Kỹ năng giao tiếp của sinh viên trong môi trường đa văn hóa

KY NANG GIAO TIEP QUA SINH VIEN
TRONG MOI TRliONG DA VAN HOA
Nghien curu nay di/ac tai tro bcH Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Quoc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tai: Giao dtjc da van hoa cho sinh vien cac tn/dng dai hoc phijc
vtj qua trinh hoi nhap va toan cau hoa; Ma so VI2.3-2013.07; PGS.TS. Phan Thanh
Long lam chu nhiem.

PGS.TS. Phan Thanh Long
PGS.TS. Bao Thj Oanh

Trudng Dgi hpc Sifphgm Hd Noi.
TOM TAT
Ddi vdi Viet Nam hien nay, gido due giao tiep, gido due ^ ndng giao dip
trong moi trudng da vdn hoa cho thanh thieu nien, ddc biet la cho tdng lap sinh vien
Id vdn de mang linh thai su. Bdi bdo trinh bdy kit qud nghien cim di xudt cdc ky
ndng giao tiip cdn phdt trien d sinh viin trong moi trudng da vdn hoa, gop phdn
ndng cao chdt luang nguon nhdn luc phue vu nin kinh ti ddt nuac trong boi cdnh hoi
nhdp
Tir khoa: Vdn hda; Moi trudng da vdn hda; Ky ndng giao tiip; Giao tiip cua
sinh vien.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 19/10/2015; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2015.
1. Dat van de

Smh vien la luc lugng tri thiic - nguon lao dong chat luong cao eua mpt
quoc gia. Cac truang dai hpc Ion thuong la noi tu hop sinh vien tir nhieu dia
phuong, vung mien khac nhau tren ea nuoc, tham ehi ca sinh vien tir quoe gia
khac. Ngoai nen van hoa chung ciia quoc gia minh, cac sinh vien khi den vcri
truong dai hoe eon mang theo van hoa ciia dja phuong minh, gia dinh minh tao
nen ban sac van hoa rieng eua moi nguai. Moi tnrong dai hpc tra thanh moi
truong da van hoa theo nghia day du nhat ciia tir nay. Khi ciing song va hpe tap
voi nhau duai mot mai trudng, van hoa ciia timg ca nhan se dugc bpc 16 qua nhiing

hanh vi img xu hang ngay (the hien trong hpc tap, trong sinh hoat, trong cac hoat
dong cpng dong). Cac nghien euu ve su thich iing xa hpi ciia sinh vien Viet Nam
khi mai vao truong dai hpe eho th4y, nhilu bit cap lam anh huang den ch4t lugng
hpe tap cung nhu chat lugng cupc s6ng sinh hoat ciia cac tan sinh vien dai hpc.

22"!^

TAP CHI TAM L ? HOC, So' 12 (201), 12 - 2015


Trong do, khia canh cac m6i quan he xa hoi ciia sinh vien ciing chju anh huong
kha nang ne ma mgt trong nhihig nguygn nhan co ban la do ban than nhieu sinh
vien con thiiu ky nang giao tiip trong mdi truang da van hoa. Vi thi, viec quan
tam nghien ciiu phat triin o sinh vien cac ky nang giao tiip trong moi trucmg da
vail hoa nhu la nhimg ky nang can co a con nguai hien dai, la vin de thuc sir cin
thiet trong boi canh xa hpi hien nay.
2. Ky nang giao tiep cua sinh vien trong moi trirong da van hoa & naifc
ta hien nay
De xac djnh cac ky nang giao tiip trong moi truang da van hoa, can lam ro
khai niem moi truang da van hoa.
2.1. Moi trir&ng da vdn hoa
Moi truong van hoa dugc hieu mpt each chung nhit la moi truang trong do
chiia dung cac gia tri, dugc tao ra bai eac m6i tuong tac giira cac thanh vien cua
mpt nhom xac dinh va din dit hanh vi irng xii trong cac m6i quan he xa hpi ciia
mgi thanh vien trong nhom.
Moi trudng da van hoa la moi truang trong do tinh da dang van hoa dugc
the hien thong qua he thong gia tri dugc tao bcri cac m6i quan he tuong tac giiia
cac thanh vien tir nhiiu nhom/cgng d6ng xa hgi khac nhau.
Van hoa khong chung ehung, trim tugng ma luon gin vai mpt d6i tugng
xac dinh (mpt ca nhan, mpt to chiic, mfit c6ng d6ng xa hpi xac dinh). D6i vai ca

