Động cơ hành vi ủng hộ xã hội ở thanh niên việt nam

DONG CO HANH VI UNG HO XA HOI
O THANH NIEN VIET NAM
Nghien curu nay di/gc tai trg bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Quoc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tai: Hanh vi ung ho xa hoi d thanh nien Viet Nam; Ma so
vn.1-2012.09; PGS.TS. Le Van Hao lam chQ nhiem.

PGS.TS. Do Ngpc Khanh
Trudng phdng Phong Tdm ly hpc ldm sdng, Vien Tdm ly hpc.

Nghien cuu ndy co muc tieu tim hieu cdc dpng ca cda nhicng hdnh vi ung hd
xd hoi (hdnh vi giiip da, hdnh vi vi tha/nhdn di) a thanh men. Ket qud nghien cuu cho
thdy, noi troi nhdt Id dong ca ldm theo yeu cdu cua nguai khde, sau do din dong ca
vi long vi tha/vo tu, dpng ca ldm gidm cdm xdc tieu cuc/khd chiu, dpng ca hi tdc dpng
bai muc dp thdm khoc cua tinh huong, dpng ca dn danh vd thdp nhdt Id dong ca dinh
huang bdn thdn. Hdnh vi ung ho xd hpi cua thanh nien - a mot mdc dp ndo do - phu
thupc vdo giai tinh, lira ludi vd nai cu trU.
Tir khoa: Hdnh vi ung hp xd hoi; Hdnh vi giup da: Ddng ca; Thanh nien.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 8/10/2015; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2015.

1. Dat van de
Trong boi canh nen van hoa theo xu hudng cpng ddng nhu Viet Nam
dang trai qua nhieu thay doi, cac hanh vi cd van de d thanh nien dang co xu
hudng tang thi viec nghien ciiu hanh vi ung hp xa hpi va dac biet la dgng co
cua hanh vi ung hp xa hpi d nhdm dan cu nay lai cang can thiet. Tdng quan ve
cac nghien ciiu cho thay, mang nghien ciiu ve van de nay d Viet Nam hau nhu
van cdn bd trong.
Tim hieu ddng co hanh vi iing hp xa hpi giiip ly giai tai sao con ngudi
lai lam nhu vay vdi ham y tim each nuoi dudng, thiic day cac hanh vi do d the
he tre, chdng lai va day liii cac hanh vi tieu cue, vo cam hay chdng doi xa hpi d hp.
2. Mau nghien ciru va phiro^ng phap nghien ciru
Khach the nghien ciiu gom 1.200 thanh nien dai dien cho cac vung dd

thi va ndng thon, ddng bang va mien mii, dan tgc da so va dan tdc thieu so tir 3
miin: Bac, Trung va Nam.
TAPCHITAMLyHOC,Sd'12(201), 12-2015

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Z\


Phuang phap nghien ciiu: thang do hanh vi ung hp xa hpi do Carlo &
Randal (2002) thiSt ki va dang dupc su dung rong rai a nhieu qu6c gia cung da
dupc su dung trong nghien cuu nay. Thang nay gom 23 items dupc danh gia
theo muc diim 0 = "hoan toan khong giong voi toi" cho den 4 = "hoan toan
giSng voi toi". Thang do bao gom 6 tiiu thang do di danh gia cac hanh vi ung
hp xa hpi sau: Hanh vi ung hp xa hpi vi long vi tha, hanh vi ting hp xa hpi vi
chiju theo y nguai khac, hanh vi ilng hp xa hpi co dpng ca mang tinh xiic cam,
hanh vi ung hp xa hpi xay ra truac cong chiing, hanh vi ung ho xa hpi an danh,
hanh vi ung hp xa hpi trong tinh huong tham khoc.
3. Ket qua nghien ciru
3.1. Dpng Cff cda hdnh vi ung hp xd hpi
Bdng 1: Cdc dpng co ndm sau hdnh vi ung hpi xd hoi, hdnh vi giiip do ngudi khac
DTB

Cac dong cff

Thii- hang

1. Dong ca lam theo yeu cau cua nguai khac

3,04

1

2. Dong ca vi long vi tha

2,79

2

3. Dong CO lam giam cam xiic tieu cue

2,18

3

4. Dpng ca giiip da vi miic do tham khoc ciia tinh huong

2,11

4

5. Dpng ca an danh

2,00

5

6. Dpng ca gianh su tan thanh cua nguai khac (dinh huong
ban than)

1,28

6

T6ng

2,18

Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay, xu hudng ndi trdi nhat la thanh nien dugc
khao sat thuc hien hanh vi iing hp xa hpi xuat phat tu ddng ca lam theo ySu cau
ciia ngudi khac (DTB = 3,04), sau dd den ddng ca vi ldng vi tha (DTB = 2,79),
tiep theo la dpng ca Iam giam cam xiic tieu cuc/khd chiu (DTB = 2,18) va th4p
nhat la ddng co dinh hudng ban than, gianh dugc sir tan thanh ciia ngudi khac
(DTB = 1,28).
Ve dong ca lam theo yeu cau ciia ngudi khac: Thanh nien cd xu hudng
giiip dd ngudi khac neu cd yeu cau, neu dugc de nghi cd le xuat phat tir mdng
muon dugc la ngudi hiiu ich cho xa hpi va ngudi khac, vi vay, khi dugc de
nghi giiip dd thi hg khdng ngan ngai. Thanh nien la nhom ngudi cd siic manh
the chat va ly tri nen thudng san sang neu can giiip dd ai do.

