Mong muốn nguyện vọng của thanh niên trí thức

MONG MUON NGUYEN VONG
CUA THANH NIEN TRI THL/C
TS. La Thi Thu Thdy
Phd Vien irudng Vien Tdm ly hpc.

T6M TAT
Nghien cifu tren tren 626 thanh nien tri thdc dang Idm viec tgi hai thdnh phd
Idn Id Ha Npi vd thanh phd Ho Chi Minh cho thdy, thanh nien tri thifc co nhieu mong
mudn va mong mudn do the hien khd lap trung nhu mong mudn lien quan de'n cdng
viec chuyen mdn, thdnh dgt trong cong viec, cd duac vi tri, chd difng trong nghe. ddi
sdng vgt chdt. thu nhdp cao, dn dinh cupc so'ng. gia dinh hanh phiic, ddi sdng tinh
thdn phong phil. Nhieu thanh nien tri thifc khang dinh mong miw'n dd co the ird thdnh
hien ihifc. Tuy nhien. ben cgnh do. mpt sd ngifdi con hodi nghi ve stf trd thdnh hien
thuc ciia nhifng mong mudn ndy. Trong nhdm ndy phdi ke de'n nhifng nghien cim vien
tre vd nhung ngifc/i cd mdc dp hdi long chtta cao vdi cong viec.
TCr khoa: Mong mudn; Udc mo; Nguyen vpng. Thanh nien Iri thifc.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 30/11/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi. 25/1/2013.
Lieh sir cua mCi dan toe ghi nhan tri thiic lu6n la mot bo phan xa hoi
quan trpng, gii? vai tro to 1cm trong su phat trien dat nu6c. O Viet Nam, ttt lau
ong cha ta da co cau "hien tai la nguyen khi quoc gia". Hien nay, nen kinh t€
th6' gi6i dang biroc sang mpt giai doan phat trien m6i, trong do tri thuc, thong
tin trd thanh yeu to quyet dmh nha't doi voi su phat trien san xuat, khoa hpc va
cong nghe, tr6 thanh luc luong san xuat true tie'p. Trong boi canh do, vai tio xa
hpi ciia t^ng lop trf thiic Viet Nam eang to 16n, co y nghia quan trong de cong
cu5c cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nuoc ta co the riit ngan th&i gian, nhanh
chong dua Viet Nam sanh kip cac cudng quoc tren the' gidi. Trong do, khong
the kh6ng k^ de'n vai tro ciia thanh nien tri thirc. Hp la lue lupng chii chot cua
dat nuoc trong thdi dai kinh te' tri thiic, hgi nhap. Dong thdi, hp cung la lire
lupng ke' can, nam giii tuong lai, van menh ciia dan tpc. Hieu ro ho va giai
quye't cac va'n de ciia ho, gitip hp vupt qua khd khan de phat trien la gop phan
quan trpng trong su thanh cdng hay that bai ciia sir nghiep xay dung da't nude

theo muc tieu "dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi cdng bang, van minh".
Lam the nao d^ phat huy cao nha't tri tue va nang Iuc ciia tSng Idp thanh
nien tri thiic nude ta hien nay? Dd la mdt va'n de da va dang dat ra. Trong pham

TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2 0 1 3

27


vi bai vie't nay chiing tci tap trung ttm hi^u nhttng mong mu6n, nguyen vong
cua thanh nien tri thtic. Nhttng mong mu6'n 66 c6 phu hop vdt su phat men cua
xa h5i hay khOng? Viec tim hi& ro mong muO'n cia tSng Ifip thanh men tn
thiSc se gop pUn kh6ng nho vao viec dinh hucmg, dao tao, giao due va bdi
duang ho tr6 thanh nhttng nguM lam chii, dap ttng dUtJc doi hoi cua qua trinh
cflng nghiep hoa, hien dai h6a da't nu6c.
Nghien cttu dttoc tie'n h4nh tren 626 thanh nien tri thtte dang lam viec tai
hai thanh ph6' ldn lii Ha N6i va thanh phO' H6 Chi Minh. Phuang phap nghiSn
cttu chinh dugc sii dung la khao sat bang bang hoi va phong va'n sau.
Ke't qua nghien cttu cho tha'y, thanh nien tri thtte eo ra't nhieu ir6c mo.
Vdl cau hoi md vi mong mud'n ciia thanh nien tri thtte trong 5 nim tdi la gi, ke't
qua thu duge cho tha'y, mong mudn ciia hg th^ hien kha tap trung. Do la nhttng
mong mud'n lien quan dd'n edng viec, cudc sd'ng gia dinh, hge tap nang cao
trinh do chuyen mdn, xay dung gia dinh hanh phuc... NhOng mong mud'n cu
the dudc the hiin qua biing dudi day:
Bdng 1: Mong mudn ctia thanh men tri thdc (%)
Mong
muon
thir nhat