nhan con ngudi, do la he thong nhihig thai dp, niem tin, gia tri hay he th6ng nhung
pham chat va nang luc dinh hudng hoat dpng song cua ca nhan phii hgp chuin
mirc chung ciia xa hgi. The gidi hien dai ngay nay lai doi hoi d mdi ca nhan ngoai
tinh kien dinh trong viec gin giii ban sac van hoa rieng (ciia ca nhan minh, cua
cgng ddng dan tpc minh) con phai co kha nang tiep thu ed chgn Igc nhiing tinh
hoa van hda ciia cac cgng ddng khac tren the gidi - van hda nhan loai. Vi vay, de
tranh nhiing xung dot van hda cd the dSn den hau qua khdng dang cd, viec ren
luyen cac ky n^ng giao tiep ca ban giiip ca nhan co the ton tai va phat trien trong
mpi mdi trudng van hda hay trong mdt mdi trudng da dang van hda la dieu ma he
thdng giao due d khip noi tren thi gidi dang nd luc hudng tdi.
2.2. Ky nang giao tiep cua sinh viin trong moi trir&ng da vdn hoa
Net dac thii chii dao trong boat ddng sdng ciia sinh vien tai cac trudng dai
hpc dd la hoat ddng hgc tap nghi nghiep. Ben canh dd, hoat dgng lao ddng, hoat
ddng xa hoi thien nguyen ciing la ITnh vue hoat ddng thu hiit rat nhieu sinh vien
tham gia. Trong qua trinh thuc hien cac hoat ddng dd, giao tiip giiJa cac thanh
vien la khdng thi thiiu nhim kit ndi, chia se kinh nghiem, hpe hdi ky nang... qua
dd giup nang cao chat lugng hoat ddng. Dieu dd ddi hdi d cac sinh vien sir cam
thdng, chip nhan su khac biet vi van hda, tin ngudng, trinh dp ky nang khac nhau...

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' 12 (201), 12 - 2015

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di xoa bo rao can ciia nhilng khac biet. Bi quyet quan trpng de thanh cong khi
giao ti6p vdi nhOng ddi tuong din tit nin van hoa khac biet chinh la sir hieu biSt,
ton ttong, chip nhan sir da dang \i van hda va thai dd giao tiep can trpng.
Xay dung cac m6i quan he xa hpi tich cue, hpc tap va lam viec theo nhom,
quan ly va giai quySt cac bit ddng la nhimg van de ma bat cu sinh vien nao cung
gap phai trong hoat dpng sdng thucmg ngay o trucmg dai hpc.

D6i voi giao tiSp hieu qua trong moi trucmg da van hoa cua sinh vien dai
hpc, kSt qua nghien cuu cac vin di ly luan va thuc tiln d trong nucjc va nuoc
ngoai [din theo 3, 7, 8, 9] la nhimg gpi y giiip dS xuit mpt s6 nhom ky nang giao
tiip CO ban nhu trong bang 1. Day ciing se la co so quan trpng di td chile danh gia
thuc trang ky nang giao tilp cua sinh vien Viet Nam trong moi trucmg (la van hoa
cung nhu di xuit npi dung bdi duong phat triSn cho hp nhilng gi con thiSu hut.
Bdng 1: Ky ndng giao dip ciia sinh vien trong mdi truang da vdn hda
Cac nhom ky nang