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TAP CHiTAM ly HOC, S6 12 (201). 12 - 2015


Ve dpng CO vi long vi tha: Thanh nien trong mSu chpn nay co xu huang
the hien hanh vi giup do nguoi khac vi dpng ca vi tha rdt ro. Vj tha la mpt phan
ling cam xilc xuat phat tir trang thai cam xiic cua nguoi khac va dong dang vai
trang thai do (Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998).
Ve dpng ca lam giam cam xiic tieu cue: Nhieu thanh nien thuc hien

hanh vi giiip do nguai khac vi dpng ca lam giam cam xiic tieu cue cho thSy, hp
quan tam den cam xiic cua nguoi khac va ciia ban than. Mo hinh thau cam - vj
tha ggi y rang, con duang tii cam xiic den hanh dflng vi tha khong dan gian vi
no CO the diin ra theo 2 dang. Khi thiy mpt ai do dang gjp dau kho, chiing ta
cung CO the cam thay phien mufln nhu lo au, so hai hoac quan tam, thau cam,
bao gom ca cam thflng, dpng long teSc in, dl xiic dpng. Ngupc lai, niu theo
huang thii hai thi trang thai thau cam se din den hanh vi vi tha, nhan ai (muc
dich cua hanh vi giiip do la giam nhe nfli dau ciia nan nhan).
Ve dpng CO an danh: Giiip dfl nguai khac khi an danh the hien dpng co
vfl tu, giiip vi nan nhan can giiip chil khflng quan tam den phan thudng xa hfli.
Tuy nhien, dflng ca nay o thanh nien khflng cao, diing gan cufli bang xep hang
(DTB = 2,00). Noi each khac, co mpt ty le nhit dinh so ngufli trong mlu chpn
giiip do nguflri khac va mong dpi dupc den dap theo each nay hay each khac.
An danh ,

Miic dp tham khoc
cua tinh huflng
Lam theo yeu cau
cua nguoi khac
**Tuang quan cd y nghia & muc 0.01 (2-tailed).
Sff dd 1; Tuong quan giita cdc dpng ca cda hdnh vi ung hp xd hpi
vk dpng ca gianh su tan thanh tir nguoi khac: Thanh nien trong miu
chpn duooig nhu khflng giiip do' nguai khac de dupc tan thanh, de nang cao gia
tri ciia ban than, gianh dupc su iing hp ciia nguoi khac (1,28 - gan vol miic "chi
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 12 (201), 12 - 2015


giflng tfli mpt chiit"). Nfli each khac, hanh vi iing hp xa hpi cila thanh nien xuit
phat tir mong mufln giiip khi ditpc di nghi, vi long ttac an, vi tha hon la vi di
mpi nguai biit din, di dupc phan thudng vi mat xa hpi.

Mflt sfl dflng ca thuc hien hanh vi ung hp xa hpi cua thanh nien c6
tuong quan thuan vori nhau, trong khi mpt sfl khac lai hoan toan khong co mfli
lien he nao. Cu thi, dpng co giiip do di dupc tan thanh hay tfln trpng (dinh
huong ban than) co tuang quan thuan vol dflng co giai quyet cam xiic, dpng ca
vi miic dp tham khflc cila tinh huflng nhung khflng cfl tuang quan vfli dpng co
khflng vu lpi (in danh) hay lam theo yeu cau cOa nguai khac.
Dflng CO vi miic dfl tham khflc ciia tinh huflng va dpng ca lam giam cam
xic tieu cue co tuong quan thuan voi tit ca cac dflng ca khac. Thuc ti, hai
dflng CO nay tuang quan chat che nhat (R = 0,35).
3.2. Sir khac Met trong dpng ca cua hinh vi ung hpxa hpi theo gi&i tinh
So sanh kiem dinh T-test ve su khae nhau giita dflng co cua nam va nii
(bang 2) trong hanh vi ung hfl xa hpi cho thay, nam co xu huoBg giilp da nguai
khac vol dpng co dinh huong ban than, mufln thu hilt su tan thanh va chap
nhan ciia ngufli khac, giiip da vi tinh huflng tham khflc eao hon nii mpt each co
y nghTa ve mat thflng ke. Ngupc lai, phu nil lai vupt trfli trong cac hanh dflng
tSn tSm va cham sflc nguoi khac. Nam gioi cfl siic manh the chat lan hon nG
gifli nhung nir gifli lai dupc giao due va khuyen khich co cac hanh vi cham soc
cao hon so vfli nam giai. Chinh yeu to nay da tao ra su Idiac biet gifli tinh lien
quan dtn cac hanh vi vi tha va iing hfl xa'hfli trong tat ca cac nen van hoa.
Bdng 2: Dong ca cua hdnh vi ung ho xd hpi Iheo giai linh (DTB)
C^c loai dong cff