Mong

muon
thii hai

Mong
muon
thurba

Tdng

Lien quan de'n Ihu nhap, nha 6, phuong lien di
lai

25,3

31,1

25,8

79,3

Noi dung

Lien quan de'n xay dimg gia dinh hanh phiic

20,1

25,8

24,0

67,2

Li6n quan dSn c6ng viec, chuyen mGn, sir thanh
dat, su thang tie'n

34,5

23,9

20,5

76,5

Lien quan de'n hpc tap, nang cao uinh dO
chuyen mOn, dao tao

22,8

13,7

10,3

45,6

Lien quan d^n siic khoe tO'l

6,8

2,5

5,7

14,5

Mong mudn hucfng den xa hOi

4,1

9,5

15,9

27,9

M61 s6 mong mu6n khac

1,0

2,5

4,8

7,8

Thtt nha't, nhihig mong mud'n hen quan den dieu kien vat chat nhu thu
nhap eao, ed phuang tien di lai, mua nha, mua xe... dugc nhi^u thanh nien tri
thtte lua chgn (79,3%).
Thtt hai, nhttng mong mud'n lidn quan de'n cdng viec 6n dinh, thang ti&
nghe nghiep, mdi trudng lam viee td't, trinh dd chuySn mdn cao... dugc phSn
ldn thanh nien trt thtte lua chgn (76,5%).

28

TAP CH( TAM LV HOC, S6' 2 (167), 2 - 2013


Thij: ba, nhung mong mud'n lien quan de'n xay dung gia dinh hanh phiic,
con ngoan, lap gia dinh, cudc sd'ng gia dinh 6n dinh... cung duoc phltn ldn
thanh niSn tri thiic lira chon (67,2%).
Thii tu, nhihig mong mudn lien quan de'n hpc tap, hpc nghe, dao tao
ngh^, duoc di du hoc, cd hoc vi... cung duoc kha nhieu thanh nien tri thirc lua
chpn (45,6%).
Nhu vay, vdi ke't qua khao sat nay chiing td rang, nhirng ndi dung dupc
nhi^u thanh nien tri thiie mong mudn nh^t deu la nhung dieu lien quan mat
thi^t d^n ldi ich thie't thuc ciia ban than hp. Ke't qua nay cung kha tuong ddng
vdi kS^t qua nghiSn ciiu ciia Le Thi Thanh Huong va ddng nghiep tien hanh nam
2008 tren dd'i tupng la tri thiie ndi chung (Le Thi Thanh Huong, 2010). 6
nghien ciiu nay cac tac gia cung cho ke't qua tuong tu.
Trong~.sd nhiing mong mud'n eua thanh nien trf thiic thi nhUng mong
mud'n lien quan de'n dieu kien vat chat dupe thanh nien tri thii'c lua ehpn vdi tdn
sua't cao nAa't. Tuy nhien, nhifng mong mud'n lien quan de'n cdng vide chuyen
mdn, 6n dmh cdng viec, thanh dat, thang tien trong edng viec lai dupc hp xem
la mong mud'n sd 1, mong mud'n dupc uu tien nha't (34,5% - ty le cao nhat trong
nhflng di^u mong mudn nha't). Di6u nay cho tha'y, dd'i vdi thanh nien tri thiie,
cdng viec 6n dinh, ed dieu kien thang tie'n, ed co hdi d^ hpc tap, hpc ngh6 va
nang cao trinh dd ehuyen mdn vSn la mong mudn ldn nh^t cua hp. Tuy nhien,
ben canh dd cung khdng the phii nhan, viec dam bao ddi sd'ng vat ch^t cho
thanh nien tri thiic eung la mdt trong nhGng va'n de duoc thanh nien iri thiic rtft
quan tSm trong giai doan hien nay. Dudi day xin dupc de cap dg^n mdt so mong
mud'n cu th^ cua thanh nien tri thiie lien quan den nhiing van de nay.

D6 cap de'n mong mud'n lien quan de'n edng viee, phan ddng tri thiic
quan tam nhiiu de'n cdng viec hien tai va tuong lai cua minh cd thanh dat,
thuan Ipi khdng. Mpt giang vien tre cho rang: "Mong mudn va nguyen vpng lim
nhat ciia tdi Id trd thdnh mpt gidng vien gioi. Toi seluon co gang vd no luc hpc
tap, tich Idy nhieu kien thdc vd kinh nghiem de bien mong mudn vd nguyen
vpng cua minh thdnh sif that" (N.H.L, nam, 26 tudi, giang vien. Ha Ndi). Cung
ciing quan di^m vdi giang vien nam neu tren, mdt giang vien nii ciing cd mdt
udc mo that dep: "Mong mud'n cua toi trong thdi gian tdi Id on dinh cong viec,
phdt huy duac khd ndng cua minh vd tich Idy nhieu han kien thifc, ldm tdt cdng
tdc gidng day, duac dong nghiep tin tudng, c/uy men, hpc sinh tin yeu. Toi tin
rdng mong muon do se trd thdnh hien thuc bdi truac hit. bdn thdn toi Id mpt
ngudi tri thtic tre, co trong minh tri tue, nhiet huye't. dam me cua tuoi tre. Ddc
biit, nghi' gido viin Id nghe toi tha thiet yeu tie nho cho nen toi se co gang hi't
minh de sd'ng td't v&i nghe cua minh. Stf phdt trien kinh tedd't nuac trong thdi ky
hpi nhdp dd giiip chiing tdi cd dieu kien de linh hpi nhiing tri thicc mdi qua cdc