Cac ky nang giao tiep cu the

1. Nhom ky nang (1) Quan sat ngon ngir ca the (bieu hien net mat, anh mat,
quan sat doi tugng tu the, cir chi) cua doi tugng ciing giao tiep.
giao tiep de rut ra
(2) Quan sat phong cdch giao tiep, each thiic iing xii khi
nhung khac biet
giao tiep cua doi tugng giao tiep (each bat tay, each trao
danh thiep).
(3) Quan sat each trinh bay, thai dp cua doi tugng trong
suot qua trinh giao tiSp.
2. Nhom ky nSng lang
nghe ddi tugng giao
tiep de nam bit dugc
y nghla thuc su cua
ldi ndi nhim tranh
hieu lam va mau thuln

(4) Lang nghe chdm chii de nit ra nhiing gia tri tir nhung gi
ngudi khac ndi (vi du, nhimg quan diem mdi).
(5) Lang nghe kien nhdn nhiing dieu nghe dugc (yeu cau

cung cap them chi tiet, yeu cau giai thich, yeu ciu cho biet
them cac kha nang va giai phap lua chpn).
(6) Lmig nghe cac tic ngic duac sir dung trong qua trinh giao
tiep de biet ve cam nhan ciia ngudi ndi (dac biet cac tinh tu
mo ta).
(7) Dat cau hoi hi?u qua (sir dung loai cau hoi phu hgp boi
canh, ve nguon goc va co sd cua cae thdng tin, cau hdi co
cau tra Idi trong pham vi cho sin).
(8) Khong ngit ldi khi thiy chua that cin thiit.
(9) Neu gop y chinh sira niu thiy cin thiit.

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TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, S6' 12 (201), 12 - 2015


3. Nhdm ky nang (10) Tim hieu va hieu ve mdi quan he da van hda, vh thach
nhan biet su khac biet thiic ciia giao tiep trong mdi trudng da van hda.
de thich iing lln nhau
trong qua trinh gjao tiep (11) Tim hieu va hieu ve cac gia tri chuan mirc cua ca nhan
ngudi ciing giao tiep.
(12) Tim hieu va hieu ve phong each, gia tri van hda ciia
cac nhdm doi tugng khae nhau.
(13) Nhan biet dugc sir khac nhau trong each tiep nhan
phan hdi.
(14) Nhan biet dugc cac kieu ra quyet dinh khac nhau.
(15) Lucmg trudc dugc kha nang bat dong quan diem co thi
xay ra.
(16) Van dung kien thiic dS cd vao nhung boi canh mdi khi
nhan dinh ve quan diem rieng ciia ban than va ciia ngudi

khac.
4. Nhdm ky nang tdn
trpng sir khac biet
trong giao tiep da van
hda

(17) Ton trong sir khae biSt trong tu duy: Hudng iing eae y
tudng hgp ly, chap nhan, tiip thu nhung y kien xac dang.
(18) Sir dung ngon tir tfch cue, tranh diing nhiing ngdn tir,
hanh vi lam tdn thuong doi tugng giao tiep.
(19) Tir tin trong mdi trudng da van hda: Sir dung ngon ngiJ
va bieu tnmg rieng phu hgp bdi canh dang diln ra giao tiip.
(20) Khdng chii y qua nhiiu din ngii dieu, gipng ndi, ngir
phap, ve be ngoai cua doi tugng giao tiep
(21) Ngat ldi mpt each lieh su (vi du, nhic nhd din lugt
minh ndi, giiip md rpng y, ngit ldi di ddi chiing, ngit ldi vi
nghi ngd).
(22) Cdi md, ton trpng nhirng gi cd lien quan din ca nhan:
Khong danh dong cac ca nhan vdi nhau bdi sir khac biet
van hda ciia hp.
(23) Chli y den ngdn tir trong giao tiep, tranh gay hiiu lim.
(24) The hien sir chan thanh, thien chi, cau thi.

5. Nhdm ky nang quan 25) Thay doi phan ung ngon ngir va phi ngdn ngii' cho phii
ly su khac biet trong hgp vdi ddi tugng giao tiep khi nay sinh van de trong giao
tiep.
giao tiep da van hoa
(26) Kiem soat va lam chii dugc cam xiic, hanh vi (khong
vdi vang tranh cai, phan xet, vo doan...).

