Mối quan hệ giữa hành vi ứng xử của cha mẹ với các nét nhân cách mặt n (nhiễu tâm) và mặt c (có ý thức phấn đấu) ở học sinh trung học cơ sở

MOI QUAN HE G I O A H A N H VI Q N G X J
CUA CHA ME VOI CAC NET NHAN CACH
MAT N (NHI§U T A M ) V A
MAT C (CO Y CHI PHAN DAU)
6 HOC SINH TRUNG HOC CO SO
TS. Tran Thanh Nam
Trudng Dai hgc Gido due, Bai hgc Qudc Gia Hd Ndi.
^

T O M TAT

Nghien cuu dugc tiin hdnh tren 315 hgc sinh khoi l&p 7 vd 8 nham ldm ro mdi
quan he giira hdnh vi irng xu cua cha me cd lien quan nhu the ndo vai cdc net nhdn
cdch mat N (nhieu tdm) vd mat C (cd y chi phdn ddu) d hoc sinh THCS. Sii dung phdn
tich hdi quy vd tuang quan, kit qud nghiin ciru khdng dinh hdnh vi ldm cha me nhu dm
dp vd nhdl qudn cd tuang quan nghich vdi mpl so net nhdn cdch mdt N (nhu lo du. de
tdn thuang) vd tuang quan thudn v&i mpl sd net nhdn cdch mat C (nhu ngan ndp, y
ihuc, thdnh dgt vd than trong). Nghien ciru ciing khdng dinh rdng, su thieu nhdt qudn,
hdnh vi kiem sodl ldm ly vd nhirng hinh thirc Irung phat qud thd bgo cita cha me Id bien
sd du bdo su gidm ndng luc hodc de bi Ion ihuang. Hgn che cua nghien ciru vd nhirng
ggiy nghien ciru trong tuang lai cUng dugc dua ra bdn ludn.
Tir khoa: Ndng dm; Nhdl qudn; Kiem soc'il ldm ly; Nhieu tdm. Cd y chi phdn ddu.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 24/5/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi 25/3/2017.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated 315 students from secondary' school 7' and S"" grade to
examine the relalionships between jxirenting behavior and adolescents' personality characlerislic
(facet N - Neuroiicism and facet C - Conscienliousne.ss) Using correlation and regression
analysis, results indicated that parenting behaviors like warmth and firm are negatively
correlated with facets of Neuroiicism (for example Anxious and Vulnerability) and positively
correlated with facets of Conscientiousness (such as Order. Self-discipline. Achievement
Striving and Deliberation) Results also suggested thai lack of consistency and high level of

psychological control and harsh punishments in parenting behn'iors predict low level of capacity
as well as high level of vulnerability Study's limilailon and future research recommendations
are discussed.
Kej-A^ords: Warmth: Firm. Psychological control. Neuroiicism. Conscienliousness

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017

63


l.BJtvinfle
Gia dmh la mdi truong xa hpi hoa diu tien cila tre. Cha me Ih nhOng
ngucri gin bo su6t dcri va co vai tro quan trpng khong thi thay the trong cupc ddi
mdi dua tre. Vi vay, hanh vi ung xu cua cha me hang ngay se la hinh mlu gdp
phin xay dung nhimg net nhan each tich cue hoac t?io nen nhung net nhan each
tieu cue d cae em. Rit nhieu bang chiing nghien ciiu di tnroc khing dinh ring,
trong rit nhiiu yiu tS anh hudng den su phat triin nhSn each cua tre (nhu di
truyin, giao due nha trudmg va anh hudng cua nhom b^n va cong dong xa hpi)
thi hanh vi iing xii eua cha me dong vai trd quan trpng nhit. Cu thi 14 tre song
trpng cae gia dmh dan chii (dac tnmg bdi cac hanh vi im ap, quan tam va kiim
soat dua tren su trao ddi) thi con cai thudng tu tin, cam nhan ban than cd gia tri,
ed siic khde tam than tdt hon (Moscatelli va Rubini, 2009) c6 thanh tich hpc tip
cao hon (Pratt, Green, Mac Vicar vii Bountrogianni, 1992) co kha nSng Idem soat
cam xiic tdt hon (Coplan, Reichel va Rowan, 2009). Ngupc lai, nhUng tre sdng
trong ba nhdm gia dinh sir dung nhung hanh vi kiem soat tSm ly, thieu nhat quan
va trimg phat khac nghiet thudng cd nhieu hanh vi ngd nghich, hung tinh, pha vd
nguyen tic va vi pham phap luat (Forehand va Nousiainen, 1993). Ngoai ra, nhirng
cha me cd phong each de dai - nudng chieu dac tnmg bdi sir thieu nhit quan, thiiu
am ap va thieu kiem soat se dir bao cac bieu hien rdi loan lo au, trim cam ciia tre
hong giai doan tieu hpc (Williams va cdng su, 2009) hay dp tudi thanh thiiu