TAP CHI TAM LV HQC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013

29


phuang lien khdc nhau. Ngodi ra. tdi cdn nhdn dug'c stf ung hp. giup dd tit ddng
nghiep, duac nhd trudng dpng viin vd ed nhieu ehinh sdch quan tdm, chdm lo
bdi dudng" (T.T.H. ntt, 23 tudi, giang vien. Ha Ndi).
Nhttng mong mudn lien quan de'n hgc tap, hgc nghe cQng duge nhieu tri
thtte nhae de'n. Mdt nam nghidn cttu vidn eho rang: "Mong mudn, nguyen vgng
ldn nhdt ciia em Id phdi hgc xong lien sy. Bdng cap se gidp cho eong viec ctia
minh sau ndy, ddc biet vcri nghe gidng dgy vd nghien citu. Cdn edng viee hdng
ngdy Id minli Idm lot nhiing viec caquan giao phd. Nhitng mong mudn dd phdi
ldm duge. Mong mudn phdi thifc te, khdng xa rdi, cdng sdt sudn bao nhieu.thi

edng dethifc hien" (N.V.T, nam, 31 tudi, nghien cttu vidn. Ha Ndi).
Mong mud'n lien quan dcii ddi sd'ng vat cha't, thu nhap, nha d va phuong
tien di lai dugc kha nhidu thanh nien tri thtte de cap den. Mong mud'n dam bao
va eai thien dugc cudc .sd'ng bang chinh cdng viec ciia minh la mong mudn
chinh dang eiia ta't ea mgi ngudi, trong do cd thanh men tri thtte. Nhung va'n de
ve eai each tien luang da dugc dat ra lit lau, 16 trinh cho viee eai each tien IttOng
da duge thuc hien. Tuy nhien, ke't qua cua qua trinh ciii each tien luong dudng
nhu chua dat dugc nhu mong mud'n. Ddi sd'ng ciia can bd cdng ehttc van gap
nhieu kho khan. Nhttng mong mud'n eai thien ddi sd'ng vat chat dudng nhu van
la ndi lo ldn cua nhidu cdng ehttc hien nay. Dd'i vdi thanh men tri thtte khdng
nam ngoai tinh trang chung dd. Trdn thuc te, ganh nang ve ddi sdng kinh te con
bao triim ldn hg, bdi le hau het thanh nien tri thtte la ngudi mdi di lam. Vdi mtte
luong khdi nghiep ban dau nhu hien nay thi hg ehua eo kha nang dam bao ddi
sdng cho ban than ehtt chua ke den ti'ch luy eho gia dinh. Mgt nghien ethi vien
ntt ma udc: "Mong mudn nguyen vgng Idn nhdt ciia em trong luc ndy Id kiem
duae nhieu lien. Viee kiem nen cd the trd thdnh hien lliitc hay khdng phu thupc
vdo minh nhieu. Neu dpi hdi ngifdi la phdi tdng luang md minh vdn khdng thay
ddi ndy thi khong the, md phdi edgdng, ren luyen ndng life hem. Nhitng vdi mite
litang nhu the, vdi cdng viee nhu the Ihi tgo ra nhiing cdn bp khong phdt huy
dugc hieu qua. De eho mite luang cao him thi Nhd nitdc phdi tgo nhieu cdng
viee han, hgn chd nhCfng thdi gian khdng hieu tpid, nhu vdy lit bp mdy nhd nude
se ed khd ndng ehi trd nhieu han, Nhd nude nen nghien cini de tim ra nhiing
bien phdp de gidi quyet vd ldn dtmg thdi gian mpt edeh hieu qua eho edng
chitc" (N.H.M, ntt, 24 tudi, nghien cttu vien. Ha Ndi). Mgt nam phdng vien tie
cung bay td: "Chinh sdch, mdi trifimg ldm viec khdng giu dugc chdn phong
vien. Trong caquan em cd rdt nhieu anh ehi dd bd viec vi nhidu ly do: Luang
qud thdp, khdng yen tdm Idm viee; Phdng vien tre lirmg ban chiem 113 thudng
ldm duac vdi ndm la mudn chuyen edng viee. Cong viee ndy vdl vd nhung thu
nhdp khdng tdt. Ttf 2004 den ndy ed tdi 30 - 40 ngudi ehuyen sang phong khdc,
nai khdc Idm viec. Phdng vien Ban Thdi stf di cdc ban khde ldm Idnh dgo

