, thudng gap nhau hang ngay.
Miu va phirong phap nghien cmi
Chgn mdu
Mlu dugc chgn la mlu thuan tiSn, gdm 155 ngudi dSn thudc Quan Ba
Dinh va Quan Tay Hd, thanh phd Ha Ndi. Dd tuoi ttung binh cia mlu la 42; ty
le nam la 55,5»/o, nil la 44,5%. Ty 16 nhihig nguiri dang sdng thudc ki6u nha tai
djnh cu/tap the cu la 50,3%, nha rieng ddc lap la 49,7%; Nhdm ngudi thudc
dan thd cu, dan gdc chigm 31,8%, dan sdng ISu nam (tir 10 dgn 15 nam) chi«m
52,3%, sd con lai la tu noi khac chuySn dSn chua lau (tir I dto 5 nam). Khach

the tham gia phong van sau (5 ca nhan) va thao luan nhdm (5 ca nhan) khdng
thudc nhom tra Idi bang hdi.
Phucmg phdp nghien ciru
Phuong phap chirih dugc su dung ttong nghien cim la dito tta bing bang
hoi ket hgp vdi phdng van sau va thao luan nhdm.
Thang dove long tm giiia caeca nhan (Trust people in scale) cd ngudn gdc
hr thang do long tin giila con ngudi vdi nhau cua tac gia Ann Arbor thudc Trudng
D^i hoc Michigan. Thang do dugc sir dung diu tito nam 1964 ttong nghito ciru
ve bau cu do Trung tam nghien cuu diiu tta tito hanh, gdm 3 cau hdi:

^2

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 4 (217), 4 - 2017


'

1/ Moi nguoi nai ong ba sinh s6ng la nhirng ngucri co tha tin cay duoc
hay luon phai can th|n vdi ho?
2/ Ph§n Idn thdi gian, nhiJng ngudi xung quanh noi dng ba sinh sdng la
nhung ngudi ludn cd gdng giiip dd ngudi khac hay \h hg chi quan tam den ban
than?
3/ Phan Idn, nhftng ngudi xung quanh noi dng ba sinh song deu cd gang
Ipfi dung ngudi khac ndu hg cd co hdi hay la ho ludn cd gSng doi xu cdng bang
vdi ngudi khac?
Cau hdi thu nhat Hen quan den viec dang tin tudng hay khdng (honesty),
dupe danh gia tir miic (1) Ludn phai can than vdi hp den muc (4) Hau h^t cd the
tin tudng duoc; Cau hdi thu hai lien quan den su giup do (helping), duac danh
gia tu muc (1) Chi quan tam den ban than den muc (4) Ludn cd gang giiip dd
ngudi khac; Cau hdi thii ba lien quan den su cdng bang tu ngudi khac qua danh

gia ciia chinh ngudi dupe hdi (to be fair), tir mirc (1) Loi dung khi cd co hoi den
muc (4) Cd gang ddi xu cdng bang.
Phan tich djnh lupng
Cac sd lieu dinh lupng thu thap tir khao sat duoc xir ly bang phan mem
thong ke SPSS phien ban 22.0. Cac phep phan tich dupfc diing trong nghien cuu
nay bao gdm phan tich thong ke md ta (tan sd, diem trung binh, dp lech chuan,
trung vi va phan tich so sanh (so sanh gia tri trung binh, nhu phep phan tich
phucmg sai mot yeu td (Anova) cho 3 nhdm, phep kiem djnh t ve dpc lap giUa
hai mau cho 2 nhdm).
Trong nghien cuu nay. chiing tdi quy udc diem trung binh ciia timg cau
cang cao, long tin lien ca nhan dugc danh gia cang cao va ngugc lai, diem trung
binh cang thap thi chi sd Idng tin cang thap.
Ket qua nghien cifu
Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay, y kien danh gia cua ngudi dan ve chi sd
ldng tin kha dan trai (xuat hien tir diem 1 den diem 4). Tuy vay, phan ddng
ngudi dan lua chgn d mirc diem 3 - diem the hien y kien "tin tudng nhieu han
la phai can than" va neu danh gia chung thi Idng tin giira cac ca nhan dat d mirc
luong doi cao (DTB = 2.87/4; DLC = 0.54). Kat qua nay cho tUky, chi sd Idng
tin ciia con ngudi trong hau het cac trudng hgp hiem khi mang tinh tuyet ddi
nhung vdi mdi ngudi. mirc dp long tin lien ca nhan la khac nhau.
"Cupc song kinh te thi tnrang hien nay lam sao dam bdo dam tm tuang
ai do 100%. truac day, neu co tin tdm, chin phdn thi gia chi tin duac sdu. bdy
phdn. Do Id boi vl con nguai cdng ngdy cdng tham lam, chi nghT den lai ich
truac mdt, true lai bdn thdn Ho dam lira ddo de dat duac muc dich ma ho dot
TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4-2017