nien (Mandeep va cong sir, 2011).
Tuy vay, phan Idn cac bang chiing nghien eiiu den hidn tai diu dupe
tien hanh teen nhdm khach thi tre phucmg Tay. Mue dich cua nghien ciiu nay
se xae dinh mdi quan he giiia phong each, hanh vi iing xil eua cha me (ndng
am, kiem soat, nhat quan) vdi cac net nhan each ciia tre mat N (nhiiu tam) va
mat C (cd y chi phin diu) bing thang do nhan each NEO-PI phien ban Viet tten
nhdm tre Viet Nam sdng tai khu vuc ngoai thanh Ha Ndi.
Dua tren viee diem luan eac cdng frtoh nghien ciiu di trude nhu (MoscateUi
va Rubini, 2009; Coplan, Reichel va Rowan, 2009), cd hai gia thuyit nghien ciiu
dupe dat ra de kiim chimg hrong nghien ciiu nay gdm (i) Mire dp thuc Men hanh
vi ndng am va nhat quan eiia cha me ty le nghich vdi nhung net nhan each mat N
(nhu lo au, thii nghich, hung tmh, team cam, xung dpng, dl tdn thuong...) va ty
le thuan vdi cae net nhan each mat C (nhu nang luc, y thiic, thanh dat...); (ii)
Tan suat thuc hien hanh vi kiim soat tam ly eua cha me ty le thuan vdi cae net
nhan each mat N (nhiiu tam) va ty le nghjch vtii cac net nhan each m|t C (ed y
chi phan dau).
2, Khach the va cong cu nghiSn cihi
Nghien ciiu dupe tiln hanh tren 315 khach thi nghien cihi la hpc sinh
thudc khdi 7 va khdi 8 Trudng THCS Thuong Cat va Tnrdng THCS Tu Lap dupe

64

TAPCHITAM lyHOC, Sd-4 (217), 4 - 2017


diiu tra trong thdi gian tCl thang 1 - 3 nam 2014. DJc diem cua khach the nghien
cftu duoc trinh bSiy chi tilt trong bang 1.
Bang 1: Ddc diim nhdn khau hgc cua nhom khach the nghien ciru
Giod tioh khach th^ nghien cihi: Nam (Nv)

51,3% (48,7%)

Tinh trang hon nhan cua cha me
Kit hon vd song chung

93,8%

Lythdn

1,7%

Lyhon

1,7%

Ban thdn

1,8%

Tinh trang nghe nghiep cua cha me
Cd cong viec dem lai thu nhap ngodi gia dinh

89,4%

Tu kinh doanh hg gia dinh

7,2%

That nghidp

2,1%

Nghi huu
So anh chi em trong gia dinh (trung binh, dp lech cbuan)
Ty I^ % cha me c6 trinh do hoc van t6t nghidp THPT tro" len
Thu nhap binh quan cua gia dinh/thang (VND)'

1,3%
2,3 (0,5)
20,1%
8.800.000

Bp cdng cu nghidn ciru ciia dl tai gdm 4 phin vdi he thdng cac bang cau
hdi nhu sau:
(i) Bdng hdi Ihdng tin chung gdm eae thdng tin nhan khau hpc nhu tudi,
gidi, trinh dp hpc vin, tinh trang hdn nhan gia dinh, tinh trang kinh te;
(ii) Bdng hdi ve hdnh vi tmg xir cita cha me gdm 30 cau dupe djch tir
thang do Child's Report of Parental Behavior do tac gia Earl S. Schaefer phat
triin nam 1965 (Schaefer E., 1965). Thang do nay dupe chia thanh 3 tieu thang
do thanh phin gdm (a) hanh vi nhat quan - 10 eau; (b) hanh vi kiim soat tam ly
- 10 cau va (c) hanh vi ndng am - 10 cau. Cac thang do da dupe chiing minh dp
tin cay vdi he sd Alpha eiia Cronbaeh duoc tinh cho timg thang do lan lupt la
'De tham gia nghien cim ndy. nhom nghien cim da co Ihu giai thieu nghien ciru giri ve cho
cha m^ kem vai bdng hoi nhau khau hgc. Nhiing cha me ndo dong y cho con tham gia nghien
ciru se ky xdc nhan dong y. diin thong tin chung, trong do co thong tin ve thu nhgp di gin lai
cho nhom nghien cdu.

TAP CHiTAM LY HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7

65

0,81; 0,85 va 0,78. Diem s6 cang cao thi cha me cang co xu hudmg iing xii
tuong ling.
(Hi) Bdng hdi vi cdc ddc diem nhdn cdch mgt N va mat C gom 80 cSu
trich tir thang do NEO-PI-R dugrc thich nghi bdi Tnrdng D^ii hoc Giao due, Dai
hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi. He s6 Alpha cua Cronbaeh dupe tinh eho hai mat N va
C iin luat la 0,88 va 0,86 (xem them Nguyin Thi My LOc va cpng s\r, 2011).
Diim s6 d timg thang cang cao thi tte cang c6 dac diem tinh each tuong ling.
(iv) Bdng hdi vk cdc hinh thtic dp dtfng ky lugt cua cha me gom 21 cau
dupe xay dung tren kit qua phdng vin sau phu huynh dudi d p g thang do
Likert 5 miic dp. Bang hdi dupe kiim dinh dp tin cjy vdi he s6 Alpha dugc
tinh toan cho toan thang la 0,89.
Quy trinh vd vdn de 3go dire nghien ciru:
Diu tien nhom nghien ciiu lien lac vdi Ban Giam hi?u va cac giao vien
chi nhi6m ciia hai khdi 7 va khdi 8 ciia Trudmg THCS Thuong Cat va Trudng
THCS Tu Lap dl gidi thieu va xin phep nghi6n ciiu. Budc thii hai, giao vito chii
nhiem s5 giii thu mdi tham gia nghien eiiu cho gia dmh kem bang hdi thdng tm
ehung qua hpe sinh. NhOng gia dinh nao ddng y cho con tham gia nghien ciiu se
ky xae nhan, dien bang hoi thdng tin chung va hpc smh chuyen lai cho giao vien
dl giii dSn nhdm nghien eiiu. Budc thii ba, nghidn ciiu viSn xac dinh lich xudng
phat phieu dieu tta va giii thdng bao cho nhiing hpe sinh da chap n h ^ tham gia
nghien ciiu. Sd phieu dupe phat ra va thu lai ngay sau khi hpc sinh hoan thanh.
Giao vien chu nhiem cac lop hd frp trpng edng tae phat phieu va thu phieu.
3. Khai niem, thuat ngir ve phong each hanh vi irng xv cua cha me,
dac diem nhan each va eac moi lien h^
i.l. Khdi niem, Ihugt ngir vSphong cdch hanh vi ungxit cua cha m(
Cac nghien eiiu tren the gidi vl phong each hanh vi ling xir eda cha me
tit trude den nay phan Idn deu sti dung quan diem phan loai cua Baumrind
(1967) cho rang, phan Idn cha me dang sii dung mdt trong ba phong each ddc