nhieu. Phong vien a Ban Kinh te sdng khoe ldm nhung phdng vien ban ndy, gdp

30

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


nhieu khd khdn. Phdi li ldm, can dam ldm mdi tru igi duge Ban Thdi stf' (P.V.
D, nam, 33 tuoi, phdng vien, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh). Mdt giang vidn tre da
tiing du hgc tai Phap hien dang giang day tai Dai hgc Sai Gdn cho b'liv. "Td
Phdp trd ve, em ed gap kho khdn trong vipc thich nghi vdi cdng viee, ddc biit Id
vdn de luang. Ndm ddu tien thi luang thdp ldm (17 trieu den 1,8 Irieu
ddngllhdng), vdi sd'lien dd khdng dd trd tien thue nhd, trong khi em ldm d ben
Phdp id 700EU. Trong mot ndm ddu edng tdc em phdi bd 3000EU de sinh
sdng. Hien tgi thu nhdp cung ehua dd sdng. Em gdn bd vdi edng viec chi vi Idng
yeu nghe" (L.C.N, nam, 28 tu6i, giang vien, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh).
Mong mudn lidn quan de'n xay dung gia dinh hanh phuc eung la mdt
trong nhutig mong mud'n ldn nha't eua thanh nien tri thtte. PhSn ddng thanh nidn
tri thtte dugc khao sat eho rang, dd'i vdi hg, ngoai cdng vide thi gia dinh la chd
dua tin cay cho hg trong cudc sd'ng. Y kie'n ciia mdt nam giang vidn tre trong
phdng va'n sau: "Mong mudn nguyen vgng Idn nhdl cda toi ti-ong then gian tdi Id
xdy difng gia dinh hgnh phuc, phdt trien dugc chuyen mdn, co thu nhdp tdt. Tdi
tin Id mong mudn nguyen vgng eda toi se thdnh hien thifc vdi quyet tdm, nd lite
bdn thdn, eung vdi sit giup da cua gia dinh, epng ddng vd xd hpi" (H.T.N, nam,
24 tuoi, giang vien. Ha Ngi". Mdt nam giang vidn bay td: "Mue tieu phdn ddu
eua tdi Id: Ve cupc sdng ed mpt gia dinh rieng hanh phuc, cd dieu kien chdm
sdc bd me, gtup dd anh em hg hdng, ldng xdm, bgn be; Ve xd hpi: trd thdnh
ngudi cd ndng life trong edng viec, cap nhdt nhiing kidn thdc mdi, phdt trien
cde mdi quan he vd eo dinh hudng phdt trien kinh tif. Do Id muc tieu 5 ndm cua
tdi" (D.H.H, nam, 26 tudi, giiing vidn. Ha Ndi). Va y kien ciia mdt nghien cttu

vien tre cho ring: "Ngudi hgnh phuc Id cd mpt mfii dm, ngudi vg tdm ddu y
hcrp, cd the chia se, mgi viec trong cupc sdng, kinh tevita dii. Tif bdn thdn phdi
bie't mgi cdi dang co cua minh Id chdp nhdn dugc. Biet hdi long vdi cdng viee,
gia dinh. Nhu vdy Id tu minh biet hdi Idng vdi cupe sdng eua minh Id hgnh
phuc" (T.T.D, nam, 29 tudi, nghien cuu vien. Ha Ndi).
D^ cap de'n va'n dd chinh sach ciia Dang va Nha nude ddi vdi thanh nidn,
mdt sd thanh nidn tri thtte khang dinh. Dang va Nha nude da cd nhidu chinh
sach dd'i vdi thanh nien ndi chung va thanh nidn tri thtte ndi ridng, trong dd cd
nhttng chi'nh saeh lidn quan dd'n thu hut va sir dung nhan tai, chinh sach dai ngd
dd'i vdi tri thtte... Tuy nhidn, mdt sd ngudi khac lai cho ring, vide thuc thi
ehinh sach cdn nhieu ba't cap. Lam the' nao de thanh nien tri thtte gan bd dugc
vdi nghd, phat huy dugc tri tud va chait xam ciia hg la mgt va'n de dat ra eho cac
ea'p, cac nganh.
Mdt nam ky su bay td: "Chinh sdch cua Ddng vd Nhd nude dita ra thi
luon dung, nhung den khi thifc thi thi nhieu vdn de. Ve phdt huy sdc mgnh cua
the he tre trong ca quan nhd nude, mpt sd'nai thi thifc hien tdt, eon mpt sd ncri