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd' 12 (201), 12 - 2015

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(27) Sir dung hinh thiie, ngdn ngii phii hgp vdi ehii di/ddi
tugng giao tiep de truyen dat mdt thdng tin ro rang, dap
ling nhu cau, boi canh, muc dich giao tiep va thinh gia.
(28) Biit dua ra va tiep nhan phan hdi mpt each hieu qua
(yeu cau lam ro nhilng y mo hd; bieu lo su dong tinh, iing
hd; them eac cau chuyen, vi du minh hpa; ddng gop cho
quan diem ma minh iing hp; md rdng them y cho mdt quan
diem; co the dan dat them y mdi; bd sung, chinh sira quan
diem da neu).
(29) Ndi ldi khong dong y mdt each nha nhan (khi doi tugng
lap luan sai logic, dien dich sai lech, nhan thire phien dien,
kinh nghiem sdng khac biet, kieu ndi khai quat hda, udc
lugng mil md...).
(30) Nhan xet chan thanh va thirc te (khdng nen cd to ra xa
giao trudc nhiing ngudi thuoc cac nen van hda khac).
(31) Phoi hgp cac phuong tien giao tiep mot each phii hop
vdi ddi tugng giao tiep tir nen van hda khac (ldi noi, cu chi,
dieubp...).
4. Ket luan
Trong thdi dai cdng nghe thdng tin, thai dai so hda va kmh te tri thirc, mdi
quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi la mdt gia tri dugc de cao han bao gid het. Do vay,
giao tiep dugc quan tam trong the ki XXI. Nen giao due ngay nay dugc menh
danh la nen giao due khoa hgc ky thuat - cong nghe, ddng thdi ludn ludn nhan
manh tinh chat nhan van, nhan dao, nhan ai. Loai ngudi dang hudng tdi xay dung
mpt nen van minh hda binh, van minh khoan dung vdi co sd la he thdng thai dp

tran trpng gia tri ddc lap dan tdc va ban sac dan tdc, de cao quyen sdng, quyen
phat trien cua con ngudi, trong do, hat nhan la tinh ngudi, tinh ngudi thi hien qua
cac moi quan he xa hgi cua mdi ca nhan.
He thdng cac ky nang giao tiep cua sinh vien trong mdi trudng da van hoa
la mgt dong gdp nhd vao cdng viec giao due van hoa giao tiep chung ciia toan xa
hpi doi vdi the he tre Viet Nam de hdi nhap vdi the gidi mdt each hieu qua.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Hoang Chi Bao, Vdn hoa vd con ngudi Viit Nam irong tien trinh cong nghiip hoa,
hien dgi hoa theo tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2006.
2 Nguyen Dinh Gam, Nhicng vdn de tdm ly xd hpi trong su nghiep cdng nghiep hda,
hien dai hoa ddt nudc, NXB Chinh tn Quic gia. Ha Ngi, 2003.

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TAP CHITAM LV HOC, So 12 (201), 12 - 2015


3. Pham Minh Hac (Chu bien), Vdn hda vd gido due. Gido due vd vdn hog, NXB
Giao due. Ha Npi, 1998.
4. Pham Minh Hac, Mot so vdn di gido due Viet Nam ddu thi ky XXI, NXB Giao due
Viet Nam, 2010.
5. Pham Minh Hac, Gid trf hoc - Ca s& ly ludn gdp phdn due kit, xdy dung gid Iri
chung cua ngu&i Viet Nam Ih&i nay, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Npi, 2010.
6. Dang Xuan Hoan, Phdi triin ngudn nhdn life Viet Nam giai dogn 2015 - 2020 ddp
ung yeu cdu ddy mgnh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hda vd hdi nhdp qudc li. Tap ehi
Cpng san, 17/4/2015.
7. NACCCE, All our Future: Creativity, Culture and Education. DEE and DCMS,
The UK National Campaign for the Arts, 1999.
8. Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University
Press, USA, 1991.

9. Nguyen Thi My Trang, Xdy dung loi song vdn hda cho thanh men hien nay. Tap
ehi Cpng san, S6 thang 3/2006.

TAPCH(TAML'«'H0C,Sdl2(201), 12-2015

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