doan, dan chu hpae nudng chieu trpng ling xu vdi cpn cai. Ba phpng each nay
dupe chap nhan trong khoang 15 nam kl tir khi dupe dl xuit. Din nam 1983,
mdt nghien ciiu sau ban cua Maccoby va Martin da bd sung them mdt phong
each lam cha me la bd mae/thd o, khdng quan tam (Maccoby va Martin, 1983).
Cho den nay, cae hpc gia nghien ciiu ve phong each hanh vi lam cha me deu tiep
can theo bdn phong each dac tnmg tren ciia Baumrind, Maccoby va Martin. Ndi
dung ciia timg phong each dupe trinh bay dudi day:
Phong cdch ddn chii: Theo Diana Baumrind, cha me cd phong each dan
chu ed xu hudng the hien nhieu hanh vi am ap vdi tre (vi du: diin ta nhieu cam
xtie tich cue toi diia tre), dua ra nhimg nguyen tie trong gia dinh phii hpp vdi

66

TAP CHI TAM L"? HOC, So 4 (217). 4 - 2 0 1 7


Ilia tuoi cua tte nhung sin sang thao luan nhOng nguyen tac dua ra, mSc du cha
me sS la ngudi quyit dinh cuoi ciing sau khi thao luan,
Phong cdch 3QC Soon: Ngupc lai vdi phong each cha me dan chu, cha me vdi
phong each dpc doan co xu hudng c6 ^ g kiem soat tit ea, ke ck Idem soat hanh vi
Ian cam xuc cila ttd. Cha m? dpc doan thuong it thi hien svr ndng im ho5c thdng cim
vdi tre, khi tre lam p sai ho?c khong dat dugc svr mong dpi cua cha me thi sS bj ttiing
phat nghiem khSc, bap gdm ea nhOng htah phat vl thi chit (vi du: danh, tit).
Phong cdch de ddi - nudng chieu: Tuong tu nhu phong each lam cha me
dan ehii, phong each lam cha m? de dai - nudng chieu luon than thi^n va chap
nhan tte. Nhiing cha me nay khong thich kiem soat tte va cd rat it nhiing hinh
thiic ky luSt danh cho tre khi mic Idi, tham chi con rit khoan dung cho nhihig
hanh vi boc dong, sai quay cua tre.
Phong cdch bd mgc/tha a - khdng quan tdm: Nhiing cha mp nay vira
khdng than thien va the hien ndng im, vira khong kiem soat con cai. NhOng

cha me nay khdng the hien tinh cam ddi vdi tte va eOng khdng cd hinh thOc k^
luat nao vdi con. Cha me thd o - khdng quan tam cd it yeu cau ddi vdi tte vi
can ban la hp khdng thich thu ddi vdi con ciia hp.
Tuy nhien, viee phan chia phong each nhu tten cung cd nhihig diim
khong hgp Iy, bi phe phan vi ban than cha m? cd the sti dung nhieu hon mpt
phong each ttong sudt cupc ddi cua tre. Tai mpt thdi diem, cha me cung cd the
ap dung nhieu phong each tuy thudc vao eae dieu kien hoan canh khach quan
(mdi trudng xung quanh, sir cd mat cua nhihig ngudi k h a c . ) va chu quan
(phan irng ciia tre, tSm ttang ca nhSn). Vi vay, mpt sd nha nghien euu chp ring
phan Ipai thanh cac tuyp hanh vi iimg xu ciia cha me se phii hpp ban (Gershoff
E.T. va cdng su, 2010). Theo hp, nhOng hanh vi irng xu ciia cha me gdp phan
cau thanh nen 4 phong each tren gdm: (i) hanh vi ndng am; (ii) hanh vi kiem
soat tam Iy va (ill) hanh vi nhat quan. Cu the nhu sau:
Hdnh vi ndng dm: nhirng hanh vi ndng am cua cha me dupe the hi?n
true tiep qua cac hanh vi biiu cam nhu dm, hdn, cudi, khen bang Idi hoac cir
chi hoac thi hien gian tiip qua nhOng hanh vi quan tam, chSm sdc nhu danh
thdi gian dua tre den trudmg, bd cdng sii:c nau mdn ngon cho tre...
Hdnh vi kiem sodt tdm ly: la nhiing hanh vi ma cha me thuc hien nham
kiim soat trang thai cam xuc va suy nghT ctia tre. Mpt sd vi du cua hanh vi
kiim soat tarn ly cua cha me la lam eho tre xau hd va cam thay toi Idi vi mpt
viee gi dd, hat hui tre neu tre khdng lam theo y mudn cua minh ma khdng
khuyen khieh sir suy nghT ddc lap ctia tre, day dd tre tren quan diim phai lam
cho tre sp thi mdi day do dupe.

TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, Sd4 (217), 4-2017

67


Hanh vi nhit qudn: bao gdm viSc cha me dua ra nhihig nguyen tSc va

duy tri nhimg nguyto tic dd mOt each thing nhit, Hanh vi nhit quan cung c6
thi bao g6m viec sir dimg svr trimg ph?t nghidm khic nhimg dugc sil dyng
thdng nhat ddi vdi cic tinh huong vi ph^im. Ngugc vdi nhat quan ve gion^ nhu
phong each cua nhiing cha me dl dai - nudng chilu khong co quy dinh dS han
chi hanh vi cua cac em, iing xir vdi c4c em theo cam tinh, mang tinh tmh
hudng v^ khong thdng nhat.
3.2. Anh hiring cOa phong each hdnh vi lam cha mf Sen Mc Siim
nhan cdch vd hanh vi img xA cia tre
Cac nghien ciiu tten nhdm khach thi phuong Tay cho ring, vl phuong
dien hanh vi xa hpi, tte sdng ttong gia dinh ma bd me biit quan tam, im ap dong
thiri cd kiem soat con cai cd hf sd tu tin cao hom, cac em ciing thd hien su tin
tudng vao nhimg ngudi khae nhiiu hon, co kha nang tu chu ttong nhiing tinh
hudng khd chiu tdt hon va h§ so tti thdng minh cao hgn. Nghien ciiu ciia
Coplan, Reichel va Rowan (2009) tien hanh kiim tea mdi quan he gitta dac
diim nhan each cua cha me, hanh vi ling xO eua cha me va kha nang tu chu,
kiim soat cam xiie d eon cai da khing dinh mdi lien he mSt thiit giua htah vi
lam cha me va kha nang kiem soat earn xiic d tte vi thanh ni6n. Nghien eiiu ciia
Moscatelli va Rubini (2009) cho thay, tte song ttong gia dinh co bd me dta chu
cd he sd tu tin cao hon, cac em cung thi hien su tm tudng vao nhOng ngudi khac
nhieu hom, cd kha nang tu chu ttong nhimg tmh huong khd chiu tdt hon, tham chi
cd he sd tti thong minh cao hem (Moscatelli va Rubini, 2009). Vl phucmg dien
cam xiic, nghien cira cua Williams va cdng su (2009) da tim ra bing chiing
khang dinh rang, phong each cha m? dl dSi - nudng chieu vdi tre trong giai do^n
nha tee cd the dupe diing de du doan net nhan each lo au va cac rdi loan hanh vi
hudng ndi khae d giai doan tieu hpc. Hay nghien ciia cua Mandeep va cdng su
(2011) chi ra mdi tuong quan thuan giOa phong each cha me ddc doan va net
nhan each tram cam d con, ddng thdi chirng minh moi quan he tuong quan
nghich giira phong each cha me nudng chilu va net nhan each teim cam d thanh
thieu nien.
Cdn bang chiing nghien ciiu tren nhdm khaeh thi phuong Ddng khing

djnh rang, hanh vi lam cha me ctia phu huynh cac nude chau A cd su khac bidt
so vol eac ly thuyit ciia phuong Tay d chd: (a) cha me ngudi chau A cd xu
hudng sii dung nhiiu kiim soat hom doi vdi con cai hp, (b) it thi hien mpt each
true dien tinh cam ddi voi con cai (nhu dm, hdn, khen nggi...) va (e) khdng
khuyen khiehhd trp sir phat triin tir chu ddc lap cua con cai nhiiu nhu cac bac
cha me Tay Au (Chao, 2001). Ben canh do, cae bing chiing nghien ciiu thuc
nghiem cung ehi ra nhimg tah hudng khac biet giua hanh vi img xii: ciia cha
me va dac diem nhan each cua eon tre. Vi du nhu nghien cihi cua Chen, Liu va

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 20 i 7


Li (2000) chiing minh ring, su ndng im cua cha me Trung Qudc dxf do4n f chi
ddng CO va thanh tich hpc tap a tee cao hon 2 nSm sau thdi diem dinh gia.
NghiSn cim cua Hasebe va Nucci (2004) cho tiiiy, nhihig b$c cha m? sii dung
su kiim soat qua mue, dac bip114 kiim soit vl tam ly c6 Mn quan vdi mdt ty
le cao cac chiing roi lo?in htah vi cam xuc ct nhdm tte em Nhat Bto nhu cac net
nhan each lo au va ttim ctai. Mpt nghien cuai khac cua Liu (2003) ve htah vi
cua cha me tt6n 2.000 tte sdng tai cdc viing ndng thon eua Trung Qudc cung
chi ra rtag, viec cha me su dung nhieu hinh phat nghiem khac, mtag md, chi
trich khi con cai cd htah vi khdng mong mudn ty le thuan vdi cac roi loan
hudng ndi va hudng ngo^i d eae em theo bao cao cua cha me. Ngoai ra, nhihig
hinh ph?t dtah cho con trai thudng nghiem khic hom eon gai nen tac ddng tieu
cue ciia hinh phjt ddi vdi con gai nang nl hom vdi eon ttai, hay ndi each khac,
tre teai bi trimg phat nang nl thi tac dgng tieu cue cOa hinh phjt khdng tah
hudmg lau dai va nang nl nhu vdi eon gai. Ci Vidt Nam, nghien eiiu ciia
Trucmg Thi Khanh Ha (2012) da ket luan rang, phong each cha me dta chu
lien quan den kha nang tu tin, tu trpng cua con cai, ngupc lai phong each Itai
cha me doe doto din din viec tre tu danh gia thip bta thta, thieu tu tin.
Tdm lai, cd thi ndi bang chung nghien citu tren khaeh thi phucmg Tay