93


ra. Bdy Id noi chung chung, cdn ngu&i ddn quanh day, noi chung la luong thien.^

chung toi vdn nha vd, giiip da nhau nhung tdt nhien, chi la nhimg viec nho
nhat con nhung su viec trong dgi thi goi con chdu din giUp" (Ba M., 57 tuoi,
Vmh Phuc, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi).
Bdng J: Long tin lien cd nhdn giica nhimg nguai hang xom

(2)

Tin tirarng
nbieu hon
la phai
can than
(3)

Hau
hef tin
tirovg
dutfc
(4)

21,9

53,6

21,9

Quan
tam ban
than hoii
la giup
ngiroi

khac (2)

Giiip
ngiroi
khac hon
la quan
tam ban
than (3)

Co
gang
giup
ngiroi
khac
(4)

6.0

26.4

46,4

21,2

Loi
dung
ca hoi
(1)

Loi dung

ho'n la
doi xi>
cong
bang (2)

Doi xir
cong bang
hon la loi
dung (3)

Doi
xir
cong
bang
(4)

lO.I

20.8

43,6

25.5

Luon
phai
can
thSn

Phai can

than htfn
la tin

0)
Miic do tin tuung idn nhau:
Luon phai can than voi hg
2,6
hay hau het co the tin cay
duoc
Chi
quan
tam
ban
than
(1)
Muc do giup da: Chi quan
tam den ban than hav luon
CO gang giup do nguai
khac

khi CO

Mice do cong bang' Loi
dung khi co ca hoi hav co
gang doi xii c6n2 bana

dlTffC

Long tin lien ca nhan DTB thap nhat = 1; BTB cao nhat = 4)

BTB
(Mean)

DLC
(SD)

2,95

0,73

BTB
(Mean)

DLC
(SB)

2,83

0,83

BTB
(Mean)

DLC
(SD)

2.85

0,92

2,87

0,54

Glu chu: Biem irung binh cdng cao ihi chi .so long iin lien cd nhdn cdng cao.

"Khi CO ngirai la den tim bdt ky gia dinh ndo a day, chiing toi biit ngay
va bdo cho nhd do ve ma tiep khdch. Chimg tot a day lau ldm roi nen biSt hit
chuyen ciia nhd nhau, tinh tinh ngirai nay. ngirai kia nhu the ndo, chi trir nhirng
nhd moi chuyen den Ddn song a day khong ai phdi de phong at, ma cung chdng
CO gi phdi de phong. co the tin cay diroc nhieu viec chir Nhir nhd co nguai chira
94

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017


de thi din nha chdu Th., no ldm trong benh vien nhd giup da, neu bi ngd thi co
ong S. ddu ngd, bo thudc hieu nghiem ldm, neu cdn xin ddu ma, chit ky thi chay
qua nha ong td truang mang len phuang xin giup. ngdy mai lay. Nha co viec thi
muon cdi sdn nhd vdn hoa phudng, khong ai gdy kho de cho minh cd" (Ba L.,
Trich Sai, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi).
''''Chung toi a ddy Id mdy dai roi, dat dai to tten, ong bd de lai, he khi co
viec Id anh em, ban be, hp hdng quanh day tai giup. Quanh day ai cUng ddng
tin cay cd, ai thieu thon, kho khdn gi Id chung toi den hoi tham, giup da tuy
theo khd ndng cua tung nguai nhtmg cUng co khi ldm cdi phong bi chung"
{Anh M., 48 tudi, Trich Sai, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi).
Dac diem khach the trong nghien cuu nay ciing la mot yeu td dang chu y
khi ly giai chi sd ldng tin kha cao cua ho. Nhu da trinh bay d tren, cd xap xi 1/2 sd
khach the la nhirng ngudi dan dang sinh sdng thudc kieu nha rieng dpc lap. Hau
het hp la nhung ngudi thudc ciing mdt lang, xa trude day (Lang Trich Sai, Quan