Nu-

Nam

T-test

Muc dO S

Dpng co gianh su tan thanh cua ngucri khac
(dinh huang ban than)

1,16

1,42

-5,93

0,00

Dpng co an danh

2,02

1,99

0,32

0,74

Dpng CO yeu to cam xiic

2,24

2,11

2,62

0,01

Dpng CO vi long vi tha

2,84

2,74

2,40

0,01

Dpng ca muc do tham khoc ciia tmh huflng

2,07

2,17

-1,98

0,05

Dpng co lam theo yeu cau cua nguai khac

3,08

2,99

1,67

0,09

nghla

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 12 (201), 12 - 2015


3.3. Su- khac biet trong dpng ca cua hanh vi iing hp xa hpi Iheo lira tudi
Khi phan chia thanh hai nhflm theo Ilia tufli - tren 18 tufli va tit 18 tufli
trfl xuong, kit qua so sanh T-test cho thiy, miic dp dpng co vi long vj tha
khflng cfl sir khac biet giiia hai nhflm tufli trong hanh vi ilng hp xa hfli. Tuy
nhien, nhom thanh nien tten 18 tufli giiip do ngufli khac vi dpng co dinh huong
ban than, mufln gianh dupc su tan thanh ciia ngufli khac, mang tinh in danh,
phu thupc vao miic dp tham khflc cila vin di va lam theo yeu ciu cua nguoi
khac nhiiu han nhom thanh nien tir 18 tufli trfl xuflng.
Bang 3: Dong ca cita hdnh vi iing hp xd hpi theo nhom tudi (DTB)
>18
tuoi

<18
tuoi

T-fest

Mirc dp y
nghia

Dpng CO gianh su tan thanh cua nguPi khac
(dinh huong ban than)

1,35

1,21

3,047

0,00

Bong CO an danh

2,08

1,92

3,055

0,00

Dpng CO yeu tfl cam xiic

2,11

2,24

-2,883

0,00

Dpng CO vi long vi tha

1,19

1,22

-0,786

0,43

Dpng ca mue dp tham khoc ciia tinh huong

2,17

2,07

2,056

0,04

Dpng CO lam theo yeu cau cua nguoi khac

3,15

2,94

3,925

0,00

Cac loai dong co*

3.4. Su khac biit trong ddng ca cua hdnh vi ung hd xd hpi theo noi cw trd

Bdng 4: Bong ca cua hdnh vi ung hp xd hoi theo nai cu tru (DTB)
Do thi

Nong
thdn

T-tcst

Muc CO
y nghia

Dpng CO gianh duac su tan thanh cua
ngufli khac (dinh huang ban than)

1,25

1,30

-1,109

0,267

Dong CO an danh

2,07

1,95

2,206

0,028

Dong CO yeu to cam xiic

2,24

2,15

1,922

0,055

Dong CO vi long vi tha

1,19

1,22

-0,492

0,623

Dong CO muc do tham khoc cua tinh huflng

2,05

2,15

-2,108

0,035

Dong CO lam theo yeu can ciia nguoi khac

2,87

3,14

-4,887

0,000

Cac loai ddng co*

TAP CHI TAM If HOC, Sfl 12 (201), 12 - 2015

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So sanh dpng co cila hanh vi ung hp xa hpi giiia n h o m thanh nien do thi
va nflng thfln thi t h i y cfl mflt sfl sir khac biflt. Cu t h i , thanh nien dfl thj cfl xu
huflng giiip do i n danh va y i u tfl cam xiic cao h a n thanh nien nflng thfln.
N g u p c lai, thanh nien nflng thfln cfl xu huong t h i hien hanh vi ung hp xa hfli vi
cac dflng co gianh su tan thanh ciia ngufli khac/cflng dflng, vi long vj tha, vi
tinh huong k h i n c i p va nghiem trpng... Co t h i noi r i n g , nhin chung thanh nien
nflng thon co xu huflng s i n sang t h i hien hanh vi ung hp xa hpi, giiip dfl ngufli
khac h a n thanh nien thanh phfl.
4. K e t luan
Hanh vi ilng hfl xa hpi cila thanh nien cfl nhieu dflng co, trong do, nfli
trfli nhit la dflng co lam theo yeu cau cua ngufli khac, sau dfl den dpng ca vi

long vi tha, dpng co lam giam cam xiic tieu cuc/khfl chiu, dpng c a bi tac dflng
bfli mile dp tham khflc cua tinh huflng, dpng ca i n danh va t h i p nhat la dpng
CO dinh huflng ban than, gianh dupc sy tan thanh ciia ngufli khac. Hanh vi ung
hp xa hfli cila thanh nien - fl mflt miic dp nao dfl - phu thupc vao gifli tinh, liia
tufli va noi cu tni.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
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10. Eisenberg N. and C. Valiente, Parentingand children's prosocial and moral development.
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of

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