eho thay ed mdi quan he chat che giOa phong each lam cha me dan chu, hanh
vi lam cha me am ap vdi nhimg net nhta each tich cue d tre. Ngugc lai, phong
each lam cha me ddc dota, bd mac hoac qua nudng chieu va nhOng htah vi
lanh liing, thieu nhat quan va kiim soat cd lien he vdi rdi loan hanh vi nhu
trdm cap, lira ddi, net nhta each hung tinh, bao lue ciing nhu cac van dd ctai
xiic nhu lo au, tram ctai. Nghien ciiu tren nhdm khach thi phuong Ddng ve co
bta eung giong vdi cae nghien ciru di trude d phuong TSy, tuy nhien mire dp
tah hudng eua htah vi lam cha me kiem soat cam xiic, kiem soat hanh vi len
tre it tieu cue hem, htah vi thta thien, ndng am ctia cha me ed anh hudng tich
cue Idn hon anh hudng cila nhOng hanh vi nay teen nhdm tre phuong Tay do su
khae biet ve chuta muc htah vi lam cha me. Ngoai ra, htah vi lam cha me d
phuong Ddng ed the khac nhau ddi vdi con trai va con gai va cd sy tah hudng
eua eac biin nhta khiu hpc nhu teinh dp hpe vta len htah vi img xii eua cha
me...
3.3. Thuyet 5 nhdn to Idn vi nhdn cdch va cdc net nhan cdch mat N, C
Thuyet 5 nhan td ldm cua nhta each (Big five model) hien dang dupe
nhieu nha khoa hpe tag hd. Dua tren thuyet nay, cac nha khoa hpc da xay
dung nen thang do NEO-PI do 5 ITnh vyc cua nhta each (mat N (Nhiiu tam), E
(Hudng ngoai), O (Cdi md), A (Dl chip nhta) va C (Cd y chi phin diu)), mdi
mat gdm 6 chi sd thanh phan. Do gidi ban ve dieu kien thdi gian va quy md.

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd4 (217), 4-2017

69


nghiSn ciiu mdi chi tap trung nghien cira 2 mat nhta cich N va C cfing nhu c4c
chi s6 thtah phin se dugc gidi thieu chi tilt dudi day.
MatN: (Neuroticism: Nhiiu tim) C4c tiiu thang do hay tiiu trie nghi$m
d mat nay tap trung dtah gia xu hudng mpt ca nhta di trii nghito nhiing tr?ng

thai xiic etai va tmh ctai tieu eye, kem diiu chinh, kem thich nghi nhu sg hii,
budn chta, lo au, liing tiing, hie gita, ty ti, tpi Idi, thit vpng. Nhirng nguoi dat
diim teic nghiem eao d mien do nay cd su mit eta btog hoSc bat thucmg vl ttai
thin. Hp cd nhieu nguy ea mac mpt vai chiing rdi nhiiu ttai Iy. Nhiing ca nhta
dat diem teae nghiem thap d mien do nay la nhOng nguai cd xiic ctai, tinh ctai
dn djnh. Hg thudng la nhihig ngudi bmh tuih, tinh tao, biit kiim chi, thanh thta,
thu gito. Hg cd the iing phd co hieu qua vdi hiu het cac tinh hudng gay steess
thudng gap ttong eudc sdng. Mat N gdm 6 net nhta each: Nl (Lo du); N2 (Gign
da, thit dich); N3 (Trdm cdm); N4 (Ythirc ve hdn thdn); N5 (Xung ddng); N6 (Di
hi thuang Idn).
MatC: (Conscientiousness: Cd y chi phta diu). Nhiing ngudi cd diim cao
tten thang do nay thuong la nhOng ngudi thtah dat d hpe dudmg, ttong nghi
nghiep nhung d mat ti6u eye, hg cd thi la nhOng ngudi khd tinh din mirc khd
chju, ngta nip, teat tu mdt each thai qua hoSc nhirng ngudi chi biit cd cdng
viec, qua ham me cdng viee. NhOng ngudi cd diim cao la ngudi ti mi, cin
tegng, diing gid va dtog tin. Nhung ngudi cd diim thip khong nhit thiit la
nhOng nguoi thieu cac nguyen tie dao diic, ma don gita hp la nhOng ngudi
thieu nhiet tinh, thieu quyet ttoi teong viec nd lye dat muc dich cua bta thta.
Cd nhOng btag chiing ndi rtag, nhOng ngudi diim thip cd cai gi gidng nhu
nhOng ngudi ham thich khoai lac, nhuc due. Mat C gdm ed 6 net nhta each: CI
(Ndng hrc); C2 (Ngan ndp); C3 (Trdch nhiem, bdn phdn); C4 (Nd luc thdnh dgt);
C5 (Ky ludi lir gidc); C6 (Than h-gng, cdn nhdc la luong).
4. Ket qua nghien ciru
Ddc diem nhdn cdch cua khdch thi nghien ciru: dO lieu nghien ciiu cho
thay, hoc sinh teong nhdm khach thi nghien cim ed dac diim tinh each nhu: (a)
cd nhu cau rat cao va Itoi viec cat Iuc dl dat muc dich ciia hp; (b) suy nghT cin
thta tnroc khi hanh dpng va (c) cd kha ntog bit diu cac nhiem vu va kien tei
thyc hien chtog chp den khi hota fhtah dii la cdng vice dd khdng hip din, thtai
chi nhtai chta.
Dac diem hdnh vi img xir cua cha me: trong miu nghien cim nay, cha