TAPCHdAM LtHOC, Sd2 (167), 2 - 2013

31


thi khdng, phu thudc nhieu v.do Idnh dgo. vdo nhiing ngudi ldm ehinh sdch. Mpt
sdcdn bp chuyin tdm thi thiic hiin idt, cdn khdng thi cde ehinh sdch dd Igi sai
lieh di, khdng hOu ieh" (V.D.M, nam, 25 tudi, ky su. Ha Ndi). Y kid'n eiia mdt
giiing vidn tre vd vin ii lam thd nao d^ gitt chan tri thtte tre lam vide trong khu
vuc nha nude: "Em thay dieu ndy rdt khd edn phdi tgo dieu kien ldm viee thudn
lai, Ihu nhdp tdt nhung hi thdng luang bdng eda minh thi khd qud, tui em cUng
cu ldm thdi thdy hdi long thi tii'p tue edng hii'n cdn Idc ndo khdng hdi long thi
setim cahpi khdc" (L.C.N, nam, 28 tudi, giang vidn, thanh phdHd Chi Minh).

Danh gia yi mong mud'n trdn cd trd thanh hien thtte d mtte do nao?
Nghien cttu da thiet kd thang do 7 mtte dd Ai danh gia thuc trang nay, trong dd
mtte dd 1 la khd trd thanh hidn thuc va mtte dd 7 la hoan loan trd thanh hidn
thuc. Ket qua nghien cttu eho tha'y, nhin chung thanh nien tri thtte tuang dd'i lac
quan khi nghT ve tuong lai ciia minh. Tuy nhidn mtte do lac quan dd'n dau phu
thudc vao riit nhidu yd'u td, trong dd cd dac didm nghd nghidp, mtte do hai long
vdi cdng viec cung nhu mtte thu nhap hay hoan eanh kinh td. Dudi day la
nhiJng danh gia chung ve va'n dd nay:
Bdng 2: Muc dp trd thdnh hien thifc eua cde mong mudn
(tinh theo % sd ngitdi cd cung lua ehpn)

Noi dung mong muon

Miic do mong muon tra thanh hien thuc (%)
Mtte Miic Miic Mtte Mure Mure Miic
4
5
6
7
2
3
1

Mong mudn thd nhdl
6,7

4,0

17,4

14,8

17,4

27,5

12,1

xay dung gia dinh hanh phiic

0

0

5,2

6,9

24,1

31,0

32,8

COng viec, chuyen mOn, su thanh
dat, su Ihang tie'n

0

1,0

6,9

3,9

40,4

19,7

28,1

Hpc tap, nang cao Irinh dp, dao tao

0

3,0

3,0

3,0

19,7

33,3

37,9

SUc khoe t6i

0

0

5,0

5,0

30,0

35,0

25,0

Hudng de'n xa hOi

0

0

33,3

8,3

16,7

0

41,7

Thu nhap, nha 6, phuong lien di lai

1,1

2,3

8,0

24,6

25,1

26,3

12,6

xay dung gia dinh hanh phiic

0

1,4

2,7

5,4

19,0

33,3

45,9

Cong viec, chuyen mPn, su lhanh
dat, su thang tign

0

0

5,9

7,4

30,9

33,8

22,1

HPC tap, nang cao trinh de, dko tao

0

2,6

2,6

15,4

30,8

33,3

15,4

Thu nhap, nha 6, phucmg tien di lai

Mong mudn thit hai

32

TAPCHITAM LYHOC; Sd2 (167), 2 - 2013


Siic khoe tfit
Hudng de'n xa h6i

0

0

0

28,6

42,9

28,6

0

3,7

7,4

11,1

18,5

25,9

14,8

18,5

iVfOR^ mudn thd ba
8,6

8,6

8,6

21,4

28,6

15,7

8,6

xay dung gia dinh hanh phuc

0

3,1

3,1

10,9

9,4

28,1

45,3

COng viec, chuyen mOn, su th&nh
dat, su Ihang tie'n

0

0

9,0

25,2

19,8

36,9

9,0

Hoc tap, nang cao trinh dp, d^o tao

0

0

7,1

14,3

32,1

35,7

10,7

SUc khoe to't

0

0

0

6,5

19,4

61,3

12,9

Hudng deh xa hOi

0

7,0

16,3

18,6

25,6

14,0

18,6

Thu nhap, nha 6, phuang tien di lai

Ghi chil: Mite 1: Kho co khd tiang Irdthdnh hien thuc.
Mile 7: Hodn loan cd khd ndng trd thanh hien thuc.