Tay Hd). Dat dai do td tien, ddng hp de lai. Ngay nay, dng ba, cha me ban di hoac
chia dat dai thanh nhung manh dat nhd de cho con chau trong gia dinh ciing sinh
sdng. Nhdm khach the thu hai dang sinh sdng d khu tap the, khu tai dinh cu. Mdt
phan trong sd nhimg ngudi sdng trong cac khu do da timg biet nhau trude dd. Day
la nhung hd trude kia timg d nha rieng ddc lap thudc ciing mdt td, mdt khu phd.
Sau khi Nha nude thu hdi, lay dat lam dudng, lam trudng, hp dupe den bii,
chuyen den sinh sdng tai khu tai djnh cu (khu 7.2ha, VTnh Phiic, Ba Dinh). Ngoai
ra, tir mdt sd y kien cua nhirng ngudi dan khi duoc hdi ve su hd trp, giiip nhau khi
can thiet, nhdm nghien cuu thay rang, dai da sd nhirng ngudi thudc nhdm phdng
van sau la nhung ngudi gia da ve huu, lam cdng viec ndi trp, trdng nha cua cho
con chau di lam. Hp danh gia cao nhimg hd trp tir phia nhtmg ngudi ban gia ciing
lua, "dpi bon tre nd di lam ve giup thi cdn lau nen canh gia chiing tdi d nha lay
quan he hang xdm lam niem vui, nhd va nhau liic trai gid trd trdi, rdi cd khi cdn
tam su, trd chuyen np kia, chuyen qua khu, chuyen chien tranh, chii bon tre nd cha
cd thdi gian ngdi nghe minh ke chuyen, nd lai bao minh lam cam. toan ndi chuyen
ngay xua, ndi chung khdng cd gi ma khdng tin tudng d nhau ca...". Vdi dii' lieu
dinh tinh tren day cung cd the ly giai mot phan tai sao chi sd ldng tin duoc danh
gia kha cao d nhtmg ngudi dan thudc mau dieu tra.
Long tin lien cd nhdn - So sdnh theo mpt so bien so dpc lap
So sdnh fhea bien so giai linh
Kel qua cho thay khdng cd su khac biet khi so sanh ve chi sd ldng tin lien
ca nhan giira nam gidi va nu gidi (p > 0.05). C) timg khia canh bi6u hien, kk qua
thu dupe cung tuong tu. Ndi each khtic, dii la nam hay nil. muc dp long tin giua
nhung ngudi hang xom trong mSu nghien ciru ia khdng cd su khac biel.

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7

95

So sdnh theo biin so kieu nha
Tuong tir nhu biin s6 gioi tinh, kit qua nghien ciJru ve chi so long tin noi
chung, ve mac dp giiip dd va c6ng bing khdng cho Ihly sir khac biet mang y
nghia th6ng ke (p > 0,05). Tuy nhien, kSt qua so sanh miic dp dang tin c$y hay
luon phai d n than voi nhOng nguoi xung quanh cho thiy, ngiroi dan sinh song o
khu tai dmh cu co DTB vi y kiln nay la 3,05 (DLC = 0,64) cao hom so voi j kien I
cua nguoi dan sinh s6ng o kiju nha tifing dpc l|p (DTB = 2,84; DLC = 0,81), yoi
miic CO y nghia p = 0,07. KSt qua nay cho thiy, d6i voi nhirng nguoi dan sinh
s6ng 6 kilu nha khac nhau, miic do tin cay lln nhau cQng co sir khac biet.
So sdnh iheo bien so thai gian sinh song
Bdng 3: So sdnh long tin lien cd nhdn theo thai gian sinh song

Danh gia ve long tin lien ca
nhan giu'a nhirng ngiroi
hang xom

ThM gian sinh song (DTB)
Song tir Songtu
La dan
5-15
1-5
goc
nam
nam
(M3)
(M2)
(Ml)

Luon phai can than vdi ho hay hau
het CO the tin cay dirac

3,04

2,94

2,91

Chi quan tam den ban than hay
luon CO gang giup do ngu'oi khac

2,63

2,91

2,83

Loi dung khi co co hoi hay co gang
doi xir cong bang

3,29

2,68

2,85

DTB chung

2,98

2,83

2,86

Muc y nghia
(P)

p > 0,05

Ml > M 2 ; p = 0,00
Ml > M 3 ; p = 0.05

Ghi chii. Diem trung binh cang cao thi miic do ve long tin lien cd nhdn cang cao.