me cac em the hien nhiiu nhat cac dac diim chip nhan, gin giii con cai, su
dung nhOng hanh vi thi hien su quan tam va im ap eao. Tiip din la cae htah
vi nhat quta, bao gdm viec cha me dua ra nhOng nguyen tic va duy tri nhOng
nguyen tac dd mdt each thong nhit. Khi eon mic Idi, phin Idn eac bac cha me
cd hinh thtic ky luat hgp ly, cha me thudng thdng nhit y kiln vdi nhau khi tiln
70

TAP CHITAM LV HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7


hanh ky luat con cai. Tuy nhien, vin cd mdt s6 cha me sii dung hinh thire ky
Iu4t nhu ming chili hoac so stab con vdi ngudi kh4c.
Moi tuang quan giira hdnh vi ting xir cira cha me vd cdc ddc diem nhdn
cdch: sd lidu cho thiy nhiing gia dinh cha me chap nhan va gta gui, quan tam
nhieu tdi con cai thi tte thucmg cd nhihig net nhta each tdt nhu ngan nip, cd ij
thitc, thtah dat va than ttpng. (3 nhOng gia dinh cha me cd xu hudmg kiem spat
thi con cai cd xu hudng danh gia thap nang lyc bta than, it cd khd nSng irng
phd vdi sttess, de phu thupc, thu dpng, thieu nilm tin, hay that vpng va hotag
sp khi ddi mat vdi nhOng tinh hudng khd khan. Cdn d nhung gia dinh cha me
ed xu hudng khdng nhit quan trong each hanh xu thi con cai cang hay gap
nhung ndi Ip lang sg hai va cang khdng cd kha nang kiem soat nhiing ndi lo au
nay (btag 2).
Bang 2: Tuang quan Pearson giira cdc net nhdn cdch vd kieu hdnh vi idm cha me
Nong am

Kiem scat tam ly

Nhat quan

CI.Nang lire

Net nhan each

0,130

-0,228*

0,111

C2. Ngan nap

0,237'

0,144

0,069

C3.Ytliiro

0,280"

0,101

-0,039

04. Thanh dat

0,205"

0,105

-0,002

05. Quy lie

0,149

0,131

-0,021

06. Than trong

0,218'

-0,098

-0,089

N1, Lo au

0,024

-0,004

-0,212'

N2. Hung tinh

-0,074

0,094

0,159

N3. Tram cam

-0,105

-0,003

-0,033

N4. Rut re

-0,125

0,101

0,025

N5. Xung dong

-0,089

-0,044

-0,057

N6. De ton thuong

-0,281"

0,217'

-0,131

Ghi chu: *:p<0.OS, *':p< 0,01.

Xem xet mdi quan he giua hinh thirc ky luat cua cha me khi con mac loi
va cac dac diem nhan each mat C, sd lieu cho thay khi cha iiie sir dung hinh
thire ky luat hgp ly, ke ca vice trimg phat bang co the nhung cd sy giai thich
nguyen nhan ve viec bi phat giiip cho tre phat trien cac net nhan each tich cue
(mat C). Ngupc lai. nhirng hinh thirc trirng phat qua thd bao, khdng nhit quan
va cd xu huting si nhuc cam xiic va cai tdi ciia tre ty le nghich vdi cac net nhan
each tich cue (mat C) (bang 3).
TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7


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TAPCHI'TAMLVHOC, Sd'4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7


TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, S6 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7

73


Ngugc lai, xem xel mdi quan he giOa eae hinh thirc ap dung ky luat vdi
mat tinh c4ch mjt N dugc truth bay ttong btag 3, ta thiy cac hinh thiic trimg
phat njng nl vl eo thi va ctai xiic Itai tSng nguy ca cac vta d l htah vi cam
xiic vk tinh dl ton thuang a tte. Ngugc lai, nhChig htah vi trimg ph?t cd chimg
mye, dugc can nhic va dugc tiln htah mgt cSch nhit quta se lam gitai nguy
CO cac vin dl ctai xiic nhu lo Su, trtai cim (btag 4).
Phdn tich hdi quy giUa hdnh vi ting xii cua cha me vd cdc ddc diein
nhdn cdch cua con: dl lo?i tru sy tah hudng do tuong tac giua cac bien s6,
chiing tdi tiip tuc phan tich hdi quj; vdi cac bien phu thupc la 6 chi sd thtah
phin ciia mit C va 6 chi sd thtah phin ciia mjt N. Cac kilu htah vi cua cha me
Kiem soat tkm 1^, Nhit quta va Ndng im dugc dua vao vdi vai tto la cac bien
doe Ifip. Trong sd 12 md hinh duge phta tich vdi 12 biin phu thuoc ttdn d4y,
s6 lieu phta tich cho thiy ehi cd 5 mo hinh hoi quy la co y nghTa thong ke va
chiing dugc hiin thj di btag 5.
Bang 5: Md hinh hdi quy dtf bdo cdc net nhdn cdch mat N vd mdt C
lir ddc diem kieu hdnh vi lam cha mf