Sd lieu bang tren cho tha'y, nhin chung cd kha nhieu thanh nidn tri thtte
tin tttdng mong mud'n ciia hg cd thd trd thanh hidn thuc. Tuy nhidn, tuy tttng
mong mud'n khac nhau ma mtte dd tin tudng nd trd thanh hidn thuc eung khac
nhau.
Nhttng mong mud'n lidn quan de'n stt nd luc pha'n da'u ciia ban than mdi

ngudi duge danh gia la cd kha nang trd thanh hien thuc han ca. Ching han,
nhttng mo ttde ed mdt mai im gia dinh hanh phttc dttge ddng dao thanh nidn dd
cap dd'n. Ddng thdi, hg eung danh gia rit kha quan vd mtte dd trd thanh hien
thue cua udc mo nay. Ben eanh dd, nhttng mong mud'n lien quan den sir nd luc
eiia ban than trong viee ren luydn nghidp vu chuydn mdn, mong mud'n duge hge
tap va nang cao trinh do chuyen mdn, mong mud'n lien quan den ren luyen sttc
khde td't eung dugc kha nhidu thanh nien tri thtte dat nidm hy vgng.
Tuy nhidn, cung ein phai khing dinh, nhttng mong mud'n cd dugc ddi
sd'ng vat chit td't, mua dugc nha, mua dugc xe van dang edn la nidm mo udc xa
vdi va nhidu thanh nidn tri thtte danh gia la khd cd kha nang trd thanh hien thue
hon cae mong mudn khic. Didu dd cd thd giiii thieh bdi ly do sau: trong nghien
ctiu nay, hiu hdt thanh nien tri thtte duge khao sat ddu lam vide trong khd'i hanh
chinh su nghiep (tttc la nhttng ngttdi dang lam viee eho eac co quan Nha nttde).
Hg phai chiu su chi phd'i cua co che tidn IttOng do Nha nude ban hanh. Ma nhu
ehttng ta da duge bie't, vdi nhdm thanh nidn tri thtte mdi di lam thi van dd thu
nhap va luong la van de hdt sttc nan giai ddi vdi hg. Nhttng mo ude vd ddi sd'ng
vat chit dtt gia eung chi la nhimg mo ude ma thanh nien tri thtte vuon tdi ma
thdi, edn dieh tdi cua no khi nao eung khdng hoan toan phu thude vao ban than
hg. Nd phu thudc nhidu vao vao co chd ehinh sach ciia Dang va Nha nude.

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013

33


Ld trinh cai each tidn luong cita chung ta cung dang hudng tdi vide giai
quye't mtte sd'ng co ban cCia ngudi lao ddng. Ndi vd tidn luang, chung ta da qua
3 lin cai each (eac nam 1985, 1993 vi 2004). Nhu vay, ti'nh trung binh khoang
tren dudi 10 nam ehttng ta lai ed mdt lin cai each tidn luong. Ridng ttt nam
2001 tdi nay da cd 8 lin didu chinh mtte luong td'i thidu. Chii truang cai each

tidn lUdng hidn nay li hoan toin dung dSn, dugc danh gia la cd the tiem can he
thd'ng tidn luong cua mdt ndn kinh td van hanh theo co chd thi trudng. Vide eai
cich tidn luong din ddn tich din lidn lucmg cua khu vuc san xuit kinh doanh
vdi khu vuc hanh chi'nh su nghidp; chi'nh sach tidn Ittong vdi ehinh sach bao
hidm xa hdi va ttu dai ngudi ed cdng; gin kd't cai each tidn luong vdi cai each
hanh ehinh, tinh gian bidn chd'; md rdng quydn ttt chii, tu ehju trach nhiem cOa
cae don vj su nghiep... Tuy nhien. Id trinh nay cung dang vip phai mdt sd
nhung bit cap nha't dinh. Luong lang keo theo gia ea, lam phat tang theo. Ndu
nhu xet ve mat sd lugng thi cd thd thiy, mtte lucmg sau mdi lin didu ehinh la
tang ding kd, nhung xet theo thuc le thi mtte lugng dd khdng cd gi la cai thien
ma tham ehi cdn di xud'ng. Theo sd lidu ttt mdt cudc khao sat vd tidn luong ciia
Bd Ndi vu, 98% cdng ehttc cho ring nu'rc luong tdi thieu thip, ehua dap ttng
dugc nhu ciu tdi thidu ctia ngttdi dugc httdng luong. Trong nam 2011, mtte
luong td'i thidu chi bing han 58% mtte chi tidu binh quan ciia mdt nhan khiu
(dan theo vnexpress.net).
So sinh mtte do trd thanh hien thuc ciia cic ttde mudn theo nghd nghiep,
gidi tinh, trinh do dao tao... eho tha'y cd nhttng khic biet kha ly thu.
Ket qua nghidn cult tai bang 3 cho thiy, nhttng ngudi cd nghe nghiep
khic nhau cd nidm tin khae nhau vd kha nang trd thanh hidn thue cua cac udc mo.
- Dttng diu trong nhdm mong mud'n khd cd khd ndng Ird thdnh hien thtic
la nhttng can bd nghidn cttu tre. Cd khoang 16,5% sd can bg nghidn ettu tre co
mong mud'n vd ddi sd'ng vat chit td't, thu nhap cao cho ring, kha nang nay kho
ed thd trd thanh hidn thue (trong khi dd d nhdm nghd nghidp khac ty Id nay
thip hon nhidu: ky stt: 3,2%; giang vien: 4,3%; phdng vidn: 5,1%). 6 nhSng
mong mud'n khac cung vay, ty le sd can bd nghien cuxi eho ring mong mud'n
cua hg khd cd kha nang trd thanh hidn thue cung cao hon rit nhidu so vdi eac
nganh nghd khic (5,6% sd cin bd nghidn cttu tre ed mong mud'n xSy dung gia
dinh hanh phuc; 1,9% cd mong mud'n lien quan dd'n cdng viee chuyen mdn;
3,9% cd tnong mud'n lien quan ddn hgc tap va dao tao eho ring mong mud'n cua
hg khd trd thanh hien thue, trong khi dd, nhihig nhdm nghd khac la 0%).