Nhin chung, ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay khong co su khac biet \ I miic
dp long tin lien ca nhan khi so sanh giua cac nhom dan cu theo thoi gian sinh
song tai dia ban khao sat. Chi co duy nhSt mot khia canh \ a long tin lien ca
nhan dupe tim Ihly co sv khac biet mang y nghia thdng ke. do la mile dp Ipi
dung khi CO co hpi ha\ co gang ddi xu cong bSng. Cu thi. nhom co thoi gian
sinh song tai dia phuang trong thoi gian ngjn. tir 1 din 5 nam danh gia mirc dp
doi xir cong bang cao hon so \-cri hai nhom co thoi gian sinh sing tai dia
phuong lau hon (nhom dan cu song tit 5 din 15 nam va nhom dan ngu cu). Dl
CO the ly giai dieu nay. chung toi tiln hanh mpt s6 phong \ i n sau \a tham khao
nhirng tai lieu thii cjp thu thap duoc tir can bp dia phuang. Chiing toi thi;
rang, hau het nhom gia dinh mcri chuyen den sinh song la nhom nguoi tre tuoi.

96

TAP CHI TAM LYHOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7

mpt s6 la nhiing ho thue nha d, mpt s6 dupe cha me de lai do duac den bii hoac
dupe chia dit, tacli ra xSynha 6 rieng. Hp cho biet: "Chiing loi gi ra khoi nhd
tit 7 gia sdng din 8 g0 tdi, rdt hiim khi va chgm vdi hdng xom, nhieu ngirai con
tuang chirng toi mai chuyin din nhtmg that ra dd a day dugc 3, 4 nam. Thinh
thoang cd bdc id truang din keu ggi ung hg cho nhom ngudi ngheo, ngudi bi
thien tai, bao IH, chiing toi vui ye ddng gop nen thdy cuoc song hdng xdm
quanh day khong co vdn di gi, rdt cong bang, nhiing nhd thuoc chung cu tdi d
diu ddng gdp nhu nhau. Mgt dieu nUa tdi thdy cung rdt cong bdng, hiap ly, do
Id viec don dep ve sinh cdu thang chung ctia chung cu ndy. Den cudi tuan cua
thdng thi bdc td trudng phdn chia nhau dgn dep cdu thang, khdng ai cd the ti
ngnh ai cd. Bdc ghi chep vd ddnh ddu Idn ndy gia dinh ndo quel dgn cdu tfiang thi
sang thdng gia dinh khdc dgn dep ludn phien" (Nguyen Do Van A., 34 tuoi, Vinh
Phiic, Ba Dinh).
So sdnh theo do tudi
Bdng 4: So sdnh long tin lien cd nhdn giica cdc nhom cd do tudi khdc nhau

Danh gia ve long tin lien ca nhan
giua nhirng ngiroi hang xom
Luon phai can than vdi hp hay hau
het CO the tin cay duoc
Lai dung khi co co hpi hay co gang
doi xir cong bang
Chi quan tam den ban than hay luon
CO gang giiip da ngudi khac
DTB chung

Nhom tu6i (DTB)
>48
19-30 31-47
tuoi

tuoi
tuoi
(M3)
(M2)
(Ml)

MIJC y nghTa

(P)

2,84

2,82

3,18

M3>MI,p = 0,02
M3 > M2; p = 0,01

2,71

2,61

3,26

M 3 > M l , p = 0,00
M 3 > M 2 ; p = 0,00

2,86

2,84

2,78

2,80

2,75

3,05

p > 0,05
M 3 > M 1 ; P = 0,0I

M3 > M2; p = 0,00

Ghi chu Diem Irung hinh cdng cao thi mirc do ve Idng tin lien cd nhdn cang cao

Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay. muc do ve ldng tin lien ca nhan d ca 3 nhdm
deu kha cao, the hien su danh gia ciia ngudi dan vdi nhimg ngudi sdng xung
quanh d mirc tin cay dugfc. Trong 3 nhdm tudi dugc phan dinh, nhdm tren 48 tudi
cd chi sd Idng tin lien ca nhan cao hem so vdi hai nhdm tudi cdn lai (p < 0,05). Ket
qua ciing tuong tu khi phan tich d hai khia canh bieu hien ve long tin lien ca nhan:
Nhdm tudi tren 48 danh gia muc do tin tudng, su ddi xu cdng bang vdi nhtmg
ngudi sdng xung quanh cao hon so vdi nhdm 19-30 tudi va 31 - 47 tudi. Chi cd