P

IMo hinh co y Dghla thong ke
l\fS hinh 1: Du bao Nang lire - R' = 0,092; F=3,91;

t

P

0,062

p<0,OS

Nong am

0,187

1,891

Nhat quan

0,071

0,701

0,485

Kiem soat tam ly

0,234

2,336

0,022*

Md kinh 2: Dir lido Tinh than trong - R' = 0,084; F= 2,87; p<0,OS
Nong am

0,113

1,134

Nhat quan

0,096

0,951

0,344

Kiem scat tam ly

0,262

2,604

0,01 !•

MS Mnh 3: Du bdo La au-R'=

0,260

0,141; F = 5,12; p<0,01

Nong am

0,013

0,135

0,893

Nhit quan

0,348

3,564

0,001"

1,463

0,147

2,728

0, 008"

Kiem soat tam ly
MS hinh 4: Dir bdo Rut ri-R'=
N6ng 5m

74

0,141

J

0,086; F = 3,06; p<0,OS
0,274

TAP CH( TAM If HOC, S6 4 (217), 4 - 2017


Nhat quan
Kiem soat tam Iy

" " -',
,

V ' .- -

-0,063

-0,624

0,534

-0,052

-0,522

0,603

Mo hmh S: Dir bdo Di Idn Ihinmg -g' = 0,181; F = 4,79; p<0,OI
Nong am

0,261

2,634

0,010"

Nhat quan

-0,122

-1,223

0,225

Kiem soat tam ly

0,145

1,484

0,141

Ghi chic *:p<0.05. **:pKet qua cua nghien ctiu cho thay, hanh vi cha me kiem soat tam ly d cha
me dy doan cac dac diim CI: Nang lyc va C6: Thta trpng d tre. Htah vi lam
cha me nhit quan giup dy bao net nhan each Nl: Lo au. Hanh vi lam cha me
ndng am dy bao dae diim N4: Rut re va N6: Dl tdn thuong.

Ndi each khac, cha me diing nhieu htah vi kiem soat tam ly se du bao
ntag lye thip va tinh thta trpng thap trong dae diem nhta each ctia con tre. Cha
me sir dung htah vi nhat quta se du bao kha nang lo ta thap va cha me sir dung
htah vi ndng am cd the dy bao dae diim it rut re va khdng de hi tdn thuang.
5. Ket luan va khuyen nghi
5.1. Kit luan
Ket qua nghien ciru da chirng minh sy dung dan cita hai gia thuyet
nghien ciru da dupe dat ra tir dau bai viet. Viec phta tich sd lieu eho thay,
nhung cha me cd each htah xir theo kieu chap nhta va gan gGi, quan tiim, am
ap, nhat quan se lam tang cac net nhan each tich cue nhu ngan nap, ed y thirc,
thanh dat, it lo ta, khdng cd xu hudng rut re hoac khd bi tdn thuong... Cdn
nhung cha me kiem soat tam ly, cam xuc cua con cai se lam cho eon cai cd xu
huting ty danh gia thap nang lyc ban than va thira nhta rang, chimg thuimg
khdng cd sy chuan bi tdt va dudng nhu hp lam cho tre trd thtah nhirng ngudi
de bj phti thupc, thii dpng, thieu niem tin, kem tu tin, hay that vpng, hoang sp
khi phai ddi mat vdi nhirng tinh huong khd khan. Nhirng ket luan nay dung vdi
ca phan tich tuong quan va phan lich hdi quy da dupe trinh bay trong bai bao.
Cu the hon. giiii thich nguyen nhta ve \ ice bj phat giup cho tre phat triin
etc net nhan each tich cue. Ngugc lai, nhirng hinh thirc trirng phat qua thd bao,
khdng nhilt quan va ed xu hudng si nhuc ctim xiic va cai tdi ctia tre ty le nghich
vdi cae net nhan each mat C. Cac hinh thirc trirng phat nang nl vl co thi va cam
xiie lam tang nguy co cac van dc hiinh vi cam xuc \'a tinh dl tdn thuona d tre

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, S6' 4 (217), 4 - 2017

75


dugc dl c|p ttong mat N ciia nhta ctah. Ngugc lai, nhimg htah vi trimg phat c6
chimg muc, duge eta nhic va dugc tiln htah mgt each nhit quta sS Itai gitai