- 0 nhdm nhttng ngudi cd su tin tudng cao vd mtte dd trd thanh hien thuc
cua cic mong mud'n, nhdm giang vien tre dugc danh gia la nhung ngudi cd mtte
dd tin tudng cao nhit. 67,4% sd ngudi cd mong mud'n lidn quan de'n vat chit,
thu nhap; 66,7% so ngudi cd mong mudn lien quan dd'n viec xay dtmg gia dinh
hanh phuc, 60% sd ngudi cd mong mud'n lien quan dd'n edng vide va chuydn
3''

TAP CHiTAM m HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


mdn; 75% sd ngudi ed mong mudn lidn quan dd'n hgc tap va dao tao d nhdm
giang vidn tre cho ring, mong mud'n eua hg ed kha nang trd thanh hien thuc d
mtte do eao. Ty 16 nay d cae nhdm nghe nghiep khae thip hon kha nhidu (xem
sd lieu bang 3).
Bdng 3: Ddnh gid eua thanh niin tri thdc ve khd ndng mong mud'n
trd thdnh hiin thiie (so sdnh theo nghe nghiep)

Mong mud'n

Vat chait, thu
nhap, ddi sp'ng

Xay dung gia
dinh hanh phuc

CPng viec,
chuyen men

Hpc tap, dao tao

Nhdm nghe

Danh gia mong muon trii thanh hien thuc
dmurc dp nao (%)
Co the' trd
Cd the trd
Kho t r t
thanh hien
thanh hien
thanh hien
thuc d mure cao
thllc d mure
thuc
trung binh

Ky su

3,2

51.2

42,6

Nghien Cliu vien

16,5

47,1

36.5

Giang vien

4,3

28,3

67,4

Phdng vien

5,1

50,8

41,1

Ky su

0,0

43,9

56,1

Nghien cUu vien

5,6

41,1

53,3

Giang vien

CO

33,3

66,7

Phdng vien

0,0

38,5

61,5

Ky su

0,0

45,9

54,1

Nghien Cliu vien

1,9

41,9

56,2

Giang vien

0,0

40,0

60,0

Phdng vien

0,0

51,0

49,0

Kysu

0,0

31,8

68.2

Nghien cUu vien

3,9

33,3

62,7

Giang vien

0,0

24,2

75,8

Phong vien

0,0

50,0

50,0

Nhu vay, cd thd thiy, nhdm nghien cuxi vien ed mtte do tin tudng vao
tttOng lai mong mud'n cua minh cd thd trd thanh hidn thuc la thip nhit so vdi
cic nhdm khae. Ly giai vin dd nay nhu thd nio la didu khdng don gian. Cd
nhieu nguydn nhan din ddn nhung danh gia nay. Tuy nhidn, theo chung tdi ed
mgt sd ly do sau day:

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013

35


Trudc hdt la dac didm hoat ddng nghd cua nghidn cuxi vien ed sir khac
biet khi xa so vdi cac nghd nghiep khae. Dd chin vd chuydn mdn cua nhttng
ngttdi hoat ddng nghidn cuxi khoa hgc (hay ndi each khac, sir trttdng thanh vd
mat chuydn mdn cung nhu su thinh thuc vd mat nghd nghidp) so vdi cac nganh
nghd khac la keo dai hon. Ndu nhtt phdng vidn hay ky sU ra trttdng mdt vai nam
la cd thd lim tttong ddi td't edng vide cua minh thi nghidn cthi vien cin cd mdt
Id trinh dii hdi hon. Cd nhttng can bd phai mit hang chtic nam, tham chi edn
lau hon nua mdi ed thd khing dinh dugc vi thd cua minh. Khi vi thd dugc khang
dinh se kem theo nhidu yd'u td khac cung tang trudng theo (luong, thu nhip...).