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017

97

danh gia vl sir giiip do nguoi khac khi so sanh giila 3 nhom tupi nay la kh6ng co
khac biet vl mat thing kg vol p > 0,05.
So sdnh theg mUe sdng
Nghien ciiu nay chp kit qua ngupc lai voi nghien cim tai My dupe tien
hanh vap nam 2006 - 2007: "Nguai My vd long tin xa hgi: Ai, a ddu, igi sao" {5),
kit qua diu dupe nhu sau: NhOng h6 cp thu nhap cao thi dang tin cay hon nhOng
hp gia dinh co thu nh^p Uilp do nhiing ngucri dan nay nhan thiy kha nSng ling
pho voi nhiing riii ro, hau qua ciia nhom ngheo, nhom co thu nhap thap la kem
hon. Trong khi do, kit qua cua nhom nghien cuu lai co ve ngupc lai: Nhung
nguoi dan co miic sing duoi trung binh danh gia miic dp tin tuong doi yoi
nhihig ngucri song xung quanh cao hon so yoi nhiing ngucri dan eo mirc song
kha gia (3,09 so vdi 2,56 vdi p < 0,01). Co thi thiy, p timg noi, tiiy thupc vap rit
nhiiu yiu tl, kit qua danh gia vl miic dp long tin giira cac ca nhan ciing cho
nhiing ket qua khac nhau.
So sdnh theo trinh do ddo tgo
Khong tim thiy co sir khac biet ve long tin lien ca nhan giila cac nhom
CO trinh dp dao tao khac nhau. Noi each khac, dii trinh dp dao tao o cac nhom
dan cu la khac nhau nhung diu co sir tuong dong trong y kien tra loi ve long
tin lien ca nhan.
Mot vai nhan xet riit ra
Long tin giira cac ca nhan la mpt trong cac chi so co y nghia de danh gia
sir gan ket xa hpi, dac biet trong xa hpi "di dpng" va xu hucmg tinh ca nhan hoa
ngay cang cao nhu hien nay. Ket qua nghien cim cho thay, long tin lien ca nhan
giila nhirng nguoi hang xom 6 mirc dp luong doi cao.
So sanh chi so long tin lien ca nhan giua nhiing nguoi hang xom theo
mot viii hien so nhan khau. ket qua cho thay nhu sau:
Xet tren tong the, duong nhu co mpt kiiuon mau chung doi voi ngucri dan
trong mlu nghien ciru ve long tin lien ca nhan. Dii hp la nam hay nir, dang sinh
song 6 khu tai dinh cu hay nha rieng dpc lap, trinh dp dao tao cao hay thip thi
mirc dp long tin giua ciic ca nhan la nhu nhau, khong co su khac biet.

Phan tich ba bieu hien long tin lien ca nhan, kit qua cho thiy. co mpl s6 biiu
hien mang y nghia khac bict vl mat thong ke khi so sanh theo biin s5 nhan khiu:
• NhQng nguoi dan tren 48 lull danh gia mirc dp tin tuong, mii'c dp dii
xir cong bang giira ciic ca nhan cao hon so voi hai nhom tufii tre hon
- Nhung nguiri sinh sing a khu diin cu tir 1 din 5 nam danh gia mirc dp
doi xir cong bang cao hon so voi nhom dan sina o khu dan cu lau nam.

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TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, S o 4 ( 2 1 7 ) , 4 - 2(117


- Nhirng nguoi dan co mu:c sing duoi trung binh danh gia mirc dp tin
tuong dii voi nhiing nguoi sing xung quanh cao hpn so voi nhOng nguoi dan
CP mdc song khS gia.
Tiii lieu tham khao
1. Le Huong, Tinh tich cue nghe nghiep cua egng chiic - Mgt so nhdn td dnh hudng,
NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2003.
2. Larsen Knud S. v a L e Van Hao, Tdm ly hgc xd hoi, NXB Tir dien Bach khoa, 2010.
3. />4. />TRUST_IN_PEOPLE.pdf
5. />
TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, SS 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7

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