nguy eo eac vin dl ctai xiic nhu lo Su, trim etai, tin thuang etai xuc.
5.2. Khuyen nghi
Ddi vai cha me: Phy huynh eta chu y tdi each ting xii, cae moi quan he
btag ngay cua mhih, luon la tdm guang stag cho tre noi theo. Phu huynh ciing
cin cd each giao due hgp ly de phat triin tdi da nhOng nhta each tot cung nhu
ban chi nhOng nhta each khdng tdt cho con mmh. Khdng khi tai ap, yeu
thuong trong gia dinh khiln tre ctoi nhta dugc tinhyta thuang, hgc dugc each
yeu thuang nhOng ngudi khac. Khotag thdi gian gin gui nhau ehinh la liic de
cha me hilu con cai nhiiu ban, ddng vien eon dl con tnrdng thtah virng vtag.
Thay vi dp dat con phai htah ddng theo y m'uih, cac bac phu huynh nen cimg con
thao luta dl dat ra cac gidi han ma tre phai tuta thu. Hon nOa cac em eta dugc
chuin bj htah trang vao dcri, khdng phii liic nta ciing cd su bta ve eua cha m?,
bdi vay nSn dl eho tte hgc each tu Idem soat bta thta. Htah vi nhSt quta cua cha
me giup hmh thtah each tu duy logic, each Itai viec nhat quta cho tte vi thtah
nien. Vi vjy, cha me cin cd nhOng nguyen tic, dieu luat ro rtag vdi tee ttong gia
dmh, ddng thdi thdng nhat vtii nhau ttong each irng xu vdi tee btag ngay.
Ddi vdi gido vien, nhd trudng: Y thirc ve tah hudng phong each hanh vi
Itai cha mp vdi sy hinh thtah, phat trien nhta each d tee vi thtah nien; tuyen
tmyen nhimg kien thiic nay den eae phu huynh de giiip tee cd the phat trien nhta
each Itah manh.
Ddi vdi nghien ciru trong tuang lai: Md rdng phuang phap nghien eiiu
nhu sti dung them cac thang do nhta each mat E, A, O va cac thang do nhta
each khac dl cd dugc cai nhin tpan eanh hom ve mdi quan he giOa phong each
hanh vi lam cha mp va nhta each tre; nghien cim nen tien htah teen miu Idm va
dai dien ban dl kit luan ctia nghien cim mang tinh khai quat ban, dp hieu lyc
eOa cac phep phta tich sd lieu cao hon.
T^i lifu tham khao
1. Baumrind, Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth
and Society, pp. 239 - 276,1967.
2. Chao R.K., Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese

Americans and European Americans, Child Development, pp. 1.832 - 1.843, 2001.
3. Chen X., Liu M. & Li D., Parental warmth, control, indulgence and their relations
to adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study, Joumal of Family Psychology,
pp.401 -419,2000.

76

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4. Copian R.J., Reichel M. & Rowan K., Exploring the associations between maternal
personality, child temperament and parenting: A focus on emotions, Personality and
Individual Differences, pp. 241 - 246,2009.
5. Dulamdary Enkhtor va cong sy, Gido due hay xdm hai: Nghien cuu ve trirng phat
thdn thi hay tinh thdn tre em tai Viet Nam, Xuat ban bai UNICEF, SCS, PLAN,
SIPFC, pp. 47, pp. 74 - 75, 2007.
6. Forehand R.J. & McMahon R.L., Helping the noncompliant child: Family based
treatment for oppositional behavior. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.
7. Gershoff E.T., Lansford J.E., Zelli A., Grogan-Kaylor A., Chang L. & DeaterDeckard K., Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Associations with
child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness, Child Development, 81,
pp. 4 8 7 - 5 0 2 , 2010.
8. Hasebe Y., Nucci L. & Nucci M.S., Parental control of the personal domain and
adolescent symptoms of psychopathology: Across-national study in the United Stales
and Japan, Child Development, pp. 815 - 828, 2004.
9. Liu X., Parenting Practices and the Psychological Adjustment of Children in Rural
China, Gansu Survey of Children and Families Dissertations, 2003.
10. Maccoby E.E. & Martin J.A., Socialization in the context of the family: Parentchild interaction. In P.H. Mussen (Ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology: Socialization,
Personality and Social Development, Vol. 4, pp. 1 - 101, New York, 1983.
11. Mandeep S., Novrattan S., Amrita Y., Parental styles and depression among
adolescents, Joumal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, pp, 60 - 68, 20! 1.

12 Moscatelli S. & Rubini M., Parenting styles in adole.scence: The role of warmth,
strictness and psychological granting influence collective self-esteem and expectations
for the future. In Pacey H.K. and Tahlia M.D. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting styles,
stresses and strategies, Nova Science Publishers, Inc, New York, 2009.
13. Nguyen Thi My Loc, Dang Hoang Minh, Bui Thi Thuy Hang, Tran Thanh Nam,
Tran Van Cong, Nguyen Cao Minh, Phuang phdp va quy trinh thich nghi trdc
nghiem ldm ly nuac ngodi vdo Viet Nam: Moi so kinh nghiem rut ra lir viec ihich nghi
cdc trdc nghiem WISC-IV, WAIS-IV. NEO-PI vd CPAI, Hgi thao Tam ly hoc hgc
duong, Hu^, 2011,
14. Pratt M W., Green D.. Mac Vicar J. & Bountrogianni M., The mathematical parent.
Parental scaffolding, parent .style and learning outcomes in long-division mathematics
homework. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13, pp 17 - 34. 1992.
15. Schaefer F., Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Au Im-eniorv. Child Development, 36
(2). pp, 413 - 424. Doi: 10,2307/1126465. 1965.

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16. Truong Thi Khtah Ha, Phong cdch gido due cua cha me vd dnh hudng cua nd
ddi vdi con tudi vi thdnh nien. Tap chi Ttai ly hpc, S6 4,te.46 - 55, 2012.
17. Williams L.R., Degnan K.A., Perez-Edgar K.E., Henderson H.A., Rubin K.H..
Pine D.S., Sternberg L.. Fox N.A., Impact of behavioral inhibilion and parenting
style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through
adolescence, Joumal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, tr. 1.063 - 1.075, 2009.

78

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017