598

i

'iK'l

Ji,

Vat chat

AM

67 4
i

59 1

i

"•" Ei

66 7 ^ 1 '""^f

•

lllllll
Gra dinh

'jChirahaiidng

Chuyen mon

Btttr ldng m ^ phin

Dao tao

Khd hai tdng

Bieu dd 1: Ddnh gid cua thanh niin tri thtte ve miie dp hodn todn cd the trd
thdnh hiin thifc (so sdnh theo mdc dp hdi long viri cdng viec)
- Vin de thu nhap cua nghidn ettu vidn tre la mdt trong nhuxig ly do
khidn cho hg ed mtte do tin tudng vao sir hien thuc hda eiia eac mong mud'n co
phin thip han so vdi thanh nien tri thtte d nhdm nghd khac. 6 phin trdn chung
ta da phan tich, trong mdi tuong quan gitta mtte thu nhap ciia nghidn cttu vidn
tre VOI thanh men tri thtte d cac nhdm nghd khac thi ed tdi 64,2% trong sd
nghidn cttu vidn cd mtte thu nhap dudi 3 tridu ddng/thang, trong khi dd d cac

nhom khac ty Id nay la thip han nhidu (giang vidn tre 45,3%; ky su 14 9%;
phong vien li 3,2%). Nhtt vay, thu nhap tha'p ed thd la mdt trong nhttng nguyen
nhan dan lot vide nghidn cttu vidn chtta thtte su tin tudng md ttde ciia minh se
tro thanh hien thue.
_
Ben canh tie ddng eiia nghd nghidp thi mtte dd hai long vdi cdng viec
cung CO anh huong khi ldn dd'n nidm tin cua thanh nidn trt thtte. NhSng ngttdi
hai long cao vdi cdng vide thi cung ed nhieu nidm tin vao tuong lai. Dac bidt.

^^

TAP CHi TAM l y HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2 0 1 3


nhiitig ngudi cd miic dd hai Idng cao vdi cdng viee ed tin tudng nhi^u hon rSng
minh se cd ddi sd'ng vat chait d^y dii, cd mdt gia dinh hanh phiic, cd sa thang
ti6'n ciing nhu dn dinh ve mat chuyen mdn (xem bieu do 1).
Nhu vay, cd the thay, lhanh nifin tri thiie cd nhieu mo udc va ma udc dd
the hien kha tap trung. Mong mud'n ldn nha't la nhihig mong mud'n lidn quan
nhiiu d6'n cdng viec chuySn mdn, thanh dat trong cdng viec, cd ducfe vj tri, chd
diing trong nghi. Mong mudn tiip theo Hen quan den ddi sd'ng vat cha't, thu
nhap cao, 6n dinh cudc sd'ng. Ben canh dd, mong mud'n ve mdt gia dinh hanh
phac, mot ddi sd'ng linh thdn phong phii la nhifng mong mud'n khdng the bd ciia ho.
Mong mud'n ed the trd thanh hien thuc cung duoc kha nhidu thanh nien
tri thiic khang dinh. Tuy nhidn, b6n canh dd eung edn nhieu ngudi hoai nghi vl
su trd thanh hidn thuc cua mong mud'n dd. Trong nhdm nay phai ke de'n nhdm
nghien ciiu vidn tre va nhdm nhihig ngudi cd miic dd hai ldng chua cao vdi
cdng viec. Do vay, ngoai su nd luc cua ban than mdi can bd tre thi viec tao
dung mdt mdi trudng lam viec td't, mdt co ehe lam viec cd hieu qua, dae biec ja
tao dieu kien de ho ed the lam diing nghe va sd'ng dugc bang nghe se ki'ch thich

dugc ho lam vide cd hidu qua va tao niim tin cho hp cdng hien siic tre cua minh
cho dat nude.

Tai lieu tham khao
1. Le Thi Thanh Hucfng (chu bien), Nhdn cdch vdn hod tri thdc Viet Nam trong lien
trinh md cifa vd hpi nhgp qudc te, NXB Khoa hpc xa hoi, 2010.
2. Cdi cdch luang cong chdc phdi du sdng, vnexpress.net/gl/kinhdoanh/2011/12.
3. Sd lieu bai viet dugc lay tii sd li6u khao sat ciia de tai nghien ciiu khoa hgc cap Bd:
"Nhihig vdn de ca bdn ciia ihanh nien tri thtic nude ta" do Vien TSm ly hoc chii tri
thuc hien.

TAP CHfTAM LY HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2 0 1 3

37